從零學習英語翻譯教程

1、從零學習英語翻譯教程第一章 翻譯概述 學時：1周，共2學時 教學目的：了解翻譯的實質(zhì)，翻譯的標準以及翻譯（筆譯）常用的兩種方法 教學重點：翻譯（筆譯）常用的兩種方法 直譯與意譯 教學難點：正確理解句子，運用適當?shù)姆椒ǚg句子 教學內(nèi)容第一節(jié) 翻譯的實質(zhì)和標準 一、翻譯的實質(zhì) 翻譯是一種語言文字的實踐，是利用一種語言文字把另外一種語言文字所表達的思想確切而完善地重新表達出來的實踐。 二、翻譯的標準 清代學者嚴復明確提出 “信 、達 、雅”三條標準,可以說在所有提法中影響最大。我們認為一切理論都應該堅持對立統(tǒng)一的觀點, 都應以 “正確”和”通順”作為準則。 在此基礎上,還要注意原文的語言形式和文體

2、風格。翻譯的方法正確理解句子要正確理解句子需要三方面的知識:1.詞匯知識 2.語法知識 3. 上下文知識 三、直譯和意譯直譯和意譯是翻譯中最常用的兩種方法. 如果原語的詞匯意義、 句法結(jié)構(gòu)、文體風格與譯語風格一致或相似,即可用直譯. 如:Still waters run deep, 譯為”靜水流深”. 但如果兩種語言在表達同一思想內(nèi)容時,詞匯意義、 句法結(jié)構(gòu)、文體風格相差懸殊,就只有采用意譯手段才能達到翻譯標準的要求.練習題：1.Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national securit

3、y.2. It is possible that they never imagined that any considerable amount of public opinion would be rallied in their favor.3. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change as a result of which it is possible to reform a new substance.4. There was nothing mass prod

4、uced about the school, but if it was individualistic, it also had discipline.第二章 詞語理解學時：1周，共2學時 教學目的：正確理解詞義，并對詞義做出判斷。 教學重點：判斷詞義的常用方法。 教學難點：英語詞匯的多義性。 教學內(nèi)容第一節(jié) 詞義的選擇一、詞義的選擇翻譯中錯譯的情況常常是由于對詞語的詞義理解不準確引起的一個詞在一個句中只能有一個確切的意義。在翻譯實踐中,我們必須對詞的概念范圍加以分析,從語法上,邏輯上對詞義做出恰當?shù)呐袛唷?二、詞義判斷的方法 1根據(jù)上下文確定詞義 2根據(jù)詞的搭配確定詞義 3根據(jù)詞的詞性確定

5、詞義第二節(jié) 詞語的引申 在翻譯時往往會遇到這樣的情況:有些詞按其字面意義來翻譯,或不能確切表達原文意思,或譯文生硬晦澀。因此,在翻譯中有的詞語需要在其所具有的詞義上加以引申,選擇比較恰當?shù)脑~語來表達;有的則需要增減詞語才能使譯文流暢。練習題：1.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of hist

6、orical inquiry.2. Last December, the Post first report that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.3.The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. 第三章 詞語增補學時：1周，共2學時 教學目的：了解英譯漢時詞語增補的各種情況并掌握翻譯方法。 教學重點：掌握詞語增

7、譯的方法。 教學難點：翻譯要做到增詞不增意。 教學內(nèi)容第一節(jié) 詞義的選擇增詞是指在翻譯時根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關系增添原文中沒有出現(xiàn)但實際內(nèi)容已經(jīng)包含的詞, 要做到增詞不增意.第二節(jié) 詞語增譯的方法 1結(jié)構(gòu)增詞 2語義增詞3增補概括性的詞4增譯語氣連貫的詞5為溝通不同文化而加詞練習題：1. In America, motorcar factories were closing down in early 1961.2. The Greeks pushed northward, gained several victories.3. Everybody has a responsibility to

8、the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.4. Past retirement age, Dr. Lin is as vivacious as ever.第四章 詞語轉(zhuǎn)類（1）學時：1周，共2學時 教學目的：了解英譯漢時詞語轉(zhuǎn)類的各種情況并掌握翻譯方法。 教學重點：掌握詞語轉(zhuǎn)類的方法。 教學內(nèi)容第一節(jié) 詞語轉(zhuǎn)類由于英漢兩種語言表達方式的不同, 要逐字對譯并原封不動譯成同一詞性是不可能的.第二節(jié) 詞語轉(zhuǎn)類的方法 1名詞與動詞互轉(zhuǎn) 2形容詞譯成動詞3名詞譯成形容詞4派生詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換練習題：1. They found

