英文論文寫(xiě)作注意事項(xiàng)

1、研究生英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)在用英文寫(xiě)作時(shí)，必須考慮到讀者是使用英文的人。有些只有非常熟悉了解中國(guó)文化或中國(guó)大陸的特定社會(huì)、正式環(huán)境的人才能理解的內(nèi)容，若要用英文來(lái)表達(dá)就是非常困難或無(wú)法表達(dá)的。即使勉強(qiáng)將這些內(nèi)容用英文寫(xiě)出來(lái)，可能使用英文的人也無(wú)法明白。因此，在論文中，要盡量避免那些在中國(guó)大陸常見(jiàn)的一些政治口號(hào)，或涉及特定歷史時(shí)期的史實(shí)。避免將中文中特有的一些諺語(yǔ)、俗語(yǔ)直接翻譯為英文。避免直接用英文表達(dá)使用中文的人喜歡用的一些比喻，因?yàn)?，比喻也是最能體現(xiàn)文化差異的。1 研究生英語(yǔ)論文評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1） 語(yǔ)體論文應(yīng)該采用正式語(yǔ)體。相關(guān)知識(shí)鏈接：語(yǔ)體 通常，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體分為五個(gè)大類：超正式語(yǔ)體；正式語(yǔ)體；普通語(yǔ)體

2、；隨便語(yǔ)體，超隨便語(yǔ)體。在科技文獻(xiàn)（包括論文）中，一般采用正式語(yǔ)體。正式語(yǔ)體的特點(diǎn)如下：a）人稱特點(diǎn)：通常不采用第一或第二人稱。b）詞匯特點(diǎn)：通常采用在正式場(chǎng)合使用的詞匯，或在需要時(shí)采用專業(yè)技術(shù)用語(yǔ)，少用在日常用語(yǔ)中采用的通俗用語(yǔ)，盡量不用俚語(yǔ)。從以下例子中可以看出正式語(yǔ)體與普通語(yǔ)體在選詞方面的差異。Mr. John Smith delivered an interminable address at the conference.（正式）John Smith gave a very long speech at the meeting.（非正式）將兩個(gè)例句在詞匯方面進(jìn)行比較，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，前一個(gè)

3、句子采用的詞匯（deliver, interminable, address, conference）比后一個(gè)句子采用的詞匯（gave, long, speech, meeting）要正式得多。c） 結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：通常不用在日常用語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá)形式，如: cant, theyre，而應(yīng)該用can not, they are。根據(jù)意義表達(dá)的需要，通常采用比較長(zhǎng)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，比較多的采用各種從句。而在非正式語(yǔ)體中，為了交流方便，常常采用比較簡(jiǎn)短的句式。2） 文體論文應(yīng)該采用議論文這樣的文體。由于缺乏文體方面的知識(shí)，或忽視了文體區(qū)別，曾經(jīng)有一些同學(xué)將在論文中錯(cuò)誤地采用了說(shuō)明文或分析勸導(dǎo)型文體。相關(guān)知識(shí)

4、鏈接：文體記敘文（Narration）：記敘一系列的事件的發(fā)生。有時(shí)有一個(gè)主題陳述（thesis statement）。說(shuō)明文（Exposition）：說(shuō)明一個(gè)事物或事理，主要目的是介紹信息（providing information, or informing somebody of something）。介紹事物的說(shuō)明文通常在開(kāi)篇部分對(duì)所說(shuō)明的事物有一個(gè)總的概括介紹。一般采用寫(xiě)作中的描述手法（description）。描述總要循著某個(gè)規(guī)律，或從左到右，或由表及里，或由本質(zhì)到現(xiàn)象，或由一般到具體，或由整體到部分，或進(jìn)行比較對(duì)比（comparison or contrast），或進(jìn)行因果分析（

5、cause analysis）。說(shuō)明事理的文章可有一個(gè)主題陳述。這個(gè)主題陳述雖然可能是有爭(zhēng)議的，但是不能將這個(gè)文體與議論文混淆。作者并不去試圖證明或反駁某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，只是通過(guò)陳述一些事實(shí)或事例來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明主題陳述。在羅列相關(guān)事實(shí)或事例時(shí)，作者不用遵循什么規(guī)律，只要能夠達(dá)到說(shuō)明主題陳述的目的就行。議論文（Argumentation）：如同中文，議論文有論點(diǎn)，論據(jù)，結(jié)論。一般性的論文中，論點(diǎn)往往涉及一個(gè)常見(jiàn)話題（issue）。說(shuō)服性的文章或稱分析勸導(dǎo)型文章（Persuasion）：此類文章常?？煞譃閮纱蟛糠?。第一部分介紹某事多么有趣，多么簡(jiǎn)單容易，多么必要，多么緊迫等。第二部分告訴讀者如何去做。這類文章

