專四語法第10、11節(jié)-定語從句和狀語從句-知識點

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上第十節(jié) 定語從句I.定語從句考點和知識要點：1. 定語從句五大概念 概念一、什么是定語從句？在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。在定語從句中，被修飾的這一名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。在定語從句中的引導詞叫做關系詞。關系詞又分關系代詞和關系副詞。概念二、關系詞有哪些？1、關系代詞：which（指sth 作主語或賓語），that（指sb或sth 作主語或賓語），who（指sb作主語或賓語），whom（指sb作賓語），whose（指sb或sth，作定語）,as（指sb,sth 作主語或賓語）; 注意: 做賓語的時候， 關系代詞可以省略。2、關系副詞：when（指時間

2、 on which），where（指地點 at which），why（指原因 for which）概念三、關系詞通常有下列三個作用？1.引導定語從句 2.代替先行詞； 3.在定語從句中擔當一個成分。 Eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.概念四、關系代詞和關系副詞有何區(qū)別及方法？主要是它們在從句中所起的作用不同。關系代詞在從句中一般作主語或賓語。而關系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。Focus in：v 方法一：句子成份法：關系代詞在句中充當主語、賓語；關系副詞在從句中作狀語。v 方法二：句子完整法：關系代詞引導的

3、定語從句不完整；關系副詞引導的定語從句是完整的。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 概念五、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別A. 限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號“，”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。B.非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語“的” 通常譯成主句的并列句。在

4、非限制性定語從句中，通常用who, whom, whose 指人，用 which 指物。Eg. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.她那當兵的哥哥總是鼓勵她上大學.（意含：她還有其他哥哥。）Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.她哥哥是當兵的，他總是鼓勵她上大學。（意含： 她只有一個哥哥。）2. 定語從句五大考點一、 先行詞為人時引導詞who和that a. 用who不用that

5、的情況：(1)當先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those時。(2)當先行詞為人稱代詞時。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practice more.b. 用that不用who的情況：1)當主句已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)who時。2)關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。 Who is the man that spoke to you just now? Mary is no longer the girl that

6、 she used to be.【專四真題】He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _B_ he was twenty years ago. 2003A. which     B. that          C. who          D. whom譯文：多年的辛苦工作使他疲

7、憊不堪，他不再是20年前的那個他了。分析：在本句中，the man是先行詞，在定語從句中充當表語，即完整的定語從句應該是he was the man twenty years ago。根據(jù)關系代詞在定語從句中充當表語時只能用that的語法原則，答案選B。二、 先行詞為物時引導詞that和which a.只用that不用which 的情況：(1)先行詞為much, little, few, nothing, none, anything, no, all等不定代詞 （2）先行詞既有人又有物。（3）先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾。（4）先行詞被the very, the only, the l

8、ast, just, every, no等修飾（5）關系代詞在從句中作表語(6) 在疑問詞who、which、what開頭的句子中(7) 主句是there be句型：This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.China is no longer the country that it used to be.All that can be done has been done.He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.This is the very book

9、 that I am looking for.Who is the man that is talking to Jim?There is a man that lives in that village.【專四真題】I was very interested in _A_ she told me. 2009   A. all that   B. all which   C. all what   D. That譯文：我對她告知我的一切都很感興趣。分析：本句中all為名詞，做介詞in的賓語，同時做定語從句

10、中tell 的直接賓語，相當于tell sb. sth.的語法結構。根據(jù)先行詞為不定代詞all，定語從句關系詞用that的原則選A。b.只能用which不用that的情況: 1.介詞后面 2.逗號后面1. 定語從句中的介詞前置時關系代詞只能用which 2. 引導非限制性定語從句時只能用which, 其先行詞可是一個詞,也可是整個主句或主句的某一部分. (1) The machine, which I have looked after for many year, is still working perfectly.(2)My glasses, without which I was li

11、ke a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.【專四真題】They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _A_is something we had not expected. 2003  A. which    B. it      C. that     D. what譯文：他們克服了所有的困

12、難并提前兩個月完成了這個項目，這個我們分析：本句考查的是非限定性定語從句，當先行詞代替整個主句時只用which替代。三、介詞+關系代詞 (which/ whom)* 關系代詞前介詞的確定方法：1. 定語從句的動詞與先行詞的邏輯關系，或者從句的動詞、形容詞的習慣性搭配。Eg. The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands? Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatl

13、y proud.【專四真題】 Ive never been to Lhasa, but thats the city _A_. 1999  A. Id most like to visit     B. which I like to visit mostly  C. where I like to visit  D. Id like much to visit譯文：我從未去過拉薩，但那是我很想去的一個城市。分析：引導定語從句的that如果在從句中做定語，可以省略，因此A為正確選項。B選項中的mostly

14、表示“大部分，主要”的意思，應改為most。C選項where不作關系代詞引導賓語從句。D選項中much的位置不對，應該說Id much like to visit. 2.非限制性定語從句中，表示先行詞的一部分時，可用“數(shù)詞/代詞 + of + 關系代詞”的結構， e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.3. Whose從句可轉換為“ of +關系代詞”型，whose的先行詞指物時, 可用of which代替, 但詞序不同， 即whose+n=the +n + of whi

15、ch =of which + the + n.e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south. of which the door open to the south.【專四真題】 Above the trees are the hills, _C_ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 2003  A. where

16、0;   B. of whose      C. whose       D. which譯文：樹的后面有小山, 它的壯麗景色在河面上真實地反射出來.分析:C, 首先,whose的詞性是形容詞,相當于the hills,所以它后面必須跟名字或者其他的詞。第二,這句話整體是一個非限制性定語從句,它后面所接的whose從句是修飾the hills的,而 magnificence 是reflects的賓語,同時它也是whose所修飾的詞。這個從句可以還原成the

17、 river faithfully reflects （whose=the hills） magnificence on the surface.作為一個整體的whose magnificence應該提前。所以答案選C。四、關系副詞的運用 先行詞為“時間的名詞”用when：time（day, night, morning, week, month, year等）whenEg. I dont remember the day when he left.(on which) 先行詞為“表示地點的名詞” where：place（case, point, situation, condition, s

18、cene, stage, country, room, house, hotel, museum, school, street等）whereEg. That is the house where he lived two years ago. (In which) 先行詞為“表示原因的名詞”why：reasonwhy（表示原因的名詞只有一個）That's the reason why I helped him.（why =for which）五、 as與which引導的定語從句兩者均可引導非限制性定語從句，as 放在句首句中都可以，which 必需放在句中，但下列情況多用as。1.

19、關系代詞引導的定語從句居句首時。e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.2. 當與such , as或the same連用時，一般用as。e.g. Thats the same tool as I used last week. I am not so strong a man as I was.我已經(jīng)沒有從前那么強壯了。3. 當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關系時，關系詞往往只用which。 Eg. Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.3

20、. 定語從句三大區(qū)別：1. the same. as 和 the same .that的用法辨異.Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同類事物）Thats the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上周用過的工具。（指原物）2. 定語從句與強調句型的區(qū)別 判斷是否是強調結構的方法是采用刪除法分析：強調句句型：It is/was +被強調的成份+that/who +其它部分去掉 It is/was.that/who ,句子照樣成立。It is on the morning of May 1st _that_ I

21、 met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _where_ Mr Wang works 3、定語從句與習慣句型的區(qū)別It is the first time _that_ she has been in Shanghai（It iswas the firstsecond /time that從句）It was the time _when_ Chinese people had a hard lifeII. 定語從句歷年專四考試真題1. My uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. H

22、e is not the man _ he was fifteen years ago. 2011A. whichB. whom C. whoD. that2. I was very interested in _ she told me. 2009A. all that   B. all which C. all what  D. that3. Above the trees are the hills, _ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface

23、. 2003A. where    B. of whoseC. whose   D. which4. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _is something we had not expected. 2003  A. which   B. it  C. that D. what5. He is quite wor

24、n out from years of hard work. He is not the man _ he was twenty years ago. 2003A. which B. that C. who D. whom6. Weve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, _should make great differences in our life next summer. 2002A. whichB. whatC. thatD. they7. Firms that use compu

25、ters have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced.     2000A. whose  B. as        C. what   D. that8. Ive never been to Lhasa, but thats the city _. 1999A. Id most

26、 like to visit   B. which I like to visit mostly  C. where I like to visit D. Id like much to visit9. She remembered several occasions in the past _she had experienced a similar feeling. 1998A. whichB. beforeC. thatD. when10. The physicist has made a discovery, _of grea

