中英文對照公文簡介

1、Document types批 示 Group show批示是上級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)用于轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)或批轉(zhuǎn)下級機(jī)關(guān)的工作報(bào)告、建議時(shí)所使用的應(yīng)用文體。批示與批復(fù)不能混用。批示雖具批復(fù)作用，但其發(fā)送對象較廣泛，一般要帶附件。通常由標(biāo)題、稱呼、正文、署名與日期等部分組成。標(biāo)題有的帶“批示”，有的不帶。正文首先引敘來的請示事項(xiàng)，作為批示的依據(jù)。然后針對來文提出下級機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)如何貫徹執(zhí)行的方法和措施。 Instructions are the leading organs for forward or forward lower organs work report, suggest to use when applie

2、d style. Instructions and reply should not mix. Instructions are approved, but the object is sent over a wide range, generally with attachments. Usually by the title, title, body, signature and date etc. Title Some with" instructions", some with No. The first lead to consult the matters, a

3、s the basis for instructions. Then the paper subordinate organs should be how to carry out the method and measures.各級黨政機(jī)關(guān)的負(fù)責(zé)同志對于各種文件、報(bào)告、情況反映等提出自己的意見、要求，通常也稱為“批示”，也作為要求各有關(guān)部門和下級機(jī)關(guān)貫徹執(zhí)行的依據(jù)。但這類“批示”不是一個(gè)文種，也沒有格式要求，應(yīng)用時(shí)比較靈活。 All levels of Party and government organs responsible comrades for various documents

4、, reports, situation to put forward their opinions, requirements, usually referred to as the " instructions", as well as requested relevant departments and organs at lower levels to implement the basis. But this kind of" instructions" is not a language, no format requirements, ap

5、plication is more flexible.議 案 Discussion on case一、概說 One, overview是指國家大會代表，大會常務(wù)委員會向本屆大會提出，并請求大會予以審議的文書。 Refers to the National Congress, its Standing Committee to the Congress, and asked Congress to review the documents.議案一般涉及重大問題，具有建議性、可行性特點(diǎn)。憲法第72條規(guī)定：“全國人民代表和全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會組成人員，有權(quán)依照法律規(guī)定的程序分別提出屬于全國人民

6、代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會職權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的議案”。 Motion is generally related to the major problem, has suggested, feasibility characteristic. " Constitution" the seventy-second stipulation: "the National People's Congress and the Standing Committee of National People's Congress members, have the

7、right in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law, to submit to the National People's Congress and the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress within the remit of the motion".二、寫法 Two, style of writing全文由標(biāo)題、主送機(jī)關(guān)、正文、落款組成。正文包括提出議案的案由、案據(jù)和方案三部分。議案撰寫要目的明確，理由充分，文字簡潔，忌用命令口氣。 Th

8、e full text consists of the title, the main text, addressee, inscribe composition. The text includes a forward motion of the case, and the three part case according to plan. Bill writing aims, well-reasoned, concise text, Jiyong orders.議案與建議的區(qū)別：議案涉及重大問題并且有一定的呈文程序，建議適用范圍較廣，事無巨細(xì)，均可提出建議。 Motion and pro

9、posal are distinguished: motion involves the major problem and some reports suggest procedures, wide applicable range, execute, can suggest.通 告 Pass on一、概說 One, overview通告是屬于周知性的文種之一，是在一定的范圍內(nèi)，對人民群眾、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體公布應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守和周知的事項(xiàng)的文件。通告與布告、公告都同屬于周知性公文，但它們之間相比還有其特點(diǎn)。通告所宣告的事項(xiàng)多屬于專業(yè)性或業(yè)務(wù)性的，多涉及公安、交通、金融方面，而布告內(nèi)容廣泛得多，涉及面較廣；公

10、告為重大事項(xiàng)的發(fā)布。通告適用的范圍，不僅僅限于上級對下級，不相隸屬的單位也可使用。它有具體范圍和時(shí)限性。通告發(fā)布的形式較多，可登報(bào)，可廣播，可張貼。布告以張貼為主，公告多廣播、登報(bào)。 Notice is the one of the known languages, is in a certain range, the masses of the people, organizations and well-known issues announcement shall be in compliance with the documents. Announcements and notices