9、difficulty in solving the engineering problem.2. Warnings were set out against the approaching storm.3. He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.4. She knew his every posture he was tired and depressed.第五章 詞語轉(zhuǎn)類（2）學時：1周，共2學時教學目的：了解英譯漢時詞語轉(zhuǎn)類的各種情況并掌握翻譯方法。教學重點：掌握詞語轉(zhuǎn)類的方法。 教學內(nèi)容詞語轉(zhuǎn)類的方法 1名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞 2介

10、詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞3形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞練習題：1. He who is subject to temptations tends to err. 2. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings.3. He had never been a medical student, yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science. 4. He studied law i

11、n his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him.5. The interest the United Nations has always shown in this problem, which has been a distinguishing feature of its work since its inception, has increased as the

12、newly independent countries joined its ranks.第六章 代詞的理解學時：1周，共2學時教學目的：了解英譯漢時代詞的理解和翻譯的各種情況并掌握翻譯方法。教學內(nèi)容英語中代詞的使用頻率遠遠超過漢語.翻譯代詞首先 要理解文中的代詞具體是指什么。1. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world u

13、pside down, or even destroying it. 二三十頁的想法和情報竟能把當今世界搞得天翻地覆,甚至把它毀掉,這是一個奇怪的想法, 但我認為是正確的。2. It is the ideal condition of the “equal start” which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain.只有”平等起步”的這種理想狀況,才是我們現(xiàn)代教育中這些最進步的形式所努力恢復的.3. You can almost put it down as a general rule in t

14、his town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aids, but seldom get it, and usually dont follow it when they do.你幾乎可把下面的這一點看成首都的慣例: 歷屆總統(tǒng)經(jīng)常請他們的助手提出直率的批評,但很難得到這種批評, 當?shù)玫搅?一般也不大去采納。4. But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without gover

15、nment aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.對大多數(shù)人來說, 窮人能夠自食其力,而且活得不比有政府幫助時差, 這本身就是一個巨大的勝利.5. Eighty-five percent of international telephone conversation are conducted in English, as are three-fourth of the worlds mail telexes, and cable.國際電話談話用語, 有百分之八十五是用英語進行的,同樣,全球四分之三的郵件, 電傳和電報用的也是英

16、語.6. She was discreet and modest and well-behaved which he hopes young women to be when they were pretty.她謹慎, 謙虛, 端正, 這正是他所希望的漂亮的年輕婦女們具有的品質(zhì).7. It is now strictly true that scarce a fly or mosquito can be seen in the town.城里幾乎看不到蒼蠅和蚊子,這是千真萬確的.8 Nuclear war was declared unthinkable, and so it remained

17、 in the popular mind fornearly two decades.核戰(zhàn)爭被認為是不可思議的事情,在近二十年的時間里, 在一般人看來它也確實是不可思議的.有時代詞he, it的是泛指指代,不是指某個人或某樣東西. This rabbit had no natural enemies in Australia, so it multiplied rapidly.這種兔子在澳大利亞沒有天敵,所以它們繁殖得很快.第七章 介詞的翻譯學時：1周，共2學時教學目的：了解英譯漢時介詞的理解和翻譯的各種情況并掌握翻譯方法。英語中大多數(shù)介詞含義靈活，一詞多義多用。除了一些常用短語已有譯法外，大

18、量介詞需要從其基本意義出發(fā)，聯(lián)系上下文加以靈活處理。下面簡明地介紹幾種基本譯法。（1）轉(zhuǎn)譯：英語中常用介詞來表達動作意義。漢譯時，可將介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。 This machine is out of repair 這臺機器失修了。 Heat sets these particles in random motion 熱量使這些粒子作隨機運動。 （2）分譯：介詞短語作定語時，往往是定語從句的一種簡略形式。介詞短語作狀語時，有時是狀語從句的簡略形式。有些介詞短語還是并列句的簡略形式。因此漢譯時，有的可以拆句分譯。 譯成并列分句 She acts as a guider for showing us