27、t importance to the progress of science and technology. 1997A. I think which isB. that I think is C. which I think isD. I think that is11. I have never been to London, but that is the city_. 1997A. where I like to visit mostB. Id most like to visitC. which I like to visit mostlyD. where Id like most

28、 to visit12. This company has now introduced a policy _pay rises have related to performance at work. 1996A. whichB. whereC. whetherD. what13. Only take these clothes _really necessary. 1994A. as wereB. as they areC. as they wereD. as are14. _is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activ

29、ity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. 1994A. ThatB. ItC. This D. AsIII. 定語從句相關練習題1. Last Sunday they reached Qingdao, a conference was to be held.A. whichB. that C. whenD. where2. Is this the museum you visited the other day?A. thatB. whereC. in whichD. the one3. I began to w

30、ork in Beijing in the year New China was founded.A. whenB. that C. whichD. where4. This was the supermarket I bought this kind of tin.A. whereB. thatC. who D. which5. The house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.A. thatB. where C. whatD. when6. That's the hotel last year.A. which we

31、 stayed B. at that we stayedC. where we stayed at D. where we stayed7. The place you are standing used to be an old church.A. whichB. whereC. thatD. when8. Do you remember the day your sister was graduated as a Master of Arts? A. whichB. in whichC. about whichD. on which9. We all remember the days w

32、e studied together at school.A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where10. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course, _ made the others unhappy. A. whichB. who C. thisD. what11. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. whichB. whe

33、nC. thatD. where12. Please take any seat _ is free.A. whichB. where C. in whichD. that13. The old man has two sons, _ is a soldier.A. one of whomB. both of themC. all of whom D. none of them14. This is the ship _ we crossed the Pacific(太平洋).A. by whichB. by that C. whereD. in which15. New York is fa

34、mous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大樓)_ has more than 100 storeys.A. the higher of them B. the highest of whichC. the highest of them D. some of which16. My home village is no longer the same _ it used to be.A. whichB. as C. where D. when17. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _

35、many people have gone home.A. whose timeB. thatC. at which D. by which time18. The boy _ composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.A. whoB. whose C. thatD. which19. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. which C. thatD. it20. Mr. Wang is

36、a boss, _ factory Li Ping worked.A. in whoseB. whoseC. in whomD. of which21. I shall never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _has a good effect on my life.A. that, whichB. when, which C. which, that D. when, who22. _ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful c

37、ountry in 20 or 30 years time.A. WhatB. That C. AsD. It23. Is this book _ you want to borrow from the library?A. thatB. which C. the one D. /24. Such a book _ you showed me is difficult to understand.A. thatB. which C. as D. like25. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books _ were popular the

38、n.A. /B. thatC. which D. who26. This is the store _ we visited the famous shop assistants.A. whereB. there C. thatD. which27. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where28.Why does she always ask you for help? - There is no o

39、ne else _, is there?A. who to turn to B. she can turn toC. for whom to turn D. for her to turn29. The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.A. which; where B. at which; whichC. at which; where D. which; in which30. China Daily attracts a world

40、wide readership, _ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. A. whoB. whomC. thatD. which31. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work. A. whereB. whichC. whenD. who32. As the smallest child of his family, Alex

41、 is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent. A. whichB. whereC. whomD. when33. He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _were published in the 1990s. A. whom B. which C. them D. that34. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _ school education depends

42、.A. itB. thatC. whoseD. which 35. He is such a good teacher _ we all love and respect.A. asB. thatC. which D. what36. The way _ he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. A. thatB. /C. in which D. all above第十一節(jié) 狀語從句I. 狀語從句考點和知識要點：1. 定語從句概念： 如果一個從句用作狀語，功能相當于副詞并修飾動詞、形容詞或整個句子，那么該從

43、句就是狀語從句（Adverbial Clause）。英語中的狀語從句有九大類，分別可以表示：時間、地點、原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步、比較、方式。從本質上講，狀語從句就是用不同的連接詞將幾個分句連接起來，以表達分句之間特定的邏輯關系。2. 九大考點：考點1：時間狀語從句Adverbial Clause of Time1) 連詞：when, while, as, before, after, and until表示“一就”的連詞有：a. as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, in

44、stantly. 這些連詞的用法和句式結構是一樣的，主從句時態(tài)一般一致。It began to rain the moment I arrived home.b. Hardly/ Scarelywhen, no soonerthan主句多用過去完成時，且常倒裝，從句用一般過去時。它與as soon as等的從句、主句互換。No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Hardly/ Scarcely had I arrived home when it began to rain.2) 名詞短語：next time, by the tim

