關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞用法

1、關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)有時可以省略，但這只限于限制性定語從句中，在非限制性定語從句中1 .關(guān)系代詞作賓語時的省略：當關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, which和that在定語從句中用作動詞賓語或介詞 位于句末時的介詞賓語時，可以省略。Is there anything (that/which) you wanted?注意：當先行詞為 all, much, little以及不定代詞 anything, something, everything 等時，關(guān)系代詞多用thatWho is the man (that/who/whom) you were talking to?This is t

2、he best novel (that) I have ever read.注意：當先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或限定詞 the only, the very, all, every, any, no 等時，關(guān)系代詞一般都用that2 .關(guān)系代詞作表語時的省略：當關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中作表語時，可以省略。China is not the country (that) it was.3 .關(guān)系代詞作賓補時的省略：當關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語補足語時，可以省略。I ' m not the madman (that) you thought me. that做賓補4 .

3、關(guān)系副詞when的省略：用作時間狀語的關(guān)系副詞when通常不能省略，但有一種特殊情況，即用于day, year, time等少數(shù)幾個詞后可以省略，也可換成thatThat was the year (when/that) I first went abroad.I ' ll never forget the day (when/that) we met.5 .關(guān)系副詞where的省略：用作地點狀語的關(guān)系副詞where通常不能省略，但有一種特殊情況，即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少數(shù)幾個詞后時才可以省略，也可換成 th

4、atThis is the place (where/that) they met yesterday.Have you met somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour?6 .關(guān)系副詞why的省略：關(guān)系副詞why通常只用于the reason后引導定語從句，且通?？蓳Q成that 或for which, 均可省略。That' s the reason (why/for which/that) he came.關(guān)系副詞的特點：關(guān)系副詞用于引出定語從句，英語的關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why 三個。Sunday is the da

5、y (when/that) very few people go to work.That' s the reason ( why/for which/that) he dislikes me.Do you know a shop where/that I can find sandals?注意：關(guān)系副詞用于引出定語從句，且在從句中用作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when表示時間，where表示地點，why表示原因。使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意的幾點：l.how不能用作關(guān)系副詞，不要想當然地將 how用作關(guān)系副詞置于the way后表示方式：This is the way how he spoke. (wro

6、ng)This is how he spoke. /This is the way (that/in which) he spoke. (right)This is the way that he solved the problem. =This is how he solved the problem.2 .關(guān)系副詞when和where既可引導限制性定語從句，也可引導非限制性定語從句，但why只能引導限 制性定語從句，不能引導非限制性定語從句(若引導非限制性定語從句，可用for which reason)3 .引導定語從句時，when的先行詞為時間，where的先行詞為地點，why的先行詞

7、為原因(主要是the reason),但是反過來卻不一定Don' t forget the time (that) I' ve told you. 做賓語Do you know the house (that) he bought recently?做賓語Please tell me the reason (that) you know.做賓語關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句who, whom, which, that, whose在句中必做成分1)who, whom, that 指人，在句中做主語或賓語，作賓語可省略Is he the man who/ that wants to se

8、e you?做主語He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday.做賓語2)which, that 指物，在句中做主語或賓語，作賓語時可省略A prosperity which/ that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.做主語The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.做賓語3)whose表所屬關(guān)系，指人或物。指物可與 of which 互換，指人可與of whom互換They rushe

9、d over to help the man whose car had broken down.=They rushed over to help the man of whom the car had broken down.=They rushed over to help the man the car of whom had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover is green.=Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.=Please pass me the b

10、ook of which the cover is green.關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句when, where, why1)區(qū)別：及物動詞后面無賓語，用關(guān)系代詞；不及物動詞用關(guān)系副詞This is the place (where/that) I lived once. where指代 the place 充當?shù)攸c狀語This is the place (which/that) I visited once. which做 visit 的賓語，可省略I' ll never forget the days (which) we spend together. which做 spend 的賓

