《the geography of transport-systems》教學(xué)tgchapter5_applica

1、THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMSTHIRD EDITIONCopyright 1998-2014, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.Jean-Paul.RYou may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution p

2、ermitted.For more information: /geotrans APPLICATIONSUsage Conditions DO NOT COPY, TRANSLATE OR REDISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT. The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY. Although the material contained in this document is freely availabl

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4、gally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source (http:/) instead of the third party. Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use. Information cited fr

5、om this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http:/.編輯pptTHE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMSTHIRD EDITIONApplication 2編輯pptMarket Share of Domestic US Ground Parcel Deliveries,

6、 200661.1%18.3%14.9%2.9%2.8%UPSFedExUSPSDHLOthers編輯pptMarket Share of Domestic US Air Parcel Deliveries, 200633.825.942.221.813.340.668.40%20%40%60%80%100%OvernightDeferredUPSFedExUSPSDHLOthers編輯pptThe Hub-and-Spoke Structure of Parcel Carriers編輯pptOriginRoute(collect)DestinationRoute(delivery)Spoke

7、HubHubs of Major Air Freight Integrators編輯pptOrder-Delivery Sequence of an Apple iPad編輯pptNote: Path is approximateOrder Fulfillment (Cycle time of 12 days 18hrs 08min)Order placed online3hrs 34minOrder processed12 days 15hrs 34minShipment notificationDelivery (Lead time of 48hrs 11min)2hrs 45minShi

8、pment notificationShipment picked up4hrs 23minLeaving local DC7hrs 34minAt Hong Kong hub17hrs 04minAt Anchorage hub1hr 57minCleared customs1hr 22minLeft Anchorage hub6hrs 03minAt Newark hub4hrs 00minLeft Newark hub1hr 11minAt local DC2hrs 48minDeliveredConsolidation (Shenzhen/HK)Transfer (Anchorage)

9、Deconsolidation (NY Metro)Order-Delivery Sequence of an Apple iPadActionLocationDate - Time (EST)DurationOrder placed onlineNA25/07/10 11:52PMOrder processedNA26/07/10 3:26AM3hrs 34minShipment notificationNA3/8/10 8:10PM12days 15hrs 34minShipment picked up at supplier DCShenzhen, China3/8/10 10:55PM

10、2hrs 45minLeft local FedEx DCShenzhen, China4/8/10 3:18AM4hrs 23minAt Hong Kong hubHong Kong, China4/8/10 11:52AM7hrs 34minAt Anchorage hubAnchorage, AK, USA5/8/10 4:56PM17hrs 04minCleared customsAnchorage, AK, USA5/8/10 6:53PM1hr 57minLeft Anchorage hubAnchorage, AK, USA5/8/10 8:15PM1hr 22minAt New

11、ark hubNewark, NJ, USA6/8/10 2:18AM6hrs 3minLeft Newark hubNewark, NJ, USA8/8/10 6:18AM4hrs 0minAt local FedEx DCMoonachie, NJ, USA8/8/10 7:29AM1hr 11minDeliveredFort Lee, NJ, USA8/8/10 10:17AM2hr 48min編輯pptTHE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMSTHIRD EDITIONApplication 3編輯pptMain Container Leasing Compa

12、niesAmphibious Container Leasing Ltd. (AMFICON)NACAI International, Inc. (CAI)668,000 TEU (2006)Capital IntermodalNAwww.capital-Cronos Containers Ltd.NAFlexi-Van Leasing Inc.NAwww.flexi-Florens Container Services (U.S.) Ltd.NAGold Container Corp.400,000 TEU (2007)GE SeaCo SRL950,000 TEU (2008)Textai

13、ner Equipment Management (U.S.) Ltd. 2,000,000 TEU (2008)Seacastle Container Leasing976,000 TEU (2008)TAL International Container Corporation1,187,000 TEU (2008)Trac Lease Inc.NATriton Container International Ltd.NA編輯pptLeased Container Fleet Size, 2009ContainerNumber of Units%Total TEUs%20 Foot Sta