11、, announcements are belong to the well known documents, but between them and its characteristics. Announcement announcement item belongs to professional or business, many related to public security, traffic, finance, and bulletin content is much wider, involve wide notice for important matters to re

12、lease. Circular application scope is not limited to, superior to subordinate, not to subordinate units may be used. It has a specific scope and time limit. Announcement form more, can be in the newspaper, broadcasting, post. Notice to post, broadcast, newspaper announcement.二、種類 Two, species通告從內(nèi)容上分類

13、，一類為全國范圍內(nèi)的重大法規(guī)性通告，如中華人民共和國公安部通告；一類為針對某一項(xiàng)工作或?qū)ｉT問題發(fā)布的通告。從通告的效用上分，又可分為制約性通告和周知性通告。前者屬于在一定范圍內(nèi)，為保證某一項(xiàng)工作的開展與某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的進(jìn)行，而發(fā)布的規(guī)定性措施。 Tell from content classification, one for the nationwide major regulatory notice, such as the" law of the people's Republic of China Ministry of public security." suc

14、h as for a job or specialized issues notice. The utility from a circular points, can be divided into restrictive notices and notice notice. The former is in a certain range, in order to ensure a job begin with an activity, and issued a regulation measures.指 示 To show、概說 , of the（一）指示的含義及特點(diǎn)。 ( a ) in

15、dicates the meaning and characteristics of.指示，是上級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)根據(jù)憲法、法律、法令以及有關(guān)決定、命令等，對下級機(jī)關(guān)部署工作，闡明工作活動(dòng)的指導(dǎo)原則，提出基本要求，指出方法步驟的指導(dǎo)性下行公文。指示同命令、指令的不同之處是：命令、指令一般由國家行政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人發(fā)布。指示，黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人亦可使用；命令、指令一經(jīng)發(fā)布，即產(chǎn)生法律效力，必須堅(jiān)決執(zhí)行，沒有變通余地。而指示，下級可根據(jù)本部門的實(shí)際情況靈活掌握，不象命令那樣嚴(yán)格。 Indicator, is the leading organs in accordance with the consti

16、tution, laws, decrees and pertinent decisions, orders, to organs at lower levels and deployment, elucidating the work guiding principle, put forward the basic requirement, pointed out the method steps of guidance documents issued to the lower levels. The same command instructions, instructions diffe

17、rence: the command, command by the state administrative authority or leader released. Indication, the leading bodies of the party and leaders can also use; command, command was released, which produce legal effectiveness, must be resolutely implemented, no alternative. While the instructions, the lo

18、wer according to the Department of the actual situation in flexibility, not as strictly as command.指示，一般可分為兩種：一種是針對普遍性、全局性的問題，向下級發(fā)布指示，闡明指導(dǎo)原則、目的、要求和方法步驟；另一種是針對某項(xiàng)工作、局部性的問題，向下級機(jī)關(guān)布置任務(wù)，說明意義，提出辦法。指示是指導(dǎo)性的公文，其特點(diǎn)主要有： Instructions, can generally be divided into two kinds: one is for the general, the problem o

19、f global sex, issued instructions, illustrated guide principle, purpose, requirement and method steps; another is a work, local problem to organs at lower levels, decorate the task, illustrates the significance, proposed measures. Indicator is a guiding document, its main features are:1內(nèi)容具有原則性。 1 el

20、ements have principle.指示布置工作任務(wù)，闡明工作活動(dòng)的指導(dǎo)原則，不像通知那樣對工作作具體、詳盡的安排。受文單位可按指示精神，結(jié)合本地區(qū)、本單位實(shí)際，加以貫徹落實(shí)，指示的內(nèi)容都是原則性的。 Instruction layout tasks, to elucidate the work guiding principle, unlike the announcement that about work specific, detailed arrangement. By the unit according to the spirit of the instructions,

