英國(guó)國(guó)家概況(九)(中英文版)

1、英國(guó)國(guó)家概況（九）（中英文版）第九章 Social Affairs 英國(guó)社會(huì) I. Health and Social Services 全國(guó)醫(yī)療保健計(jì)劃 1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social

2、security. 英國(guó)被認(rèn)為是福利制度的國(guó)家。此制度的所需資金來(lái)源于全國(guó)保險(xiǎn)稅和賦稅。在英國(guó)，這主要是指國(guó)民保健制度，國(guó)民保險(xiǎn)和社會(huì)保障制度。 2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health service in Great Br

3、itain id funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of

4、 income generation schemes. 不管個(gè)人收入如何，國(guó)民保健制度為每個(gè)居民提供全面醫(yī)療服務(wù)。英國(guó)于1948年確立此制度。英國(guó)國(guó)民保健制度82%以下的費(fèi)用來(lái)自普通稅收，其他部分來(lái)自（1）國(guó)民保險(xiǎn)金中的國(guó)民保險(xiǎn)金部分；（2）象對(duì)家庭一生開(kāi)的藥單和普通牙科治療所收的費(fèi)用；（3）其他收入，包括出售土地和增收計(jì)劃的收益。 3. There are proportional charges for most types of HNS dental treatment, including examinations. Sight test are free to children. N

5、o one is liable to be charged by the National Health Service for treatment in an accident, emergency or for an infectious disease. Central government is directly responsible for the NHS, which is administered by a range of local health authorities and health boards throughout the U. 國(guó)民保健制度中多數(shù)牙科治療都要收

6、取一定比例的費(fèi)用，包括檢查費(fèi)。視力檢查對(duì)兒童免費(fèi)。國(guó)民保健制度對(duì)事故，急診或傳染病的治療不收費(fèi)，中央政府直接負(fù)責(zé)國(guó)民保健制度，由全國(guó)各地的保健機(jī)構(gòu)和衛(wèi)生委員會(huì)實(shí)施 4. The family health services are those given to patients by doctors, dentists, opticians and pharmacists. In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practi

7、tioner (GP, sometimes knows as a family doctor). 家庭保健服務(wù)由醫(yī)生、牙醫(yī)、眼科大夫和藥劑師提供給病人。為獲得國(guó)民保健制度的服務(wù)，人們必須在普通開(kāi)業(yè)醫(yī)生的名冊(cè)上注冊(cè)。 5. A full range of hospital services is provided by district general hospital. There are also specialist hospital or units for children, people suffering from mental illness, those with learni

8、ng disabilities, and elderly people, and for the treatment of specific diseases. 地區(qū)普通醫(yī)院提供全面的醫(yī)院服務(wù)。也有為兒童，精神病人，有學(xué)習(xí)障礙者，老人和特殊病人開(kāi)設(shè)的專門醫(yī)院或病區(qū)。 6. The National Health Service is the largest single employer of labour in the U.K. NHS has suffered from underfunding in recent decades, as a result of which many be

9、tter-off people have been turning to private medical health care. 國(guó)民保健制度是英國(guó)最大的用人機(jī)構(gòu)。近幾十年來(lái)，因?yàn)橘Y金不足，許多比較富裕的人正逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向私人的醫(yī)療保健機(jī)構(gòu)。 7. Personal social services in Britain assist elderly people, disabled people, people with learning disabilities or mental illness, children, and families facing special problems.

10、These statutory service are provided by local government social services authorities. 在英國(guó)，個(gè)人社會(huì)服務(wù)向老人，殘疾人，有學(xué)習(xí)障礙者，精神病人，有特殊家庭困難的人等。地方政府社會(huì)服務(wù)委員會(huì)提供法定援助。 II. social Security 社會(huì)保險(xiǎn) 1. The social security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. Nearly a third of go

11、vernment expenditure is devoted to the social security programme which provides financial help for people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes. 社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度設(shè)立的目的是保障經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的人們的基本生活水平，政府開(kāi)支的近三分之一用于社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃。此計(jì)劃給老人，病人，殘疾人，失業(yè)者，寡婦，撫育幼兒者或低收入者提供經(jīng)濟(jì)幫助。 2. Admin

12、istration in Great Britain is handled by separate executive agencies of the Department of Social Security. In Northern Ireland by the Social Security Agency. 大不列顛的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)由社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)部獨(dú)立執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)管理，在北愛(ài)爾蘭則是社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)局。 3. contributory social security benefits, it include:( 1) retirement pension; (2) unemployment pension;

13、(3) sickness and invalidity benefit and (4) Maternity allowance and widowss benefits. 需要先交費(fèi)的社會(huì)安全福利（個(gè)人有工作收入時(shí)交，無(wú)收入時(shí)領(lǐng)），其中包括：退休金，失業(yè)金，病殘福利金，孕產(chǎn)期補(bǔ)助金，寡婦補(bǔ)助金。 4. non-contributory social security benefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2) industrial injuries disablement benefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family

14、 credit. 不需要先交費(fèi)的福利金，包括戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)傷亡撫恤金，工傷致殘救濟(jì)金，兒童補(bǔ)助金，低收入家庭補(bǔ)助金。 III. Religion宗教 1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the community or the State. He may change his religion at will may manifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord C

15、hancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none. 在英國(guó)，人人都有信仰宗教的權(quán)利，社會(huì)和政府不得干涉。他可以隨意改變宗教信仰，可以在教職，禮拜或儀式中表明他的信仰。除了娃哈哈官不可以是羅馬天主教徒外，公共職務(wù)對(duì)各種信仰或沒(méi)有信仰的人一律公開(kāi)。 2. Established churches 國(guó)教 There are two established church in Britain: in England the c

16、hurch of England and Scotland the Church of England. 英國(guó)有兩大國(guó)教，在英格蘭是英格蘭國(guó)教，蘇格蘭是蘇格蘭教會(huì)（長(zhǎng)老教）。 3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and as Defender of the Faith. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of loads. The c

17、hurch of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament. 英格蘭國(guó)教與君主有獨(dú)特的聯(lián)系。因?yàn)榫髯鳛閲?guó)教的捍衛(wèi)者必須是此教會(huì)的一員，他在登基時(shí)必須承諾維持國(guó)教。國(guó)教還通過(guò)上議院與政府聯(lián)系。沒(méi)有議會(huì)同意，英格蘭教會(huì)不可隨意改變國(guó)教祈禱書中規(guī)定的禮拜儀式。 4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord High Commissioner. 英格蘭教的管理時(shí)長(zhǎng)老制，也就是由教士和長(zhǎng)老治理。他們被授予圣職，王室高級(jí)代表