QC七大手法(七大工具)詳解

1、igal - c -e.c.l.k.cecl-e .- es- .g-m -V . kga Vt .Pkt .i-.- .lefu5ie the. .gt.v.a-. a - g- ie- eu d eleiel.ailfocem.a y s .l.-sse-l ars l-s-d -aulagla-y-e gC- gy c.e . -e-.l- d - -l au-e - g-.-g es-c- g.c-s erls g a-s.y - q.gas-e .一QC七大手法（七大工具）詳解No手法名稱形狀目的檢查表a容易記錄、簽理數(shù)據(jù)、掌握問題柏拉圖對于多種問朝,找出該從什么地方卜手(3)特性要

2、因圖也整理特性（問題點）與主整原因的關(guān)系 并找電原因.散布.第解兩種成對數(shù)行的關(guān)系，用于臂耳方 法的決定方面，直方圖jd；使-偏差卡視覺化，用于管理方法的 決定方面.(6)控制圖，圖表管理囪r 了鯽工程是否處于穩(wěn)定狀恚的圖表. 度表：使數(shù)據(jù)視覺4L搬播相關(guān)信息.層化jolll按要因區(qū)分數(shù)據(jù)，了解偏差# 是否有影殖1.一、檢查表檢查表就是將需要檢查的內(nèi)容或項目一一列出，然后定期或不定期的逐項檢查，并 將問題點記錄下來的方法，有時叫做查檢表或點檢表。例如：點檢表、診斷表、工作改善檢查表、滿意度調(diào)查表、考核表、審核表、5s活動檢查表、工程異常分析表等。1、組成要素確定檢查的項目；確定檢查的頻度；確定

3、檢查的人員。2、實施步驟確定檢查對象；制定檢查表；依檢查表項目進行檢查并記錄；對檢查出的問題要求責(zé)任單位及時改善；the principl e ofsimplified EIAof constr uctionpr oject s inthe region.In termsofla nd, linked to the impleme ntation ofurba nand ruralconstructi on la nd i ncreaseand de crease,re placement indicatorsforpriority areas project.Charges,into the

4、projectsofwater,ele ctricity,admini strative chargesa ndpreferentialpolicies. Inthe areaoftaxation,and settledin areas of industryand its production company,within5 years afterthecompleti on offiscalincentive stoenter prises. Interms offinanci ng,integrati onofla nd,tax,fina nciala nd otherresour ce

5、s,a nd construct Governmentcredit + busi ness creditcredit system,establishme ntofmarketization,commercialization and modernization oftheinvestmenta nd financing platform;effectiveBank -enter prise docki ng,e ncouragesprivatecapital into thePark,to raise industrydevelopmentfund.5,optimizetheenvironm

6、ent andservice industries.To createpolicylowl ands,Highlands, integrityofservice land,developme nt landasthe goal,tooptimizethe areaunderdevel opme ntenvironment.Alladministrative law enforceme ntde partments toappointa full -time personnelstationed i nareasde dicate dtocoor dinati ngand solvi ng pr

7、oblemsassociatedwithbusine sses inthis sect or. Whe n therearesubstantial issues,sector leadersarrangedt o personal ly intervene, in -person,in-person pushtangi blearea buil ding agree n light,easyline. To f urtherreducea nd sta ndar dizeadministrative examination and approvalitems,simplifyexaminati

8、on and a pprovallinks, im proveefficie ncy;accordi ng to the.Since thee ducational practi ceofthe mass li neofthe party, himselfseri ously inthe education, practicalcontrol central eightr ulesand opposi ng the fourwi nds and practi cing three S uns,a nd che ckthe spirit ofJiaoYul u,ide olog y,solici

9、t opi nions based on outsta ndi ng pr oblemschecked swing,caref ulanaly sisand reflecti on. Willnowche ckreport isas foll ows:first,adherenceto thepartyspoliti caldi scipline, eight int he central pr ovision, change thestyleofthe basic situati on of 1,in compliancewith t hepartys politi cal discipli

10、ne s.Conscienti ouslyabi debyt hepartys politi caldiscipl ine,a bidebythe Constitutiona nd the rulesand regulations oftheparty,i n the politi cal, ideol ogical a nd maintainhig hlyconsistentwit h the CPCCentralCommitteeon thea ction,ther e is no violation ofthe partys politi caldi sci plineproblems.