21、 combined with the region, this unit actual, to implement them, indicating the contents are principled.2作用具有指導(dǎo)性。 2 role of guidance.指示是針對全局或局部的重要工作而發(fā)，其中有些問題按以往的政策措施不能解決或解決得不好。上級機(jī)關(guān)為了統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識，統(tǒng)一行動(dòng)，以期取得好的效果，便在指示中提出切實(shí)可行的政策措施和工作原則。指示不僅體現(xiàn)上級機(jī)關(guān)的意圖，還明顯地體現(xiàn)其政策性和指導(dǎo)性。 Instructions for global or local important work,

22、 some of them according to the previous policy measures cannot be resolved or not good. The higher authorities to unified understanding, unified action, in order to achieve good results, and in the instructions to put forward the feasible policies and measures and work principle. Indicator reflects

23、not only higher authorities intentions, also manifests its policy and guidance.3發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)級別較高。 3 issued by higher level.理論上說，凡有下級機(jī)關(guān)的機(jī)關(guān)，都可發(fā)指示。但實(shí)際上，基層單位一般不用，市以上的機(jī)關(guān)才用得較多。這一點(diǎn)，同內(nèi)容有關(guān)，高級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)居高臨下，才能較好地提出指導(dǎo)原則問題。另外，指示的特點(diǎn)和適用范圍決定了指示的嚴(yán)肅性，切忌濫發(fā)，既不能對任何問題都發(fā)指示，也不能對任何機(jī)關(guān)和個(gè)人都發(fā)指示。除了高中級黨政機(jī)關(guān)及其主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人外，縣以下的基層機(jī)關(guān)及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，不宜直接發(fā)指示。一般情況下，

24、縣以下的機(jī)關(guān)向下級機(jī)關(guān)布置日常具體工作，多用“通知”行文。 （二）適用范圍和類型。 In theory, all the lower organs organs, can issue instructions. In fact, basic unit is generally not, the city over the body can use more. At this point, the same content, senior leadership organs look down from a height, in order to better present the guidi

25、ng principle problem. In addition, indicating the characteristics and applicable scope determines the indication of seriousness, avoid spamming, neither to any problem issuing instructions, nor can any of the organs and individuals send instructions. In addition to high intermediate of Party and gov

26、ernment organs and its main leaders, county the following basic organization and its leader, not direct indication. In general, the county the following organs to the layout of the lower bodies of the specific daily work, more than the " notice" to the. ( two) the scope and type.1全局性指示。 1

27、global indicator.為解決當(dāng)前工作中一些全局性、普遍性問題而發(fā)的指示，叫全局性指示。 In order to solve the current work in some situation, problems and instructions, called global indicator.2局部性指示。 2 local indicator.針對當(dāng)前工作中具有重要意義的局部問題而發(fā)的指示，叫局部性指示。 In view of the current work is of great significance to local issues and issued instruc

28、tions, called local indicator.二、寫法 Two, style of writing指示不論是全局性的，還是局部性的，都是由標(biāo)題、發(fā)文字號、正文和發(fā)文日期等部分組成。 Indicating whether it is global sex, or local, are by the title, text, text and date of birth and other components.（一）標(biāo)題。 ( a ) the title.指示的標(biāo)題，多用全稱（完整式），即發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)、事由和文種三要素都俱全的標(biāo)題。發(fā)文緊迫的指示，其標(biāo)題可在文種前加“緊急”字樣。指示的

29、標(biāo)題如果省略了發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)和文種，應(yīng)該在題解中加以必要的說明。 Indicative of the title, with full ( complete ), namely the dispatch organization, the reasons and the three elements of the title language completely. Issued urgent instructions, its title in the script before the " emergency". Indicative of the title if you

30、omit the dispatch organization and language, should be in the key of necessary explanation.（二）正文。 ( two) the text.指示的內(nèi)容如果比較簡單，正文可以是一段到底。有的指示涉及的內(nèi)容較多，篇幅較長，結(jié)構(gòu)上就要適當(dāng)安排。這種指示的正文，一般分指示依據(jù)、指示事項(xiàng)和執(zhí)行要求等三個(gè)部分。 The contents of instructions if the relatively simple, text can be a really. Some instructions to more co