19、around the campus. 她充當向?qū)?，帶我們參觀校園。 譯成讓步分句 With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best這個設計盡管有種種缺點，仍被認為最佳設計之一。譯成真實或虛擬條件分句 Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind warmth.人的血液是熱的，如果得不到一定的熱量，人就難以長期在海水中生活。 譯成原因分句 We cannot see

20、 it clearly for the fog 由于有霧，我們看不清它。 The machine is working none the worse for its long service. 這部機器并不因使用的時間長而性能變差了。 譯成目的分句 This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into theclassifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound. 為了便于研究起見，通常將這門學科分為力學、熱學、光學、電學和聲學

21、。 不譯：不譯或省略翻譯是在確切表達原文內(nèi)容的前提下使譯文簡練，合乎漢語規(guī)范，決不是任意省略某些介詞。 表示時間或地點的英語介詞，譯成漢語如出現(xiàn)在句首，大都不譯。 There are four seasons in a year.一年有四季。Many water power stations have been built in the country我國已建成許多水電站。 有些介詞如for（為了），from（從），to（對），on（在時）等，可以不譯.The barometer is a good instrument for measuring air pressure 氣壓計是測量氣壓的

22、好儀器。The air was removed from between the two pipes 兩根管子之間的空氣已經(jīng)抽出。Answers to questions 2 and 3 may be obtained in the laboratory問題2和3的答案可以在實驗室里得到。Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling大多數(shù)物質(zhì)熱脹冷縮。 It's never occurred to me that bats are really guided by their ears我從未想到蝙蝠居然是靠耳朵引路的

23、。反譯：在不少情況下，有的介詞短語如不從反面著筆，譯文就不通，這時必須反譯。beyond, past，against等表示超過某限度的能力或反對.時，其短語有時用反譯法。如： It is past repair這東西無法修補了。 There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet 有些論據(jù)不同意這行星上可能有生物。 off, from等表示地點，距離時，有時有反譯法。如： The boat sank off the coast. 這只船在離海岸不遠處沉沒了。 but，except，besides等表示除

24、去、除外時，有時用反譯法。 Copper is the best conductor but silver 銅是僅次于銀的最優(yōu)導體。 from，in等介詞短語作補足語時，有時用反譯法。 An iron case will keep the Earth's magnetic field away from the compass 鐵箱能使地球磁場影響不了指南針。 第八章 定語從句的翻譯學時：1周，共2學時教學目的：了解英譯漢時定語從句的翻譯方法。前 置 法 把英語原文的定語從句翻譯成帶“的”的定語詞組, 放置于被修飾的詞之前, 將英語原文的復合句翻譯成漢語的簡單句, 這種方法一般用于比較

25、短的限制性定語從句情況。一些較短的具有描述性的非限制性定語從句也可采用前置法, 但沒有限制性定語從句使用得普遍。（1）We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome. 留給我們極其深刻的印象的事實是：甚至那些沒有被告知嚴重病情的病人，對其疾病的潛在后果也是非常清楚的。(2) Even a skilled writer probably could not

26、describe all the features that make one face different from another. 即使是老道的作家也很可能不能完全描述出決定人的面孔各不相同的所有特征。（3）Young men who have reasons to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. 有理由擔心自己將死

27、在戰(zhàn)場上的那些年輕人,想到生活所能給予自己的最美好的東西被騙去時，感到十分痛苦， 這是無可非議的。后 置 法 當定語從句較長時, 如果翻譯成前置的定語, 就會不符合漢語的表達習慣, 在這種情況下, 往往把該定語從句翻譯成并列的分句, 放置于原來它所修飾的詞的后面。另外在處理此類定語從句時, 一般遵循的原則是: 若保留先行詞, 則在第二個分句中加以重復, 若省略, 則兩個并列分句中均不再保留。當然, 在實際的翻譯過程中也有例外。（1）They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and f

28、or which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他們正在為實現(xiàn)這一理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人內(nèi)心所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人曾為它而犧牲了自己的生命。(2) At dinner I found myself placed between Mr. Bradley and a shy drab girl, who seemed even younger than the other.席間我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的座位在布拉得雷太太和一位靦腆而樸素的姑娘之間，這位姑娘看起來比其余的人都還要年輕。（3）We make steam p