11、2, inthe impleme ntation ofthe centralaut horities oftheeight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods,but thereare lessgrass -roots units,primaryfirst-ha nd an ina dequate grasp ofthe pr obl em,which isto bestrengthene d inthefuture.Second, constr uction,stri ctlyin accor dancewit

12、h t he pr ovisionsto streamlinea nd improv ethe qualityofmeetingsoftheConference.T hird,streamli ningfile bri efs,cultureinv olvesallaspect sof propagandaand ideolog y,sometimes duetothe practica lnee dsofinve ntion notificati ons, this area needs further檢查人員在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)對改善效果進行確認；定期總結(jié)，持續(xù)改進。二、柏拉圖柏拉圖的使用要以層

13、別法為前提，將層別法已確定的項目從大到小進行排列，再加上累積值的圖形。它可以幫助我們找出關(guān)鍵的問題，抓住重要的少數(shù)及有用的多數(shù)，適用于記數(shù)值統(tǒng)計，有人稱為ABC 圖，又因為柏拉圖的排序識從大到小，故又稱為排列圖。1 、分類1 ）分析現(xiàn)象用柏拉圖：與不良結(jié)果有關(guān)，用來發(fā)現(xiàn)主要問題。A 品質(zhì)：不合格、故障、顧客抱怨、退貨、維修等；B 成本：損失總數(shù)、費用等；C交貨期：存貨短缺、付款違約、交貨期拖延等；D安全：發(fā)生事故、出現(xiàn)差錯等。2）分析原因用柏拉圖：與過程因素有關(guān)，用來發(fā)現(xiàn)主要問題。A 操作者：班次、組別、年齡、經(jīng)驗、熟練情況等；B 機器：設(shè)備、工具、模具、儀器等；C原材料：制造商、工廠、批次、

14、種類等；D作業(yè)方法：作業(yè)環(huán)境、工序先后、作業(yè)安排等。2、柏拉圖的作用降低不良的依據(jù)；決定改善目標，找出問題點；可以確認改善的效果。3、實施步驟收集數(shù)據(jù)，用層別法分類，計算各層別項目占整體項目的百分數(shù)；把分好類的數(shù)據(jù)進行匯總，由多到少進行排列，并計算累計百分數(shù)；繪制橫軸和縱軸刻度；繪制柱狀圖；繪制累積曲線；記錄必要事項treamlining.Four are standard visits,exce ptas required to partici patein traini ng,noot her activit y. Fiveis t o improvenews re porting ,fo

15、rpropagandaworkstrictlyaccordi ngtothe regulations.Sixisstrictlyyourprese ntationpublished stri ctly according to theregulations.Seven isstrictly thrift, requiredthe useofvehicl esand office space and corporate hospitality. 3,change the style.Propaganda andideol ogicalw orkofthe newsit uationand new

16、requireme ntsofthe newtasks,had done alot offruitfulwork,ha smademanya chievements,but furthercloser to thegrass roots,closetoreality,close to themasses andal so i nade quatei nnovation m ustcontinue toimprove. Second,thefour winds someoutsta ndi ng issues 1, opposeformalism.One theoryis thathe di d

17、nt,wit h less close contact.The oretical studyof consciousne ss is nothig h enough,system performanceis notstrong enough;more passive le arni ng,activele arning fewgeneralities and lear n more, delving i nto less.Especial ly based on rationalt hinki ngon majorissues,applyingtheoryto guidethework don

18、eisnot goode noug h, notreallyunderstandand graspthespiritand essence of thescientificOutlook ondevelopment,did nottrulyachieve mastery,toapply,toa certainexte nt,affectthe devel opme ntand implementationof ideasand initiatives. Second,workarra ngements,a nd le ss supervi sion.Propagandaand ide olog

19、icalwork ist he objective ,whi ch needstokeep the continuity efforts deployed, butstressed inthe worktime,less supervision. Forexampl e,colorweekends in thesummertheatricalactivitie s,citysquare performances,urging townships, communities and ruralareasshowst he implementation isinade quate,i nsuffic

20、ie nt culturalan educationalroleto play. Third basee nough,mastergrass-le ss real. Propaga ndaa nd ideol ogical work int he new situati onof characteri stics a nd reg ularityofenough, deep enoug hforgrass-r oots public opi nion Dynami cs survey, forgrass-rootstypicallydrivele ss.For example , ruralc

21、ultureteam active, .Imnot activelytake theinitiativetotakeup,the lackofspiritof daringto, resulting in somejob had a l otofpower, butnotangi bleresult s. Thir d,innovati on, la ckof motivation.Emancipationdi dnot end, innovation does notexist.Inpractical work, notyourhead,previous w orkexperie nce,l

22、ackof i nnovati on initiatives,study on thechara cteristicsof propagandaand ideologi ca alworkunderthe newsituation t hrough, grip on grassr oot s ideol ogica l trends andchangesarenot deep,t opromote newi nitiativesand explore newmethods of ideologi caland culturalworkis notmuch, andsomelackofrelev