14、ndard3,093,91844.3%3,093,91828.9%40 Foot Standard1,094,40615.7%2,185,81220.4%40 Foot High Cube2,172,05831.2%4,344,11640.6%Others616,7818.8%1,075,80710.1%Total6,977,163100%10,699,653100%編輯pptLeased Container Fleet Size, 2008ContainerNumber of Units%Total TEUs%20 Foot Standard2,645,84942.6%2,645,84927

15、.6%40 Foot Standard1,035,85016.7%2,071,70021.6%40 Foot High Cube1,949,75231.4%3,898,96440.7%Others578,2359.3%965,76810.1%Total6,209,686100%9,582,281100%編輯pptComposition of the Leased Container Fleet, 2008-1002,000,0004,000,0006,000,0008,000,00010,000,00012,000,000Units (2008)TEU (2008)Units (2009)TE

16、U (2009)Units (2010)TEU (2010)20 Foot Standard 40 Foot Standard 40 Foot High Cube Others 編輯pptWorld Container Fleet Ownership (in thousand TEUs)6,8957,6358,3709,0809,3809,85010,68011,52510,2008,5608,7909,59010,90012,03513,48515,55517,16016,90005,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,000200120022003200420052

17、006200720082009Lessor FleetSea Carrier Fleet編輯pptEmpty Containers Handled by Major Markets (in 1,000 TEUs)010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000198019902002200320042005Western EuropeNorth AmericaAfricaMiddle EastLatin AmericaAustralasiaSoutheast AsiaSouth AsiaEast AsiaEastern Europe

18、編輯pptAge of Marine and Domestic Chassis Fleet, United States0510152025303540 20072003-20071997-20011991-19961986-1990 exportsExport flowsImport flowsEmptiesInland location withExports importsPortABAsymmetries between Import and Export-Based Containerized Logistics編輯pptMany CustomersFunction of popul

19、ation density.Geographical spread.Incites transloading.High priority (value, timeliness).Few SuppliersFunction of resource density.Geographical concentration.Lower priority.Depends on repositioning opportunities.GatewayInland TerminalDistributionCenterCustomerSupplierRepositioningImport-BasedExport-

20、BasedContainer Repositioning using an Empty Container Depot編輯pptPort TerminalEmpty DepotsEmpty DeliveryEmpty RepositioningEmpty Pick UpFull DeliveryFull or EmptyDeliveryFull DeliveryConsignerConsigneeEmpty DeliveryFull DeliverySold out ofNetworkFull DeliveryEmpty Repositioning& Full DeliveryEmpt

21、y DeliveryEmpty Pick UpRegional Intermodal Transportation NetworkGlobal MaritimeContainer ShippingNetworkTrade FlowsGlobalRepositioningInland Containerized Flows and Inland Ports編輯pptPort TerminalExporterImporterABCInland Port / DepotExporterImporterPortShuttlesGeographical Levels of Empty Container

22、 Repositioning編輯pptInter-Regional Repositioning(inland)Global RepositioningInter-RegionalRepositioning(coastal / fluvial)RegionalRepositioningPortDepot / Inland terminalFreight Distribution CenterCargo RotationImbalances and Container Repositioning Strategies編輯pptRepositioning Distance (TEU KM)Unit

23、Repositioning CostsLocalRegionalInternationalContainer manufacturing costs(Empty interchange)(Intermodal repositioning)High imbalanceLow imbalanceRepositioning not economically feasible(Overseas repositioning)Repositioning not considered a problemHigh limit of feasible actionsLow limit of feasible a

24、ctionsThe Empty Container DepotStorageAccommodate container storage demand.Storage before reutilization and repositioning.Container exchange market between different supply chains (neutral location).Terminal extensionFlexibility in opening hours and gate access.Shuttles between the terminal (port or

25、 rail) and the depot.Buffer for the terminal (reduce congestion).Favorable locationCloser to main freight distribution activities (periphery).Reduce the frequency and distance of repositioning (cargo rotation).Better response to freight distribution requirements.編輯pptTHE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTE

26、MSTHIRD EDITIONApplication 4編輯pptThe Agri-food Supply ChainDELIVERYRetailCateringPROCESSINGFresh food processingManufacturing / processingPRODUCTIONAgricultural productionINPUTSChemical companiesSeed companies160,000,00089,000,000170,0006001108,60080,000160,0003,200,000110 100 1,000 10,000 100,0001,

27、000,00010,000,000100,000,0001,000,000,000ConsumersCustomersRetail outletsSupermarket chainsBuying desksManufacturersFirst tier suppliersSecond tier suppliersFarmers / producersStages and Actors in Europe編輯ppt編輯ppt編輯pptBreakdown of a $299 iPod US Retail Price, 2005$80$75$85$19$27$7$5$1$40Apple (Margi

28、n)Distribution and RetailMajor ComponentsOther InputsJapan (Margin)USA (Margin)Taiwan (Margin)Korea (Margin)編輯pptValue of an iPhone 3G Components and Labor, 200934%17%13%6%3%27%Total: $178.96JapanGermanySouth KoreaUnited StatesChinaOther編輯pptCosts of a Shoe Sold $100 in the United States and Made in

29、 China0.4%8.0%1.6%2.0%5.0%11.0%8.5%13.5%50.0%WagesMaterielOther production costsProfitTransport and taxesResearchPublicityProfitRetail Store編輯pptMain Distribution Centers of TJ Maxx in the United States編輯pptEvansvilleCharlottePittstonWorcesterLas VegasLA / LBOaklandSeattle / TacomaLandbridge (double

30、-stack)THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMSTHIRD EDITIONApplication 5編輯pptElements of the Cold ChainProductOrigin / DestinationDistribution編輯pptProcessLoad integrityConditionaldemandTransportintegrityTechnologyOperational Conditions of Cold Chain LogisticsConditional demand Each product has a specific

31、 perishability. Shelf life and revenue. Demand conditional to qualitative attributes.Load integrity Reefers as the common load unit. Packing, packaging and preparation. Empty backhauls.Transport integrity Uninterrupted integrity of the transport chain (modes, terminals and distribution centers). Spe

32、cialized modes (speed) and terminals.編輯pptThe Cold Chain TechnologyDimensionPreparation / PackagingBlast freezers, Insulated containers, Vacuum packing. Crates, Perforated plastic containers, Perforated boxesStorageRefrigerated warehouses, Refrigerated distribution centers. Loading / Unloading bays.

33、TransportRefrigerated trucks, Refrigerated railcars, Refrigerated ships, Reefers. Reefer clips. Rail gensets. Refrigerated bins. Refrigerated unit load devices. Source loading.TerminalsReefer storage areas.MonitoringSensors. Monitors (e.g. Partlow recorders).編輯pptThe Cold Chain Technology編輯pptFabric

34、ationStorageTerminalTransportMonitoringPreparation methodsPackingWarehousingDistribution centerReefer storageReefersPower generatorsAvailability of Fresh Produce by Season and Region編輯pptJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECApplesArgentinaChileNew ZealandUnited StatesCitrusUnited StatesChilePeruAustr

35、aliaAvocadosChilePeruMexicoBananasEcuador, Costa Rica, ColombiaPineapplesCosta Rica, Ecuador, PhilippinesGrapesBrazilChileChileMexicoPeruPeruUnited StatesTemperature Integrity Along a Cold Chain編輯pptPotential integrity breachTemperatureTemperature RangePotential integrity breachTransportTimeUnloadin

36、g Warehousing LoadingTransportOrigin (Loading)Cold Storage FacilityDestination (Unloading)Temperature Standards for the Cold ChainDeep FreezeFrozenChillPharmaceuticalBanana-30-25-20-15-10-5051015Degrees Celcius編輯pptTemperature Requirements for the Cold Chain Transport of Some CommoditiesFrozen MeatF