29、ass through a pipe, round the outside of which cold water circulates. 我們使蒸汽通過一根管子， 在管子周圍有冷水循環(huán)。(4) There is a sense in which morality and expedience need not conflict. 從一種意義上說， 道義和利益不一定沖突。(5) There are events taking place at this time which dim their hopes and lessen the prospects. 目前正在發(fā)生的一些事件，使他們希望渺

30、茫，前途暗淡。(6) After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talk, which continued well into night.飯后，四位主要談判人物繼續(xù)進行會談，一直談到深夜。 (7) The baby who was traded for a horse was George Washington Carver, who became one of the worlds greatest scientists.這個賣一匹馬價的嬰兒就是喬治.華盛頓.卡沃，他后來成為世界上最偉大的科學家。翻譯成狀語從句英語中有些定語從

31、句, 兼有狀語從句的職能, 在邏輯上(即意義上)與主句有狀語關系, 說明原因、結(jié)果、讓步、假設等關系, 翻譯時應善于從英語原文的字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關系, 然后翻譯成漢語中相應的偏正復合句。（1）He would have to be careful not to offend the boss, who could give him the sack at any time. 他得小心謹慎，不要得罪那老板，因為老板隨時都可以解雇他。（2）We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to sa

32、ve those infected with AIDS. 我們認識到需要建立和發(fā)展一些機構(gòu)以有助于幫助愛滋病患者。（3）The task, which seemed to be difficult, was already accomplished in time. 雖然任務似乎很艱巨，但已及時完成。（4） He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily. 如果有人敢于公然反抗世界公眾輿論而一意孤行，他定是個魯莽之徒。(5) Quite a few good p

33、eople, who lacked social intelligence failed to get the promotion that they deserved in the past. 由于不善交際，不少有才之士過去得不到應有的提升。(6) We have made all necessary preparations for the research project, which still has many crucial problems to be solved. 我們已經(jīng)為這個研究項目做好了一切必要的準備，但仍有許多關鍵的問題有待解決。第九章 被動語態(tài)的翻譯學時：1周，共2

34、學時教學目的：了解英譯漢時被動語態(tài)的翻譯方法。漢語被動意義的表達方式1 “為”字結(jié)構(gòu) “茅屋為秋風所破”2 “被”字式 不幸語態(tài) “被捕”， “被剝削”，“被壓迫”，“被殺”3 “讓”、”給”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭” “蒙” The crops were washed away by the flood. 莊稼讓大水沖跑了.Youve guessed right. 叫你猜對了.4 “是的” 表示靜態(tài)的句子 這些產(chǎn)品是我國制造的。5 “的是” 推薦我的是一位教授。6 “加以/予以”組成倒置的賓語結(jié)構(gòu) 這個問題將在下一章加以討論。7 使用受事主語大量的“當然被動句” The difficu

35、lties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved. 困難克服了，工作完成了，問題也解決了。英語中被動語態(tài)的翻譯方法翻譯成漢語的主動句 “加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用來” 增補泛指性的詞語(人們,大家等)作主語主語譯成賓語翻譯成漢語的無主句翻譯成帶表語的主動句 “是的譯成漢語的被動語態(tài) 漢語句中有“被”、“遭受”等詞 譯成“為所”的結(jié)構(gòu) 譯成“把”、“使”和“由”字句 翻譯成漢語的主動句1 “加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用來” Nuclear powe

36、r's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能對健康、安全, 甚至對生命本身構(gòu)成的危險可以用一個詞輻射來概括。2. 增補泛指性的詞語(人們,大家等)作主語 It is generally accepted that the experienc

37、es of the child in his first years largely determine  his character and later personality.人們普遍認為孩子們的早年經(jīng)歷在很大程度上決定了他們的性格及其未來的人品。 It is asserted that  有人主張  It is believed that  有人認為

38、It is generally considered that  大家(一般人)認為 It is well known that  大家知道(眾所周知) It will be said  有人會說 It was told that  有人曾經(jīng)說 It could be argued that the radio

39、0;performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人會指出,無線電廣播同樣也能做到這一點, 但還是電視屏幕上的節(jié)目要生動、真實多。 3.主語譯成賓語By the end of the war, 800 people 