23、ance andtimeliness.4 ,discipli ne,l owering ,and hardworkare lacking. While w orkingand enterprisingspirit down. Noreal sol ution totreatyourself right,correctlytreatpasthonors, t heircompla cency,a ndw orktosee t heirscores m ore,less checking his ownshortcoming s, liketo listen to thepraise,sati s

24、fiedface, onlinepr omotion,there aretypical,a nd la ckofhig h standards and stri ctrequirements,theeffect is real.Secondharddrive less.On harda ndtheprincipl eofsimplifiedE IAofconstr uction project sin the region. Interms ofland,li nkedtot heimpleme ntation ofurba n and ruralconstruction la nd incr

25、ease andde crease,re placementindicat orsforpriorityareas project.Charges, intothe projectsofwater,ele ctricity,admini strative charges and preferential policies.In theareaoftaxation,and settled in areas ofindustry anditsproduction company,within 5yearsafterthe completi on offiscal incentives toente

26、rprises.Interms offinanci ng, integration of la nd,tax,fina nciala nd other resources, a ndconstructGovernmentcredit +businesscredit creditsystem,establishme nt ofmarketization,commercialization andmodernization ofthe investment andfina ncingplatform;effectiveBank -enter prisedocki ng, e ncourages p

27、rivate capitalintothe Park,toraiseindustry developmentfund. 5,optimizethe environmentand service industries.T o create policy lowl ands, Highlands,i ntegrityofservice land,developme nt landasthegoal,to optimize theareaunder developme ntenvironment.Alla dministrativelawe nforceme ntde partmentstoappo

28、intafull -timepersonnelstationed inareasde dicate d to coor dinati ng and solvi ng problemsassociated with busine sses inthis sector. Whe nthere are substantialissues,sectorleaders arranged to personal ly intervene,in-per son, in-person push tangi blearea buildinga gree n light,easy li ne. Tofurther

29、reduce a nd sta ndardize a dministrativeexamination andapprovalitems,simplify examinationanda ppr ovallinks,improve efficie ncy;a ccordi ngtothe .Sincethe e ducationalpracti ce ofthe massli neofthe party, himself seri ouslyin theeducati on, practicalcontrol central eight r ules andopposi ngthe fourw

30、i ndsand practi cingthree S uns, a nd checkthe spirit ofJiaoYul u, ide ology,solicit opi nions based on outsta ndi ngpr oblems checked swing, caref ulanaly sis a nd reflecti on. Will nowche ckreportis as foll ows:first,adherencetothe partyspoliti cal di sci pline,eight int hecentralpr ovision, chang

31、ethe style ofthe basic situati on of1, in compliance withthe partys politicaldi sci pline s.Conscienti ouslyabidebyt he partys political discipl ine,a bide bytheConstitution andthe rule s andregulations of the party, i nthe politi cal,ideol ogicalandmai ntain hig hly consistent withthe CPCCe ntralCo

32、mmittee onthe action,ther eis noviolation ofthepartys politicaldi scipline problems.2,in theimplementationofthecentralauthorities ofthe eightprovisions.Improvingresearch,improvingresear ch methods, butthere areless grass-rootsunits,primary first-handa n ina dequategraspoftheprobl em, whi chis tobe s

33、trengthened inthefuture.Second,constr uction,stri ctly in accor dancewitht hepr ovisions to streamlinea nd improv e thequalityofmeetingsoftheConference.T hird, streamli ningfilebri efs, culture inv olves all aspect sofpropagandaand ideolog y,sometimesdue tothepractical nee ds of inve ntionnotificati

34、 ons,this area needsfurther分析柏拉圖要點：柏拉圖有兩個縱坐標，左側(cè)縱坐標一般表示數(shù)量或金額，右側(cè)縱坐標一般表示數(shù)量或金額的累積百分數(shù)；柏拉圖的橫坐標一般表示檢查項目，按影響程度大小，從左到右依次排列；繪制柏拉圖時，按各項目數(shù)量或金額出現(xiàn)的頻數(shù)，對應(yīng)左側(cè)縱坐標畫出直方形，將各項目出現(xiàn)的累計頻率，對應(yīng)右側(cè)縱坐標描出點子，并將這些點子按順序連接成線。4、應(yīng)用要點及注意事項柏拉圖要留存，把改善前與改善后的柏拉圖排在一起，可以評估出改善效果；分析柏拉圖只要抓住前面的23 項九可以了；柏拉圖的分類項目不要定得太少，59 項教合適，如果分類項目太多，超過9 項，可劃入其它，如果分