37、rozen FishLettuceOrangesBananasCoffeePotatoes-30-25-20-15-10-505101520Degrees Celcius編輯pptShelf Life of Selected Perishable Food ProductsProductShelf Life (Days)Optimum Temperature (Celsius)Apples90-2400Bananas7-2813.5Bell Peppers21-357Cabbage14-201Eggs1801.1Onions30-1801Lettuce12-140.6Fresh Meat (b

38、eef, lamb, pork, poultry)14-65-2Oranges21-907Pears120-180-0.6Potatoes30-5010Seafood (shrimp, lobster, crab)120-360-17.8Strawberries5-100.6Tomatoes7-1412編輯pptLettuce Shelf Life by Storage Temperature024681012140510152025Shelf Life (Days)Temperature (Celsius)編輯pptPreponderance of Fresh and Frozen Carg

39、o by Transport Mode496Global Fresh / Frozen Share in Air CargoFrozenFresh3763Global Fresh / Frozen Share in Maritime CargoFrozenFresh編輯pptShare of Refrigerated Transport Capacity in Maritime Shipping0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%1980199020002010ReefersRefrigerated ships編輯pptSeaborne Reefer Trade,

40、 200820%7%10%3%19%24%3%14%BananasCitrusDeciduousExoticsFish & SeafoodMeatDairyOther編輯pptMain American Banana Import Ports, 2011編輯pptReefers and Source Loading in the Chilled Meat Cold ChainCold Transport ChainTransit Time (days) Typical Shelf Life (days) Refrigerated truck / Cold-storage facilit

41、y transloading / Air4-5 30-35 Refrigerated truck / Cold-storage facility transloading / Maritime shipping 15-16 30-35 Source loading with Reefer / Maritime shipping15-16 55-60 編輯pptAmount of Dry Ice Required for Packing Frozen Food in a Well Insulated Container051015202530354045500510152025303540455

42、0Required dry ice (pounds)Transit time (hours)2 lbs5 lbs10 lbs20 lbs50 lbs編輯pptIncome per Capita and Perishable Share of Food Imports$0$5,000$10,000$15,000$20,000$25,000$30,000$35,000$40,000051015202530354045Income per CapitaPerishable Share of Food Imports編輯pptContainerization, Cold Chains and the

43、Flexibility of Supply Chains編輯pptScotlandExtractionTransformationTransportFishingFishingMechanical peelingMaturation in warehouse (3 weeks)ProcessingPackagingDistributionFreezingProcessingPackagingDistributionManual peelingReefer (3 weeks)Maturation (3 weeks)ScotlandUKThailandFresh Flowers Cold Chai

44、n, Ecuador-United StatesProcess Time Quality Deterioration Post-harvest on farm, Ecuador 4 - 8 hours Medium Storage on farm12 - 72 hours Low - Medium Transportation to cargo agencies1 - 6 hours Medium Storage at cargo agency4 hours Low Palletizing, Quito6 hours Medium - High Customs clearance, Quito

45、0.5 hourLow Loading to aircraft, Quito1 - 2 hours Medium High Flight UIO-MIA nonstop4 hours High Customs clearance, Miami4 - 12 hours Low De-palletizing, Miami2 - 4 hours High Storage at cargo agency, Miami4 - 72 hours Low - Medium Transportation to U.S. retailer2 hours - 5 days Medium 編輯pptLarge Sc

46、ale Grocery Cold Chain Distribution Center編輯pptStorage / SortingOutboundInboundAmbient (20 C)Banana (10 C)Chilled (2 C)Freeze (-10 C)SuppliersCustomersWorlds Largest Public Refrigerated Warehouse Operators, 20090100,000,000 200,000,000 300,000,000 400,000,000 500,000,000 600,000,000AmeriCold Logisti

47、cs LLCVersaColdMillard Refrigerated ServicesSwire Cold Storage / United States ColdPreferred Freezer ServicesNichirei Logistics Group, Inc.Castle & Cooke Cold StorageBurris Refrigerated LogisticsInterstate Warehousing, Inc.MUK Logistik GmbHNordic Cold Storage, LLCColumbia Colstor, Inc.Cloverleaf