11、語， 可省略I ' ll never forget the days ( when/that) we live together in the country. when指代 the days充當時間狀語2)關(guān)系副詞含義相當于"介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)，可以互換，口語中可省略There are occasions when/that one must yield 屈服.=There are occasions on which one must yield.Beijing is the place (where/that) I was born. =Beijing is the

12、 place on which I was born.Is this the reason (why/that) he refused our offer? = Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?3)that代替關(guān)系副詞：that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞+which”引導的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.He is unlikely to find

13、the place (where/that/in which) he lived forty years ago.不能用that的情況1)引導非限制性定語從句時，不能用thatThe tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (wrong,應(yīng)用 which)2)介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we got our food.=We depend on the land which/that we got our food from.只能用that的情況1)在there be

14、 句型中，只用that,不用which2)在不定代詞如 anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等做先行詞時，只用that 3）先行詞有the only, the very 修飾時，只用that4）先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that5) 先行詞即有人, 又有物時當先行詞是way 時, 關(guān)系副詞常常省略。 I appreciate the way (that) you teach me.That作為關(guān)系副詞所具備的功能,即代替when where、why三大關(guān)系副詞或介詞+ which 。但這種代 替是有條件的

15、 , 主要適用于表示時間、地點、原因、方式這四大類基本含義的先行詞 , 即 time( 替代 when), place(替代 where) , reason(替代 why), way(替代 in which),其中 time 類的詞匯最多，包括 若干下義詞 , 如 hour, evening, summer, year, moment 等。大概是因為這些詞最基本、最常用 , 所以 在約定俗成的習慣下掙脫了原有關(guān)系副詞的束縛。此外, that 還可以與 speed, distance 等先行詞連用 , 此時無法用 where 代替。 在非正式語體中 , 關(guān)系副詞 that 是經(jīng)常省略的。 正是基

16、于這個原因 , 在論述”關(guān)系副詞 that 的功能” 中筆者并未給出相關(guān)例句 , 因為在各語法書和詞典關(guān)系中關(guān)系副詞 that 總是有左右兩個括號相伴。 We moved here the year (that/when) my mother died. I still remembered the summer (that) I walked around Paris. The reason I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday. There are so many delicious ways you can prepare ch

17、icken. This is the place (where) I lived five years. Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink? She knows the place (that/where) he stays. There is nowhere (that) we can go.The speed (that/at which) he is driving is 70 miles per hour.This is the place (that) I spent my children at. =This is the

18、place (that) I spend my childhood. 前者為關(guān)系代詞用法, 比后者關(guān)系副詞的用法更為正式I don t know any place (that) you can get a better exchange rate.如上所述 , 關(guān)系副詞 that 是廣泛存在的 , 并且經(jīng)常省略。 當然各個詞典和語法書的觀點并非完全一致,例如薄冰高級英語語法認為先行詞為 place 時, 關(guān)系副詞 where 也可省略； 薄冰高級英語語法 認為先行詞為 reason 時 , 關(guān)系副詞 why 可以省略。為了便于記憶和理解, 我們可以將這類省略現(xiàn)象統(tǒng)一看做是關(guān)系副詞 that

19、的省略。 Oxford dictionary 中可給出 that 作為關(guān)系代詞的義項, 但所舉例句中包含了 that 作為關(guān)系副詞的用法( 見如上第一個例句 ) 。 根據(jù)對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析, 這里的 that 相當于when或in which,不是代詞而是副詞。個別語法書中提到that代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why, how,鑒于how作為關(guān)系副詞并不具有充分的例證，且多部語法書明確提出how不能做關(guān)系副詞，故筆者不采用 that 代替 how 的說法。 1.when( 先行詞是 time, day, occasion 等表時間的名詞時在口語中可以省略)At the time (

20、when) I saw him, he was quite strong. Do you know the year (when) The Declaration of Independence was published?2 . Where( 先行詞是 place, room 等表示地面的名詞 , 在口語中可以省略 ) This is the place (where) I lived for 5 years.3 .why( 先行詞只有reason, 在口語中 , 可以省略 why)That s the reason (why) I m checking it now. 還有一種省略應(yīng)特別關(guān)