45、e, every time, each time, the day, the week, etc.The day he returned, his father was already died.3）till/until 引導的時間狀語從句a. 當主句謂語動詞是延續(xù)動詞時,通常用肯定形式;若主句謂語動詞是短暫動詞,則用否定形式 “notuntil”e.g. Well stay here till it stops raining.Well not leave until it stops raining.b. “not.until.”有四種不同句式：A. 正常結構： The little bo

46、y didn't smile until he saw his mother. The exact time of dying was not of great importance until recently.B. until置于句首： Until he saw his mother, the little boy didn't smile. Until recently the exact time of dying was not of great importance.【專四真題】She remembered several occasions in the past

47、 _she had experienced a similar feeling. A. which B. beforeC. thatD. when譯文: 她記得過去有好幾次她都有過相似的感受。分析：D, 本句空格后的從句為she had experienced a similar feeling，其中主謂賓都已經(jīng)具備，因此選引導時間狀語的連詞when，故D為正確答案。而that和which引導定語從句，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，故不選；before的時間順序不對，因為主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，從句卻是過去完成時。 考點2：地點狀語從句Adverbial Clauses of Place1）通常用

48、where引導，并且一般放在主句后邊A driver should slow down where there are schools.2). 也可由wherever, anywhere, 和everywhere引導地點狀語從句。Wherever you are, I will miss you.3). 考點聚焦：地點狀語從句和where定語從句的區(qū)別：Tips: 判斷是定語從句還是地點狀語從句，要看從句前是否有先行詞，有先行詞的是定語從句，否則是狀語從句。 We then moved to Paris, where we lived for six years. (定語從句)Put in a

49、rticles where it is necessary in the following passages. (狀語從句)考點3：條件狀語從句Adverbial Clause of Condition1). 條件從句常用引導詞：if & unlessIf winter comes, can spring be far behind.2). 其他連詞：suppose (that), supposing (that), providing / provided (that), so long as, as long as, on condition that etc.I may len

50、d you the book on condition that you return it to me in time.3). only if 和if only的區(qū)別： only if (只要)引導陳述語氣的真實條件句，放在句首主句需要用倒裝語序； if only引導虛擬條件句，也可以引導感嘆句，表示“但愿就好了”。 Only if you work hard will you achieve success. If only we had arrived at the airport in time, we could have met him.考點4：原因狀語從句Adverbial Cl

51、ause of Cause1). 連接詞：Because, since, as (放句首) , for, now that(既然，由于）, when(既然), considering that（顧及到-）, seeing that（由于）。（都表示原因，語氣依次減弱）2). because, as, since, for表示原因時的區(qū)別：a. because語氣最強，只有它才能用來回答why的問句。所引出的原因往往是聽話人所不知道的或是最感興趣的原因。My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.b. 它可與強調詞only,

52、just連用。Just because I don't complain, people think I'm satisfied.c. since & as用法差不多，表示人們已知的事實，不需要強調原因，常放在句首。 Since we dont have class tomorrow, why not go out for a picnic? As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be closed. d. for表示推斷的理由，是對前面分句的內容加以解釋或說明。通常放在主句后邊。It

53、rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 3）其他復合連詞：seeing(that), now(that), considering(that), given(that)，它們的意思都是“鑒于某個事實，考慮到”Seeing that its raining hard, well have to stay here for the night.Now that you are sixteen, you can get a drivers license.They did the job very well, considerin

54、g that they had no experience.Given that they are inexperienced, theyve done a good job.【專四真題】Barry had an advantage over his mother _ he could speak French. (2001) A. since thatB. in thatC. at thatD. so that譯文：巴里比他的母親強的一點在于他能講法語。分析：B，in that 為固定短語，表示“既然，因為”，可引導原因狀語從句，因此選B正確。A項中的since也有“既然，由于”的意思，但是一般不接that。考點5：讓步狀語從句Adverbial Clause of Concession1). 常見引導詞：though, although, even though, even if, 此時，主句前不可以用but, 但可用yet /still Though / Although he tried hard, yet/ still he failed.2) 介詞表示讓步although, though是連詞，因此后邊只接從句（有時是省略形式的從句），而介詞despite, in spite of, for all, notwithstandin