31、ntent, length is longer, structure to appropriate arrangements. This indicates the text, generally indicating basis, indicating matters and implementation requirements of three parts.指 令 Refer to一、指令的定義和適用范圍 One, the definition and scope of application of instruction指令是專門發(fā)布經(jīng)濟(jì)、科研等方面的指示性和規(guī)定性相結(jié)合的措施和要求的

32、下行公文。1987年國家行政機(jī)關(guān)公文處理辦法指出：“發(fā)布指示性和規(guī)定性相結(jié)合的措施或要求時(shí)用指令?！?Instruction specifically released economic, research and other aspects of indicative and regulation combined measures and requirements of the downlink document. 1987" national administrative organs document processing approach" pointed out

33、:" publish indicative and regulation measures combined with the ' command ' or request."指令的特點(diǎn)和命令大致相同，它本身也具有強(qiáng)制性和權(quán)威性，要求受文單位必須執(zhí)行。國家為了統(tǒng)一措施，制定一致性的要求，對于經(jīng)濟(jì)、科研、事業(yè)、企業(yè)、社會的各方面往往用指令性文件加以統(tǒng)制，表現(xiàn)了行政管理的強(qiáng)制性。它是國務(wù)院及各地各級政府經(jīng)常使用的文件之一，非國家行政權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)無權(quán)使用。 Instruction characteristics and command of roughly the s

34、ame, it is compulsory and authority, by asking the unit must be performed. Countries in order to unified measure, making consistency requirement, for economic, scientific research, industry, enterprise, all aspects of society often use mandatory document management, performance of the administrative

35、 compulsory. It is the State Council and local governments at all levels often use one of the files, the state administrative authority shall have the right to use.二、指令的寫法和要求 In two, the writing and the requirements of instruction指令多用于經(jīng)濟(jì)、科研、技術(shù)方面的文件，因此它的專業(yè)性很強(qiáng)，多使用一定的專業(yè)性術(shù)語和某些專業(yè)的理論知識。指令的起草多數(shù)由專業(yè)部門撰擬，貫徹主管

36、部門的要求與管理精神，再由它的上級單位核稿，并以上級機(jī)關(guān)的名義發(fā)布，實(shí)行對該行業(yè)與全局的管理。 Instruction for economic, scientific, and technical aspects of the document, it is professional very strong, more use of certain professional terminology and certain specialized theoretical knowledge. Drafted by the professional sector command most dra

37、ft, implement the requirements of the competent department and the management spirit, again by its parent unit nuclear release, and to the higher authorities issued in the name of, to the industry and global management.指令一般由兩部分組成。第一部分寫明發(fā)指令的緣由，要簡單明了，富有概括性和切中時(shí)弊。第二部分是指令的內(nèi)容，要分條履述，寫明具體措施。 Instruction con

38、sists of two components. The first part written instructions to cause, should be simple and clear, full of generality and cutting into the present-day evils. The second part is the content of the instruction, to the points of the shoe, indicating the specific measures.命 令 Life order、概說 , of the命令（令）

39、是國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)、行政機(jī)關(guān)、軍事機(jī)關(guān)及其負(fù)責(zé)人頒布的，是具有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行性質(zhì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)性、指揮性的下行公文。從詞義上看，是“使人為事”的意思。“命”還有“嚴(yán)肅”的含義，“令”有“告誡”的含義。命令是我國最古老的公文文種之一。三國時(shí)候曹操為了完成其統(tǒng)一中國的大業(yè)，千方百計(jì)廣招人才，先后頒布了求賢令、舉士令和求逸才令等。在我國古代，命令有稱作“誓”、“誥”、“制”、“政”、“策”等的。 Command ( make ) is the organ of state power, administrative organs, military organs and its responsible person

40、is promulgated, with enforcing nature of leadership, command of the downlink document. From the meaning of terms, is to "make the human thing .". " Life" and" serious" meaning" to have"," warned" meaning. The command is China's most ancient one o