40、had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200Belgian and French lives.大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時, 這個組織拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利時人和法國人的生命為代價的（但二百多比利時人和法國人卻為此付出了生命代價)。 4.翻譯成漢語的無主句 Great efforts should be made to inform&#

41、160;young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit of smoking. 應該盡最大努力告誡年輕人吸煙的危害, 特別是吸上癮后的可怕后果 .New source of energy must be found, and this will take time. 必須找到新的能

42、源, 但這得花時間.It is hoped that  希望 It is reported that  據(jù)報道 It is said that  據(jù)說 It is supposed that  據(jù)推測 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸張地說&#

43、160; It must be admitted that  必須承認It must be pointed out that  必須指出 It will be seen from this that  由此可見5.  翻譯成帶表語的主動句 “是的”The decision to attack was not taken

44、 lightly.進攻的決定不是輕易作出的。In the old society，women were looked down upon.在舊社會，婦女們是受歧視的。Shakespeares principle characters are created in typical real situation.莎士比亞的主要人物是塑造于典型的真實環(huán)境之中的.6譯成漢語的被動語態(tài)“被”, “給”, “遭”, “挨”, “為所”, “使”, “由”, “受到”, “得到”等表示。Early fires 

45、;on the earth were certainly cause by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人類引燃的。The window pane was broken by the child. 窗上玻璃被這小孩打碎了.I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我為這些話所深深感動，后來我就把它們寫在圣誕卡上了。With the compute

46、r, the ideas of todays scientists can be studied, tested and used more rapidly.有了計算機, 當今科學家的理論可以更快得到研究, 檢驗和應用. When we were first captured my own reaction was mainly one of fear and suspicion.我們剛被俘虜時, 我的感覺是又害怕又懷疑.7譯成“把”, “將”,“使”和“由”字句 The plan is going to be examined first by the research group。計劃將先

47、由研究小組加以研究.All suggestions should be sent to the Managing Director's office before the end of next month.請于下月底前將建議提交總經(jīng)理辦公室。第十章 英語長句的翻譯學時：1周，共2學時教學目的：了解英譯漢時長句的翻譯方法。英語習慣于用長的句子表達比較復雜的概念,而漢語則不同,常使用若干短句,作層次分明的敘述。因此,在進行英譯漢時,要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異,將英語的長句分解, 翻譯成漢語的短句。在英語長句的翻譯過程中, 我們一般采取下列方法.(1)順序法。當英語長句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次

48、與漢語基本一致時, 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語。1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.即使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉(xiāng)時, 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開動電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。2. But now it is realized that supplie

49、s of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊藏量是有限的,人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”,也就是說,經(jīng)過若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡。3. Prior t

50、o the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世紀以前, 小說中的婦女像都是一個模式。她們沒有任何特點, 因而無法成為具有個性的人; 他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強加給他們的種種束縛。4. If parents were prep

51、ared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的對這種青少年的反應有所

52、準備, 而且認為這是一個顯示出孩子正在成長, 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨立的判斷力的標志,他們就不會感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳Φ那榫w而把孩子推到對立面去。(2) 逆序法。英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時必須從原文后面開始翻譯。5. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about

53、 courses and more advice.因此,如果要使學生充分利用他們(上大學)的機會, 就得為他們提供大量關于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。6. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been

54、understood.一旦了解英語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學似乎就越來越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學生更容易理解。7. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領工人的社會地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。8. Insects would make it impossible for us

55、 to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒有那些以昆蟲為食的動物保護我們,昆蟲將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。(3)分句法。有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系并不十分密切, 翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣, 把長句的從句或短語化成句子, 分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫, 有時需要適當增加詞語

56、。9. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.大約有1/4的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力, 這簡直令人難以置信。10. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless s

57、eries of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.人們常說, 通過電視可以了解時事, 掌握科學和政治的最新動態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。11. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football

58、match. 他們所必須做的只是按一下開關。開關一開, 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇,以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問題的辯論、最近的激動人心的足球賽更是不在話下。4. 綜合法。在一些情況下, 一些英語長句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細分析, 或按照時間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合,主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。12. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in ca

59、se of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準備以應付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門, 因為警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。13. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and di

60、scoveries.對于現(xiàn)代科技書籍, 特別是教科書來說, 要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話,那么就應該每隔較短的時間, 將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。14. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the