熱能與動力工程專業(yè)英語

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上強度量：intensive properties do not depend on mass （e,g,p,=1/,u and h ）,extensive properties depend on the total mass of the system（e,g,V,M,U,and H）.Uppercase letters are usually used for extensive properties.準平衡：equilibrium：states of a system are most conveniently described when the system

2、 is in equilibrium, i.e. it is in steady-state.Often we will consider process that change “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process.A process is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the process is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equ

3、ilibrium.It is necessary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system.熱力學第一二定律：In simplest terms,the law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat and work.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the c

4、onservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.The first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the int

5、ernal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy.舉例說明熱力學定律應用：a cup of hot coffee left on a table

6、 eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air.An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall

7、 filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodynamics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the pressure cooker

8、,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes.絕熱系統(tǒng)：i

9、solated systems：not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment.開口系統(tǒng)：exchanging energy (heat and work )and matter with their environment .閉口系統(tǒng)：exchangeing energy (heat and work )but not matter with their environment .孤立系統(tǒng)：rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work .輻射換熱:The mechanism i

10、n this case is electromagnetic radiation .We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference ;this is called thermal radiation .對流傳熱:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the

11、plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics .we say that heat is convected away ,and we call the process convection heat transfer .對流傳熱的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection .If a heated plate were

12、 exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate .We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a

13、 plate .傳熱學:Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference .傳熱學和熱力學的區(qū)別:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat .The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to exp

14、lain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions .The fact that a heat -transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics .Thermodynami

15、cs deals with systems in equilibrium ;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another ;it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the process .Heat transfer supplements

16、 the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy -transfer rates .As in the science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to en

17、compass a variety of practical situations .影響輻射傳熱的因素：To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into Equation ,called the emissive :which relates the radiation of the “gray”surface to that of an ideal black surface .We must take into account the fact that not al

18、l the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface since electromagnic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to the surroundings.專心-專注-專業(yè)熱能與動力工程thermal energy and power engineering能量轉(zhuǎn)化energy-transfer比例常數(shù)proportionality constant比例系數(shù)proportionality factor活性中心active ce

19、nter對流傳熱convection heat transfer電磁輻射electromagnetic radiation角系數(shù)view factor準靜態(tài)過程quasi-static process準平衡quasi-equilibrium靜態(tài)平衡static equilibrium強度參數(shù)intensive property廣延參數(shù)extensive property燃燒機理combustion mechanism平均分子運動average molecular motion熱反應堆thermal reactor熱力學性質(zhì) thermodynamic property摩爾熱容molar hea

20、t capacity動能kinetic energy壓縮因子compressibility factor溫度傳感器temperature sensor測量電路measurement circuit電壓輸出voltage output靜電荷electrostatic charge勵磁電源excitation power內(nèi)能internal energy能量原理energy principle能量平衡energy balance能量守恒conservation of energy剪切應力shear force/stress角速度angular velocity速度梯度velocity gradie

21、nt溫度梯度temperature gradient一維one-dimensional機械能mechanical energy內(nèi)能internal energy動能kinetic energy勢能potential energy凝固/硬化take a set流體動力學fluid dynamic hydrodynamics蒸汽發(fā)生系統(tǒng)steam generating system輔助設備auxiliary equipment空煤比the air-coal ratio質(zhì)量作用定律the law of mass action阿倫尼烏斯定律arrhennius law活化分子active molecu

22、le活化分子碎片active molecule fragments活化能activation energy自由價free valency支鏈反應定律the law of branched chain reactions化學反應方程式stoichiometric equation活化中心active centres能級energy levels甲烷methane ch4壓縮機compressor冷凝器condenser膨脹閥expansion valve可逆reversible絕熱adiabatic等熵isentropic余隙容積clearance volume比容specific volume

23、壓力損失pressure loss溶液給水溫度liquid feed temperature體積流速the volume flow rate液壓頭liquid head成比例的proportional成反比例的inversely proportional熱力學定律principles of thermodynamics平衡溫度equilibrium temperature相變phase change導熱性thermal conductivity傳熱系數(shù)heat transfer coefficient強制對流forced convection自然對流natural convection外表面e

24、xternal surface焓enthalpy熵entropy對流傳熱convection heat transfer牛頓冷卻公式Newton law of cooling流體物性properties of the liquid質(zhì)量流量比mass flow ratio電磁輻射能electromagnetic energy熱輻射thermal radiation凈輻射量net radiation流體力學fluid mechanics熱力學性質(zhì)thermodynamic property牛頓粘性定律Newton law of vosicosity溫熵圖temperature-entropy di

25、agram回轉(zhuǎn)式發(fā)動機rotary engine汽輪機steam turbine光化學煙霧photochemical smog核電站nuclear power plant流化床燃燒fluildized bed combustion余熱鍋爐a heat recovery builer表面積surface area強度量：intensive properties do not depend on mass （e,g,p,=1/,u and h ）,extensive properties depend on the total mass of the system（e,g,V,M,U,and H）

26、.Uppercase letters are usually used for extensive properties.準平衡：equilibrium：states of a system are most conveniently described when the system is in equilibrium, i.e. it is in steady-state.Often we will consider process that change “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process.A process

27、 is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the process is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.It is necessary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system.熱力學第一二定律：In simplest terms,th

28、e law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat and work.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the conservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.Th

29、e first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the internal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state w

30、ill always be less than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy.舉例說明熱力學定律應用：a cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a

31、 less useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air.An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodyn

32、amics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the pressure cooker,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engin

33、es,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes.絕熱系統(tǒng)：isolated systems：not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment.開口系統(tǒng)：exchanging energy (heat and work )and matter with their environment .閉口系統(tǒng)：exc

34、hangeing energy (heat and work )but not matter with their environment .孤立系統(tǒng)：rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work .輻射換熱:The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation .We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature differe

35、nce ;this is called thermal radiation .對流傳熱:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics .we say that heat is convected away ,and we call

36、 the process convection heat transfer .對流傳熱的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection .If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the p

37、late .We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate .傳熱學:Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature d

38、ifference .傳熱學和熱力學的區(qū)別:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat .The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions .The fact that

39、 a heat -transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics .Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium ;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another ;it ma

40、y not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the process .Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy -transfer rates .As in th

41、e science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompass a variety of practical situations .影響輻射傳熱的因素：To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into Equation ,called t

42、he emissive :which relates the radiation of the “gray”surface to that of an ideal black surface .We must take into account the fact that not all the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface since electromagnic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to the surroun

43、dings熱能與動力工程thermal energy and power engineering能量轉(zhuǎn)化energy-transfer比例常數(shù)proportionality constant比例系數(shù)proportionality factor活性中心active center對流傳熱convection heat transfer電磁輻射electromagnetic radiation角系數(shù)view factor準靜態(tài)過程quasi-static process準平衡quasi-equilibrium靜態(tài)平衡static equilibrium強度參數(shù)intensive property廣延

44、參數(shù)extensive property燃燒機理combustion mechanism平均分子運動average molecular motion熱反應堆thermal reactor熱力學性質(zhì) thermodynamic property摩爾熱容molar heat capacity動能kinetic energy壓縮因子compressibility factor溫度傳感器temperature sensor測量電路measurement circuit電壓輸出voltage output靜電荷electrostatic charge勵磁電源excitation power內(nèi)能internal energy能量原理energy