41、f the official documents. Time Cao Cao in order to accomplish its unified China big industry, make every attempt attract talent, has promulgated the" seeking to"," Shi" and" seeking for Yat makes" etc. In ancient China, the command is called" the oath","

42、tomorrow"," system", "politics"," plan".（一）含義。 ( a ) meaning.命令（令）是“依照有關(guān)法律規(guī)定發(fā)布行政法規(guī)和規(guī)章；宣布施行重大強(qiáng)制性行政措施；獎(jiǎng)懲有關(guān)人員；撤銷下級機(jī)關(guān)不適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定”時(shí)所使用的公文。 Command ( make ) is" in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations are promulgated Administrative Rules and regulations; ann

43、ounced major compulsory administrative measures of rewards and punishments; personnel; revoke the organs at lower levels of inappropriate decisions" by the use of official documents.（二）特點(diǎn)。 ( two) features.命令（令）與別的公文相比較，具有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)。 Command ( make ) and other documents are compared, have the follow

44、ing characteristics.1內(nèi)容重要。 1 important.命令（令）所涉及的事項(xiàng)，有的是發(fā)布行政法規(guī)和規(guī)章，有的是宣布施行重大強(qiáng)制性行政措施，這些都是重要的內(nèi)容。運(yùn)用命令來獎(jiǎng)懲有關(guān)人員，往往也是在全國或某一地區(qū)影響較大的。如果是一般性的表彰先進(jìn)或批評錯(cuò)誤，就不用命令而用通報(bào)等別的公文文種。 Command ( make ) the matters related to, have issued administrative rules and regulations, have announced major compulsory administrative measur

45、es, these are the important content. Use the command to reward officials, often is in the whole nation or a region is greatly influenced by the. If it is a general recognition of the advanced or criticize the mistakes, do not command and communications and other official documents.2權(quán)威性強(qiáng)。 2 authorita

46、tive.根據(jù)中華人民共和國憲法的規(guī)定，只有中華人民共和國主席、國務(wù)院總理、國務(wù)院各部部長、各委員會主任以及縣以上各級地方人民政府才可以依據(jù)法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限發(fā)布命令，其他任何單位和個(gè)人均不得發(fā)布命令。在實(shí)際工作中，各級地方政府都很少使用命令這一文種，國家高級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)和主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人才較多使用。因此，命令具有很強(qiáng)的權(quán)威性，命令一旦發(fā)布，別的單位或個(gè)人都不得修改或歪曲，如果別的公文的內(nèi)容與命令的有關(guān)精神相抵觸的，也一律以命令的為準(zhǔn)。 According to" people's Republic of China Constitution" rules, only the p

47、eople's Republic of China president, premier, State Council ministers, commissions and local people's governments at all levels above the county level can only be based on legal authority issued orders, any other units and individuals shall publish command. In real work, all levels of govern

48、ment are rarely used to command this language, national senior leading organs and leading talents in common use. Therefore, the command has the very strong authority, command once released, other units or individuals shall not modify or distort, if the other document content and order related to men

49、tal conflict, also be ordered to.3強(qiáng)制性大。 3 mandatory big.命令具有明顯的強(qiáng)制性，上級機(jī)關(guān)發(fā)布了命令，下級機(jī)關(guān)不管是否同意，不管有什么困難或問題，都必須堅(jiān)決地?zé)o條件地執(zhí)行。令出必行，違反命令或抗拒執(zhí)行命令，就要受到懲罰，在所有國家機(jī)關(guān)行政公文中，命令是最具有強(qiáng)制性的。 The command has obvious mandatory, the higher authorities issued the orders, regardless of whether or not to agree to the lower bodies, no

50、matter what kind of difficulties or problems, must be resolutely execute unconditionally. So that a pipeline, contrary to orders or resist the execution command, will be punished, in all state organs, administrative documents, the command is one of the most compelling.二、分類和寫法 In two, the classificat