6、的一種變體是解決問(wèn)題型（problem solving）。第一部分說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性，解決這一問(wèn)題的必要性，重要性，緊迫性等。第二部分提出各種可能的解決辦法。進(jìn)一步的變化是只有第一部分，只討論問(wèn)題，而不去討論解決辦法。3） 全文思路全文思路清晰，重點(diǎn)突出，合乎邏輯。符合英語(yǔ)行文習(xí)慣：重點(diǎn)先交代，越往后越詳細(xì)，后邊的解釋、支持、發(fā)展前邊的。一個(gè)要點(diǎn)交代完畢，再轉(zhuǎn)向另一個(gè)要點(diǎn)。每句一個(gè)中心（句子主干）；每段一個(gè)中心（段落主題句）；全文一個(gè)中心（主題思想）。全文各個(gè)部分服從于全文中心，與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容一律不寫(xiě)。4） 客觀性，權(quán)威性，理論性，可靠性客觀性，權(quán)威性，理論性和可靠性是一篇論文必須具備的特性。

7、實(shí)現(xiàn)客觀性，就需要避免主觀武斷的論斷。堅(jiān)持“言之有據(jù)”，“言之有理”。在一篇論文中，論斷不宜過(guò)多。堅(jiān)持做到每個(gè)論斷都要有事實(shí)，數(shù)據(jù)或相關(guān)理論的支持。這些事實(shí)或數(shù)據(jù)都應(yīng)該是來(lái)自可靠的或權(quán)威的信息來(lái)源，相關(guān)理論應(yīng)該是來(lái)自相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的比較權(quán)威的專家、學(xué)者，或相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。這樣才能保證論文的權(quán)威性和理論性。實(shí)現(xiàn)了客觀性，權(quán)威性和理論性，才能保證一篇論文的可靠性。5） 格式正確一般論文都應(yīng)該有封面、摘要，關(guān)鍵詞和列出參考文獻(xiàn)。本次論文練習(xí)的封面應(yīng)該包含的內(nèi)容有：標(biāo)題，作者姓名（中文），班級(jí)，學(xué)號(hào)，日期。摘要應(yīng)該在200詞以內(nèi)。關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是35詞。應(yīng)該在論文中用腳注的形式標(biāo)示出哪些材料是引用的，而且在論文最后列

8、出的參考文獻(xiàn)中按照順序表明作者姓名，年代，文獻(xiàn)名稱，頁(yè)碼等信息。6） 避免常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤2 如何寫(xiě)論文摘要論文摘要應(yīng)該包含論文中的核心內(nèi)容（thesis statement），應(yīng)該能夠使讀者明白本文的中心話題是什么，作者對(duì)此提出了什么新的觀點(diǎn)看法，或新的理論，以及作者為達(dá)此目的所采用的研究方法，依據(jù)的理論，所進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)，所引用的數(shù)據(jù)等等。因此，摘要中通常需要包含以下內(nèi)容：什么論題；采用了什么研究方法；依據(jù)什么理論；作了什么分析；得出了什么結(jié)論；或提出了哪些可能的解決方法等等。由于摘要必須簡(jiǎn)潔，諸如引入話題或細(xì)節(jié)介紹這樣的材料就不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在摘要中。實(shí)例分析：例一：ABSTRACTWhen we tal

9、k about success, we often meet a question, which factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? I have to admit that besides diligence, opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But people should keep trying and never give up until one good chance come. In this thesis, I ch

10、oose diligence and explain why it is more important than opportunity. Some students discontinue their studying to create their own business. We rebutted this view in this paper and give reasons for that why students should learn more knowledge and stay in school. Then we have some advises about how

11、should students study and what to do to prepare for the opportunity in the future. At last, I talk about four changes of our country's policy which had brought people lots of opportunities and the situation we are in.點(diǎn)評(píng)：            

12、0;                                         ABSTRACT When we talk about success, we 語(yǔ)言不正式，沒(méi)有分清書(shū)面語(yǔ)和口語(yǔ)的

13、區(qū)別。寫(xiě)paper的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該用正式語(yǔ)言，應(yīng)該是客觀地討論問(wèn)題，不應(yīng)該濫用I, we, you這樣的第一和第二人稱。 often meet a question, 前邊的question和后邊的which名詞從句應(yīng)該是同位語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，不應(yīng)該用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 which factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? I have to admit 語(yǔ)言不正式 that besides diligence, opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But peo