21、注, 在 this/that/it is 后可省略先行詞the time, the place, the reason, 直接跟 why, when, whereThat was (the time) when he lived there.It is (the place) where that rock festival is held every year. That s (the reason) why he spoke. 一、關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中的省略場合1 .當關(guān)系代詞，that, which, who , whom在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可以省略The professor

22、 (that/who/whom) you wish to see has come.Where is the book (which/that) I bought this morning?2 .當關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中作補語時可以省略He has changed. He is not the man (that) he was.3 .當關(guān)系代詞that, which, who在定語從句中作主語時，只有當主句是由It is, that is, there is引導的場合才能省略It isn ' t everybody (that/who) can learn a foreign

23、lnguage so easily.That was his brother (who/that) just went by.There was someone (who/that) asked for you, Bill.二、關(guān)系副詞 when,where, why引導的限制性定語從句在非正式語體中，通常可以省略I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.The reason (why) he came so early in his own affair.That' s the place (where) he stayed w

24、hen he was in London.另外，在當代英語里，that 可以用于表示時間、地點、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+which”引導的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.三、以the way作為先行詞的限制性定語從句用在非正式語體中通常省略in which或者thatThe

25、way (in which/that) you answered the questions was admirable.1 .Time, day, year, place, house, reason, way等作先行詞時可以被省略 ，其后的子句不再是形容詞子句，而變成名詞子句或副詞子句。This is where he was born. Where he was born是名詞子句This is the place where he was born. Where he was born是形容詞子句I ' ll meet her where I first met her. Wh

26、ere I first met her是副詞子句I ' ll meet her at the place where I first met her. Where I first met her是形容詞子句Tuesday is when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes是名詞子句Tuesday is the day when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes是形容詞子句2 .關(guān)系副詞有限定用法，指的是關(guān)系副詞引導的形容詞子句只修飾先行詞。W

27、e were very happy in those days when we studied in school.3 .關(guān)系副詞有補述用法，即關(guān)系副詞引導的是對等子句而不是形容詞子句，主要用于對主要子句中的不足之處加以補充，前面都要加逗點與主要子句分開。Tom got married the day before yesterday, when it was his birthday too.1.Where引導的定語從句：先行詞是表示地點的名詞，如place, room, house, street, area 等，或含有地點意義的抽象名詞，如situation(處境，地勢)，stage,

28、point(點)，case(案例，情況)，用where引導定語從句，在定語從句中做地點狀語。The school where/in which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.Harvard is a world-famous university. There Wang An got his Doctor' s degree.=Harvard is a world-famous university where Wang An got his Doctor' s degree.This is the

29、 house. I was born in the house.=This is the house where/in which I was born.=This is the house which I was born in.A bank is the place where/in which they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for itback when it begins to rain.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.Thi

30、s is the house where I lived two years ago.* 先行詞為抽象名詞situation, stage, point, job, case, system, game, degree等 , 表示模糊化的地點 , 用 where 引導定語從句。You reach a point where medicine can t help.She is in a hopeless situation where we will keep a very close eye on her.2.when 引導的定語從句：先行詞是表示時間的名詞 , 如 day, time, y

31、ear, hour 等 , 用 when 引導定語 從句 , 在句中作狀語。The time when/at which I first met Nelson was a very difficult period of my life.The day when/on which Nelson helped me was one of my happiest. When=in/at/on/during+ whichI ll never forget the day. I joined the league on that day.=I ll never forget the day when

32、I joined the league.The days are gone when physical strength was all your needed to make a living.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.I ll never forget the day when I joined the army.一、 ”介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)1) 當關(guān)系代詞whom, which 在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時 , 可以跟介詞一起放在主句和從句之間； 當先行詞指人時, 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用 whom, 其余用 wh