48、 Cold Storage Co.Total Logistic Control, LLCGruppo Marconi Logistica IntegrataRichmond Cold Storage CompanyHenningsen Cold Storage Co.Bring FrigoscandiaFrialsa Frigorificos S.A. De C.V.AB Oxford Cold Storage Pty Ltd.編輯pptNorth Americas Largest Public Refrigerated Warehouse Operators, 20090100,000,00

49、0200,000,000300,000,000400,000,000500,000,000600,000,000700,000,000AmeriCold Logistics LLCVersaColdMillard Refrigerated ServicesUnited States Cold StoragePreferred Freezer ServicesCastle & Cooke Cold StorageBurris Refrigerated LogisticsInterstate Warehousing, Inc. Nordic Cold Storage, LLCColumbi

50、a Colstor, Inc.Cloverleaf Cold Storage Co.Total Logistic Control, LLC Richmond Cold Storage CompanyHenningsen Cold Storage Co.Frialsa Frigorificos S.A. de C.V.Hanson LogisticsTerminal Freezers, Inc.Confederation FreezersConestoga Cold StorageCongbec Logistics, Inc.編輯pptTHE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYS

51、TEMSTHIRD EDITIONApplication 6編輯pptThe Benefits of Logistics Improvements編輯pptHuman ResourcesSupply chain integrationTransport assets utilizationLower costs (imports & exports)Employment opportunitiesOutcomesImprovementsTaxonomy of Logistics Clusters Port, Airport, Rail.Modal Orientation Interna

52、tional, Regional, Urban.Geographical Scope Customs and taxation, Single commodity, Special services.Function編輯pptPort-CentricLogistics ParkInland PortIndustrial ParkCorridorAirportPortAirport centricIntermodalRailFunctional Integration of Freight Clusters編輯pptScaleScopeFTZTerminal / DepotDistributio

53、n centerPortInland PortLogistics ParkFreight Village (FV)Port-centricA Typology of Logistics Zones編輯pptCo-location (port / logistic park)Inventory management and securityPort authorities the key actorsSupported by satellite terminalsCo-location (inland terminal / logistic park)Hinterland integration

54、 and massificationImport and export platformLand for logistics with agglomeration economiesProximity to an intermodal terminalPrivate or public actorsService and transactional dimensions of freight distributionOffice space, hotels, convention centersIntermodal TerminalFVFVFVIntermodal CorridorDrayag

55、ePortPort Centric Logistics編輯pptPort TerminalImportsExportsTransshipmentDe-stuffingTransloadingStuffingStoring (in terminal)Storing (Full + Empties)Port Cargo LogisticsDistributionWarehousingManufacturing / CommoditiesStoring (Full)RepositioningPort-Related Production and DistributionFirst TierSecon

56、d TierMain Advantages of Port-Centric Logistics ZonesFactorAdvantagesLandAvailability of land and labor.Co-location.DrayageDirect access to terminal gates.Little / no congestion.Short distances.Container assetsDirect transloading.Limited dwell time.Fast repositioning of empties.Mitigate land weight

57、restrictions.Supply chain managementLower lead times.Less inventory.Direct deliveries to customers.編輯pptMain Governance Paradigms of Logistics ZonesModelCharacteristicsImplicationsSingle OwnershipA public or a private actor entirely responsible for the development and the operations.Single vision an

58、d conformity to a specific role.Potential lack of flexibility in view to changes (single mandate).Potential conflicts with surrounding communities.Public Private PartnershipHelp combine public planning of infrastructures with private operational expertise.Public (local) interests represented.Tendenc

59、y to prioritize public interests over private interests.Landlord ModelPublic ownership and private operations (a form of PPP).Long term concession agreements.Managerial flexibility between the owner, the site manager and the operators.Most of the risk assumed by private operators.編輯pptEconomic Benef

60、its and Costs of Logistic ZonesEconomic BenefitsEconomic CostsEmployment creation (direct, indirect, induced).Attracting capital investment.Increased distribution efficiency and lower costs to consumers.Innovation in industry (practices).Increased trade and cross-border traffic.Reduced congestion and emissions.Opportunity c