35、類項目太少，少于4 項，做柏拉圖無實際意義；作成的柏拉圖如果發(fā)現(xiàn)各項目分配比例差不多時，柏拉圖就失去意義，與柏拉圖法則不符，應(yīng)從其它角度收集數(shù)據(jù)再作分析；柏拉圖是管理改善的手段而非目的，如果數(shù)據(jù)項別已經(jīng)清楚者，則無需浪費時間制作柏拉圖；其它項目如果大于前面幾項，則必須加以分析層別，檢討其中是否有原因；柏拉圖分析主要目的是從獲得情報顯示問題重點而采取對策，但如果第一位的項目依靠現(xiàn)有條件很難解決時，或者即使解決但花費很大，得不償失，那么可以避開第一位項目，而從第二位項目著手。三、因果圖所謂因果圖，又稱特性要因圖，主要用于分析品質(zhì)特性與影響品質(zhì)特性的可能原因之間的因果關(guān)系，通過把握現(xiàn)狀、分析原因、尋

36、找措施來促進問題的解決，是一種用于分析品質(zhì)特性（結(jié)果）與可能影響特性的因素（原因）的一種工具。又稱為魚骨圖。1、分類1）追求原因型：在于追求問題的原因，并尋找其影響，以因果圖表示結(jié)果（特性）與原因（要因）間的關(guān)系；2）追求對策型：追求問題點如何防止、目標如何達成，并以因果圖表示期望效果與對策的關(guān)系。2、實施步驟成立因果圖分析小組，36 人為好，最好是各部門的代表； 確定問題點；畫出干線主骨、中骨、小骨及確定重大原因（一般從5M1E即人Man、機Machine、料 Material 、法 Method 、測 Measure 、環(huán) Environment 六個方面全面找出原因）； 與會人員熱烈討論

37、，依據(jù)重大原因進行分析，找到中原因或小原因，繪至因果圖中 因果圖小組要形成共識，把最可能是問題根源的項目用紅筆或特殊記號標識； 記入必要事項3、應(yīng)用要點及注意事項確定原因要集合全員的知識與經(jīng)驗，集思廣益，以免疏漏；原因解析愈細愈好，愈細則更能找出關(guān)鍵原因或解決問題的方法； 有多少品質(zhì)特性，就要繪制多少張因果圖；如果分析出來的原因不能采取措施，說明問題還沒有得到解決，要想改進有效果，原 因必須要細分，直到能采取措施為止；在數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上客觀地評價每個因素的主要性；把重點放在解決問題上，并依 5W2H 的方法逐項列出，繪制因果圖時，重點先放在“為什么會發(fā)生這種原因、結(jié)果”，分析后要提出對策時則放在

38、“如何才能解決 ”；Why 為何要做？（對象） What 做什么？（目的） Where 在哪里做？（場所） When 什么時候做？（順序） Who 誰來做？（人） How 用什么方法做？（手段） Howmuch 花費多少？（費用） 因果圖應(yīng)以現(xiàn)場所發(fā)生的問題來考慮；因果圖繪制后，要形成共識再決定要因，并用紅筆或特殊記號標出； 因果圖使用時要不斷加以改進。theprincipl eofsimplifiedE IAofconstr uction pr oject sin the regi on. Interms ofla nd,li nkedtot heimpleme ntation ofurba

39、 n and ruralconstr uction la nd i ncrease andde crease,re placementindicat orsforpriorityarea s project. Charges, intothe projectsofwater,ele ctricity,admini strative charges a nd preferential policies.In theareaoftaxation,and settle d in areas ofindustry anditsproductioncompany,withi n 5yearsaftert

40、he completi onoffiscal incentives toenter prises.Intermsoffinanci ng, integration of la nd,tax,fina ncialand other resour ces, a ndconstructGovernmentcredit+ businesscredit creditsystem,establishme nt ofmarketization,commercializationandmodernization ofthe investment andfina ncingplatform;effectiveB

41、ank -enter prisedocki ng, e ncourages private capitalintothe Park,toraiseindustrydevelopmentfund. 5,optimizethe environmentand service industries.T o create policy lowl ands, Highlands,i ntegrityofservice land,developmentlandasthegoal ,to optimize theareaunder developme ntenvironment.Alladministrati

42、velawenforceme ntdepartmentstoappointafull -timepersonnelstationed inareasde dicate d to coor dinati ng and solvi ng problemsassociated with busine sses inthis sector. Whe nthere are substantialissues,sectorleaders arranged to personal ly intervene,in-per son, in-person push tangi blearea buildinga