14、ple 典型錯(cuò)誤 should keep trying and never give up until one good chance come主謂語(yǔ)不一致. In this thesis, I choose 語(yǔ)言不正式 diligence and explain why it is more important than opportunity. Some students discontinue their studying詞類和拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該用study。此處最好用their college education。 to create their own business. We人稱 re

15、butted時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤 this view in this paper and give reasons for that 從句連詞應(yīng)用錯(cuò)誤 why students should learn more knowledge and stay in school. Then we人稱 have some advises不可數(shù)名詞，詞類拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤advice about how should students study從句詞序錯(cuò)誤。不應(yīng)該用疑問(wèn)句的詞序 and what to do to prepare for the opportunity in the future. At last, I ta

16、lk about 語(yǔ)言不正式four changes of our country's policy沒(méi)有注意可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化 which had brought時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤?？床怀鰹槭裁匆眠^(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài) people lots of opportunities and the situation we are in.從這個(gè)例子中可以看出，不僅出現(xiàn)了與主題思想無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容（如前兩句），而且采用了非正式語(yǔ)體，還出現(xiàn)了許多比較低級(jí)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方面的錯(cuò)誤。改進(jìn)：In the discussion about success, a question may inevitably arise: whic

17、h factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? It can be admitted that opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But one should keep trying and never give up until a good chance comes. This thesis tries to explain why diligence is more important than opportunity and gives

18、 reasons why students should stay in school and try to learn more knowledge. Some advice is offered about how students should study and prepare for the opportunity in the future. Four changes of our country's policies are discussed, which have brought about lots of opportunities and the may furt

19、her change the situation. 例二ABSTRACTThe purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet that are glowing every day and give readers some advices on how to overcome the disadvantages of the Internet. Through compared with the active influences and the adverse impacts of the Int

20、ernet, Naturally we can draw a conclusion that too much information provided by the Internet does no good for people. So it is time we should strength the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and classify the information in rational and healthy ways. Actually, measures have already been

21、 taken right now.點(diǎn)評(píng)：The purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet that are glowing every day（多余，累贅。） and give readers（對(duì)于一篇論文來(lái)說(shuō)，這樣的表達(dá)不正式） some advices（advice不可數(shù)名詞） on how to overcome the disadvantages of the Internet. Through compared with（結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤。through sth通過(guò)什么途徑或手段。by doi

22、ng sth通過(guò)做某事。當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)承受compare這個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)，用compared with短語(yǔ)，表示“與什么相比較”。若句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出這個(gè)動(dòng)作，應(yīng)該用comparing A and B表示“將A與B比較”。） the active（選詞錯(cuò)誤。表示“有積極意義的”應(yīng)該用positive。） influences and the adverse impacts of the Internet, Naturally（大小寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤。此處應(yīng)該用小寫(xiě)） we can draw a conclusion（不正式。為了客觀，在論文中應(yīng)該盡量避免用第一或第二人稱。） that too much informa

23、tion provided by the Internet does no good for people.（people典型錯(cuò)誤） So it is time we should strength（strength詞類錯(cuò)誤。句型結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤。這個(gè)句型應(yīng)該是It is time that sb did sth 或It is time (for sb) to do sth） the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and classify the information in rational and healthy ways.（道

24、理不通。對(duì)于給信息分類來(lái)說(shuō)，方式way無(wú)所謂“健康”。） Actually, measures have already been taken right now.（此句不妥。作為一篇論文，此處不應(yīng)該是描述已經(jīng)采取的措施，而應(yīng)該是評(píng)論已經(jīng)采取的措施或探討需要采取的措施）改進(jìn)：以下僅對(duì)表達(dá)方面的錯(cuò)誤加以改進(jìn)：The purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet and try to explore the possible ways to overcome the disadvantages of t

25、he Internet. By comparing the positive influences and the adverse impacts of the Internet, it can be concluded that too much information provided by the Internet may do much harm instead of good to common people. So it is time to strengthen the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and c

26、lassify the information rationally.例三At present, college students are confronted with study pressure, employment pressure, economy pressure and human relations pressure. The mental problem is increasing under all of these pressures and then having affected the health of the college students. So does

27、 their personal training. Analyse the current situation of college students' psychological quality and the factors that influence it and resolve all of the problems, it is of important significance.點(diǎn)評(píng)：除了存在一些結(jié)構(gòu)和詞語(yǔ)方面的基本錯(cuò)誤以外，這個(gè)ABSTRACT沒(méi)有真正概括出全文的中心內(nèi)容，沒(méi)有說(shuō)明作了什么樣的分析，采用了什么樣的理論或方法，提出了什么樣的結(jié)論、建議或解決方案。改進(jìn)：At

28、 present, college students in China are confronted with various pressures, which have directly affected their mental health. (提出subject）The thesis presents a description of the situation, and, based on the recent research results on the subject, offers an analysis on the factors concerning the psych