33、ich, 這時的關(guān)系代詞不能省略; 有時為了使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞 , 也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面, 這時的 which 可用 that 替換。當介詞放在有關(guān)動詞的后面時, 關(guān)系代詞 which, that, whom 在口語和非正式語體中經(jīng)常省略。This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which/that) he used to live in.Who s the man with whom you just shook hands? = Who s the man (that/whom

34、) you just shook hands with?注意 : 下列情況介詞不能提前1)用who代替whom,用that代替which時，介詞不能提前He s the boy (who) I learned English from.This should be the place (that) Tom send the parcel to.2) 當 whom, which 省去時介詞不能提前Is he the boy you went there with?This is the room he lived in.3) 當 whom, which 作為含有介詞的動詞短語的賓語時, 介詞一般

35、來說不能拆開提前You re the very man (whom) I m looking for.This is the program (which) he listened to.2. ”介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)通常可以和一些關(guān)系副詞(when, where 和 why 相互轉(zhuǎn)換 )1)where=in/on whichThis is the room where/in which he lived.2)when=on/in/at/during whichI still remember the year when/in which I joined the Party.I still r

36、emember the day when/on which I joined the Party.I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.3)why=for whichThis is the reason why/for which he was killed.注意：并不是所有的介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)都可用關(guān)系副詞替代I am very impressed by the way in which he works.作方式狀語，只有當介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)作表示時間、 和why代替。試比較下面兩組句子：This i

37、s the factory that/which produces duces radios.This is the factory where radios are duced in the factory.Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?together.Do you remember the days when we worked together?這里in which 代表的是in the way, 在句中地點和原因的狀語時，才能相應(yīng)地用when, where劃線部分作主語，

38、應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞The factory化纖部分作地點狀語，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞Radios are關(guān)系代詞在句中作賓語We spent the days關(guān)系副詞作時間狀語 We worked together duringthe days.關(guān)系副詞的省略：等后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略l.the time, every time, the momentBy the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousands English words.2 .在某些表示地點的名詞后，關(guān)系副詞有時也可以省略，如the pl

39、ace 等 This is the place (where) I saw him last time.3 .先行詞the reason 后面的關(guān)系副詞可以省略The reason (why) he came is quite clear.4 .當先行詞是way時，關(guān)系副詞常常省略I know the way (that) he learns English.An architect is a person who/that designs buildings.I will never forget the teacher who/that taught us chemistry in the

40、 first year of my senior middle school.Anyone who/that wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.Do you know the gentleman (whom/that) we met in the school library yesterday?This is the student (whom/that) my father taught ten years ago.The girl (who/whom/that) I saw is call

41、ed Mary.非正式英語中，可用 who代替 whomThe girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. Whose father=the father of whomDo you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? Whose window=the window of which 指 the window of the hotelLook out! Don' t get too close to the hous

42、e whose roof is under repair. Whose roof-the roof of whichI do not like stories which/that have unhappy endings.Toms works for a factory which/that makes watches.Is the girl that/whom sells newspaper?Where is the ice-cream that/which was in the fridge?Is this the book (that/which) you want to buy?關(guān)系

43、副詞In Beijing July and August are the months (when/that) it rains very often.Do you remember the day (when/that) we first went to the Summer Palace?I haven ' t seen her since the year (when) I left Tokyo.Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what (=all that= the thingstha

44、t) it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.During the Spring Festival I went back to the town (where/that ) I was brought up. That 不能作為表示地點的關(guān)系副詞This is the place (where/ that ) Li Bai once lived.That 不能作為表示地點的關(guān)系副詞區(qū)另1J: This is the place (that/which) Li Bai once visited.If a shop has chai

45、rs (where) womencan park their men, womenwill spend more time in the shop.The reason (why/that) I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.This is the reason (why/that) he came late to school. =This is why he came late to school.As是個比較特殊的關(guān)系代詞，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是獨立于主句之外。、 在固定搭配 asas, so

46、as, such - as, the same as中，as 弓I導定語從句You may take as( 副詞)many books as( 關(guān)代，代替books,在定語從句中作賓語 )you want.I have got such a computer as yours.I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.二、獨立于主句之外，as引導定語從句As we know, the earth turns around the sun.As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun.