51、ion and writing命令的主要種類有：發(fā)布令、行政令、嘉獎(jiǎng)令、撤銷令、懲戒令等。 The main types are: command issued orders, administrative order, an order of commendation, revocation order, disciplinary order.（一）發(fā)布令。 ( a ) publish order.發(fā)布令就是用于發(fā)布行政法規(guī)和規(guī)章的文件。由令文及附件組成。附件即應(yīng)公布的法規(guī)或制度、規(guī)章。 Release order is used to release the administrative

52、regulations and rules file. By the paper and accessories. The attachment shall be published regulations, rules or system.發(fā)布令的寫作： Release order writing:1標(biāo)題。 1 title.發(fā)布令的標(biāo)題有兩種：一是由發(fā)令機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人職務(wù)加上文種（令）；二是發(fā)令機(jī)關(guān)加上文種（令）。常見的如中華人民共和國主席令、中華人民共和國國務(wù)院令。 Release the title has two kinds: one is by the authority leaders

53、hip plus language ( to ); two is the organ with language ( order). Common such as" Republic of China"," Republic of China".2發(fā)文字號。 The 2 message number.發(fā)布令的發(fā)文字號往往采用流水號，即該屆政府的主席或總理在任期間所發(fā)的命令（令）的順序號。也有用一般文號的。 Release order message number often use serial number, namely the government

54、 of president or prime minister during the commandment ( make ) the sequence number. Also useful for general number.3正文。 3 text.發(fā)布令的正文一般包括幾個(gè)內(nèi)容：一是發(fā)布的對象，即發(fā)布的是哪一個(gè)行政法規(guī)或規(guī)章；二是發(fā)布的依據(jù)，即由哪一級組織或哪一次會議在什么時(shí)候通過了本法規(guī)或規(guī)章；三是執(zhí)行要求，即由什么時(shí)候起施行本法規(guī)或規(guī)章。 Release the text generally includes several contents: one is the distribu

55、tion of an object, which is released which administrative rules or regulations; two is released as the basis, from which an organization or a meeting at any time by the rules or regulations; three is the implementation requirements, namely when the purposes of this laws or regulations.決 定 Never will

56、、概說 , of the（一）含義及特點(diǎn)。 ( a ) the meanings and features.決定是各級黨政機(jī)關(guān)普遍使用的一種下行公文。它適用于對重要事項(xiàng)和重大行動(dòng)做出安排。這里的重要事項(xiàng)，是指帶有全局性或具有重大意義和影響的事項(xiàng)，重大行動(dòng)是指對社會產(chǎn)生巨大影響的行動(dòng)。當(dāng)然，重要事項(xiàng)和重大行動(dòng)是相對而言的，并不是事事都是黨和國家的重大方針政策。各級黨政機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位經(jīng)常使用決定，比如一些表彰、處分、機(jī)構(gòu)編制、人事安排等事項(xiàng)都可用決定行文。 Decision is party and government organs at all levels the widespread u

57、se of a downlink document. It is suitable for important events and major action to make arrangements. Here the important matters, refers to contain global sex or has great significance and impact of the matters, significant action refers to the society have a great impact on the action. Of course, i

58、mportant events and major operation is of relative to character, not everything is the party and the country's major principles and policies. All levels of Party and government organs, enterprises and institutions often use decisions, such as some recognition, disposition, organization, personne

59、l arrangements are available to decide the.由于決定的內(nèi)容是“對重要事項(xiàng)或重大行動(dòng)做出安排”，所以決定具有如下兩方面的特點(diǎn)： As a result of the decision to the content is " on important issues or make arrangements", so I decided to have the following two aspects:一是制約性：因?yàn)闆Q定比較集中地體現(xiàn)發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)對重要事項(xiàng)或重大行動(dòng)的指揮和處置意圖，要求下級機(jī)關(guān)無條件執(zhí)行，決定的制約性和強(qiáng)制性雖然沒有命令那么嚴(yán)格，但比其他公文都要強(qiáng)，有些決定還有法規(guī)作用，在某些方面，決定往往是法規(guī)的延伸和補(bǔ)充，具有較大的強(qiáng)制性和行政約束力。 One restriction: because the decision reflects the dispatch organization on important issues or action command and disposal of intention, inferior organs carry out unconditionally, decided