29、ological problems of college students, and tries to explore the possible solutions to the mental strains that college students are faced with. (說(shuō)明本文所采用的方法及所做的主要工作）例四 ABSTRACTThis paper mainly discussed the globalization. It contents six parts. With the development of the economy, globalization beomc

30、e the inevitable trend. The definition and feature of globalization introduced at the beginning of the paper. The first part is how to view globalization.The features of globalization is free flow and optimized allocation of capital, technology, information nad service. The third part is China's

31、 experience, in this part, several solutions are summerized to turn challenges into opportunies.The fifth part is China's contribution to world economy, such as provide the world with the large rising market. The last part is the blueprint for future development. Opening the country to the outsi

32、de world is China's basic and long-term state policy, then discussed the develop objective of several fields such as economic cultural  and political and so on.點(diǎn)評(píng)：除了一些詞類，句子結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的基本錯(cuò)誤外，這篇摘要的主要問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有注意ABSTRACT在內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方面的特點(diǎn)，把摘要變成了介紹文章中寫(xiě)了一些什么內(nèi)容。 改進(jìn)：This paper is mainly concerned with the influen

33、ce of globalization on the development of China. Through the paper, the author introduces how globalization should be viewed, the features of globalization and China's experience in the participation of the process of globalization. Furthermore, the paper discusses the policies of the Chinese go

34、vernment and tries to explore the ways to change challenges into opportunities for such a developing country as China. 3 如何在寫(xiě)作中使用正式規(guī)范的語(yǔ)言？由于論文的語(yǔ)體方面的要求，也為了保證論文的客觀性，需要在論文中采用正式規(guī)范的語(yǔ)言。從研究生班學(xué)生所寫(xiě)的文章中摘取了一寫(xiě)句子加以修改，作為示范。各位也許可以從中學(xué)到如何在寫(xiě)作中改善自己的語(yǔ)言，使之正式，規(guī)范。例一In the following, I'll give some typical example of th

35、e differences.點(diǎn)評(píng)：在口語(yǔ)中，也許這樣的表達(dá)可以顯得親切自然，而在論文中就顯得不夠正式規(guī)范。改進(jìn)：The following examples may illustrate the differences.例二How do the Chinese great each other?點(diǎn)評(píng)：許多中國(guó)學(xué)生不用疑問(wèn)句就不能展開(kāi)思想。應(yīng)該改掉這個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句不能代替一個(gè)有效的主題句。應(yīng)該在一段文章的開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)好一個(gè)有效的主題句。即使是在段落發(fā)展中，也最好不要用一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句來(lái)引出下文，而應(yīng)該用一個(gè)完整的論斷直接表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。改進(jìn)：The Chinese greetings may part

36、ly show the characteristics of the Chinese culture.例三The governments are protecting traditional culture by using their mouths.點(diǎn)評(píng)：在正式文體的論文中，不應(yīng)該用這樣的情緒化的語(yǔ)言。改進(jìn)：Instead of yelling slogans, the governments should take practical actions.例四But in my opinion, doing business has its own advantages.點(diǎn)評(píng)：In my op

37、inion這樣的詞語(yǔ)顯得口語(yǔ)化，也不客觀。這篇文章討論的是學(xué)生是否應(yīng)該參與一些商業(yè)活動(dòng)。而doing business沒(méi)有清楚地表達(dá)這個(gè)意義。這里涉及的不是advantages的問(wèn)題，而是對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)是否有益處的問(wèn)題。改進(jìn)：However, it should be recognized that there are various benefits for students to engage in business.例五The present generation is the “beat generation”. Why? That is because they do not know

38、how點(diǎn)評(píng)：這樣的一問(wèn)一答的方式在演講的時(shí)候可能比較有效。但是在正式文體的論文中就顯得過(guò)于口語(yǔ)化。另外，the beat generation是指西方國(guó)家中特定時(shí)期的特定人群，不好當(dāng)作一個(gè)普通詞語(yǔ)來(lái)隨便應(yīng)用。改進(jìn)：The present generation is the “beat generation”, because they do not know how to4 注意中英文的行文習(xí)慣的差異使用中文的人在論述中往往習(xí)慣于采用“因果，因果”的格式，以及“由遠(yuǎn)及近”的論述方式。而使用英文的人習(xí)慣于“重點(diǎn)先交代，越往后越詳細(xì)，后邊的解釋、支持、說(shuō)明前邊的。一個(gè)要點(diǎn)交代完畢，再轉(zhuǎn)向另一個(gè)要點(diǎn)”。這就需要在一個(gè)段落中只集中表達(dá)一個(gè)中心意義。