47、As we know和As is known to us 均為定語從句，as分別作賓語和主語，替代后面的主句。Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.關(guān)系代詞 as 指代整個主句 , 在定語從句中作賓語。As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. Which和 as 弓 I導定語從句均可代表一句話或整個主句，但which不能放在句首，另外as有"正如"的意思，而which沒有。一、關(guān)系代詞 who和that的區(qū)別1 .當關(guān)系

48、代詞用作主語時，多用主格whoHe who loses hope loses all.先行詞為代詞 he, they , any, all, one 等時, 多用 whoI met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.在非限制性定語從句中用who2 .當關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時，用賓格whom,不用thatThe man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.=The man (who/whom/that) our headmaster talk

49、ed to just now is our English teacher.口語中省略關(guān)代最自然3 .當關(guān)系代詞泛指人時，多用thatHe is a man that is never afraid of failure. That用來泛指人4 .當關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在 who開頭的疑問句時，應(yīng)用thatWho is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?避免重復二、關(guān)系代詞which與that的區(qū)別1. 當先行詞為 all, much, little 以及不定代詞 anything, something, everything 等時，關(guān)系代詞多 用

50、thatAll that glitters is not gold.She told me everything (that) she knew.2. 當先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或限定詞 the only, the very, all, every, any, no 等時 , 關(guān)系代詞一般都用 thatThat is the best novel (that) I have ever read.He is the only person that has been invited to the ball.3. 當關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在which 開頭的疑問句時, 應(yīng)用 thatWhich w

51、as the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest?4. 在非限制性定語從句中 , 關(guān)系代詞一般只用 whichBeijing, which is the capital of the People s Republic of China, will host the 2008 OlympicGames.5. 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用 which, 不用 thatShe has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps.I saw a women running towards

52、me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she hadrun back in the direction from which she had come.He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went to Cambridge.The English play in which my students acted at the New Year s party was a great success.=The English play which/t

53、hat my students acted in at the NewYear s party was a great success.限制性定語從句中 , 從句與其所修飾的先行詞之間關(guān)系很密切 , 若缺少 , 句意則不完整, 故從句前不用逗號隔開; 非限制性定語從句中 , 從句與其所修飾的先行詞之間關(guān)系不太密切 , 若缺少 , 句意仍然完整 , 故從句一般都用逗號隔開。試比較以下兩組句子:The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.Water, which is a clear liquid, is

54、 widely used in our everyday life.His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.不只一個哥哥His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.只有一個哥哥The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keepit running, which means spendin

55、g tens of thousands of pounds.I have many friends, of whom some are business.定語從句的位置: 定語從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。 有時候 , 定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的短語, 這樣它們被分隔了 , 這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句。There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.定語從句置

56、于句末以示強調(diào)The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別 :同位語從句與定語從句從形式上看好像沒什么區(qū)別 , 實際上從含義和功能上看, 還是比較易區(qū)分的。 同位語從句的先行詞一般為 fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, problem等抽象名詞, 而且關(guān)聯(lián)詞大都為 that. 在 idea, problem 等詞后根據(jù)句意可能用到 who, when, why, how 等其他關(guān)聯(lián)詞。關(guān)聯(lián)詞 t

57、hat 在同位語從句中僅僅起連接作用 , 不作任何成分, 但又不可省略。 定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞 (關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞) 在從句中是要充當句子成分的且有實際意義。The suggestion that we should practice speaking English every day came from our monitor.同位語The suggestion (that) our monitor put forward at the meeting is very valuable.關(guān)代 , that作賓語A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother s birthday.We haven t settled the question of whether 是否 it is necessary for him to study a