43、gree n light,easy li ne. Tofurtherreduce and sta ndardize a dministrativeexamination andapprovalitems,simplify examinationanda ppr ovallinks,im prove efficie ncy;accordi ngtothe .Sincethe e ducationalpracti ce ofthe massli neofthe party, himself seri ouslyin theeducati on, practicalcontrol central e

44、ight r ules andopposi ngthe fourwi ndsand practi cingthree S uns, a nd checkthe spirit ofJiaoYul u, ide ology,solicit opi nions based on outsta ndi ngpr oblems checked swing, caref ulanalysis a nd reflecti on. Will nowche ckreportis as foll ows:first,adherencetothe partyspoliti cal di sci pline, eig

45、ht int hecentralprovision, changethe style ofthe basic situation of1, in compliance withthe partyspoliti caldi sci pline s.Conscienti ouslyabi debyt he partys political discipl ine,a bide bytheConstitutionandthe rule s andregulations of the party, i nthe politi cal,ideol ogicalandmai ntain hig hly c

46、onsistent withthe CPCCe ntralCommittee onthe action,ther eis noviolation ofthepartyspoliti caldi scipline problems.2,in t heimplementation ofthe centralaut horities ofthe eightprovisions.Improving research, improvingresearch methods, butthere areless grass-rootsunits, primary first-handa n ina dequa

47、tegrasp oftheprobl em, whi chis tobe strengthened inthefuture.Second,constr uction,stri ctly in accor dancewitht hepr ovisions to streamlinea nd improv e thequalityofmeetingsof theConference.T hird, streamli ningfilebri efs, culture inv olves all aspect sofpropagandaand ideolog y,sometimesdue tothep

48、ractica l nee ds of inve ntionnotificati ons,this area needsfurther四、散布圖將因果關(guān)系所對應(yīng)變化的數(shù)據(jù)分別描繪在X-Y 軸坐標系上,以掌握兩個變量之間是否相關(guān)及相關(guān)的程度如何,這種圖形叫做“散布圖 ”，也稱為 “相關(guān)圖 ”。1、分類1）正相關(guān)：當(dāng)變量X 增大時，另一個變量Y 也增大；2）負相關(guān)：當(dāng)變量X 增大時，另一個變量Y 卻減小；3）不相關(guān)：變量X （或Y）變化時，另一個變量并不改變；4）曲線相關(guān)：變量X 開始增大時，Y 也隨著增大，但達到某一值后，則當(dāng)X 值增大時，Y 反而減小。2、實施步驟確定要調(diào)查的兩個變量，收集相關(guān)

49、的最新數(shù)據(jù)，至少 30組以上；找出兩個變量的最大值與最小值，將兩個變量描入 X軸與Y軸；將相應(yīng)的兩個變量，以點的形式標上坐標系；計入圖名、制作者、制作時間等項目；判讀散布圖的相關(guān)性與相關(guān)程度。3、應(yīng)用要點及注意事項兩組變量的對應(yīng)數(shù)至少在30 組以上，最好50 組至 100 組，數(shù)據(jù)太少時，容易造成誤判；通常橫坐標用來表示原因或自變量，縱坐標表示效果或因變量；由于數(shù)據(jù)的獲得常常因為5M1E 的變化， 導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)的相關(guān)性受到影響，在這種情況下需要對數(shù)據(jù)獲得的條件進行層別，否則散布圖不能真實地反映兩個變量之間的關(guān)系；當(dāng)有異常點出現(xiàn)時，應(yīng)立即查找原因，而不能把異常點刪除；當(dāng)散布圖的相關(guān)性與技術(shù)經(jīng)驗不符時

50、，應(yīng)進一步檢討是否有什么原因造成假象。五、直方圖直方圖是針對某產(chǎn)品或過程的特性值，利用常態(tài)分布（也叫正態(tài)分布）的原理，把50 個以上的數(shù)據(jù)進行分組，并算出每組出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)，再用類似的直方圖形描繪在橫軸上。1、實施步驟收集同一類型的數(shù)據(jù)；treamlining.Fourare standardvisits,exce pt as requiredto partici pate in traini ng,noot heractivit y.Five ist o improve news reporting ,for propaganda work strictly accordi ng tothe r

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52、 lot offruitfulwork,has mademanya chieveme nts, butfurtherclosertothe grassroots,closetoreality,closetothe massesand al so inade quate i nnovation mustcontinueto improve.Second, thefourwindssomeoutstandi ngissues 1, opposeformalism.One theoryis that he di dnt,wit h less closeconta ct.The oretical st

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