2016年12月四級真題

1、2016年12月四級考試真題（第三套）PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation:oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool.Youaretomakea(30minutes)choicebetweenthetwo.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourchoice.Youshouldwri

2、teatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension卷三聽力部分與卷二相同PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefu

3、llybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunis

4、hmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes-animalfighting-things26workoutthatway.Dog-fightingvictimsare27andkilledforprofitandsport,"yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea28sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation（緩開U

5、）.Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution（起訴）ofanimalfighters.ButfederaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuidelineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30.TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which31thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposing

6、toraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months,Thisisastepintheright32,butwe'dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.Alongwiththiseffort,wereworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto33anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciest

7、hatassistbecausethehighanimal_34thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis35importantbecausethatpreventsthehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorpeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。A)convenientI)methodB)createsJ)minimalC)criticallyK)rarelyD)determineL)sh

8、eltersE)directionM)strengthenF)hesitateN)sufferingsG)inadequateO)torturedH)inspiredSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparag

9、raphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.A WhenWorkBecomesaGameWhatmotivatesemployeestodotheirjobswell?Competitionwithcoworkers,forsome.Thepromiseofrewards,forothers.Pureenjoymentofproblem-solving,foraluckyfew.B Increasingly,com

10、paniesaretappingintothesedesiresdirectlythroughwhathascometobeknownasgamification":essentially,turningworkintoagame.Gamificationisaboutunderstandingwhatitisthatmakesgamesengagingandwhatgamedesignersdotocreateagreatexperienceingames,andtakingthoselearningsandapplyingthemtoothercontextssuchasthew

11、orkplaceandeducation,”explainsKevinWerbach,agamificationexpertwhoteachesattheWhartonSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.Itmightmeanmonitoringemployeeproductivityonadigitalleaderboardandofferingprizestothewinners,orgivingemployeesdigitalbadgesorstarsforcompletingcertainacti

12、vities.Itcouldalsomeantrainingemployeeshowtodotheirjobsthroughvideogameplatforms.CompaniesfromGoogletoLOrealtoIBMtoWellsFargoareknowntousesomedegreeofgamificationintheirworkplaces.Andmoreandmorecompaniesarejoiningthem.Arecentreportsuggeststhattheglobalgamificationmarketwillgrowfrom$1.65billionin2015

13、to$11.1billionby2020.Theconceptofgamificationisnotentirelynew,Werbachsays.Companies,marketersandteachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeoplesreward-seekingorcompetitivespirits.CrackerJackshasbeengamifying"itssnackfoodbyputtingasmallprizeinsideformorethan100years,headds,andtheturn-of-the-centu

14、rysteelmagnate（巨頭）CharlesSchwabissaidtohaveoftencomeintohismotivatingthenextshiftofworkerstobeatthepreviousone.Butthewordgamification”andthewidespread,consciousapplicationoftheconceptonlybeganinearnestaboutfiveyearsago,Werbachsays.Thanksinparttovideogames,thegenerationnowenteringtheworkforceisespeci

15、allyopentotheideaofhavingtheirworkgamified.Weareatapointwhereinmuchofthedevelopedworldthevastmajorityofyoungpeoplegrewupplayingvideogames,andanincreasinglyhighpercentageofadultplaythesevideogamestoo,”Werbachsays.Anumberofcompanieshavesprungup-GamEffective,BunchballandBadgeville,tonameafew-inrecentye

16、arsofferinggamificationplatformsforbusinesses.Theplatformsthataremosteffectiveturnemployees'jobtasksintopartofarichadventurenarrative.“Whatmakesagamemage-likeisthattheplayeractuallycaresabouttheoutcome,.”WeTheprincipleisaboutunderstandingwhatismotivatingtothisgroupofplayers,whichrequiressomeunde

17、rstandingofpsychology.Somepeople,Werbachsays,aremotivatedbycompetition.Salespeopleoftenfallintothiscategory.Forthem,therightkindofgamificationmightbeturningtheirsalespitchesintoacompetitionwithotherteammembers,completewithadigitalleaderboardshowingwhoiswinningatalltimes.Othersaremoremotivatedbycolla

18、borationandsocialexperiences.OnecompanyWerbachhasstudiedusesgamificationtocreateasenseofcommunityandboostemployees'zm&斜le(henemployeeslogintotheircomputers,they'reshownapictureofoneoftheircoworkersandaskedtoguessthatperson'sname.Gamificationdoesnothavetobedigital.MonicaCornettirunsac

19、ompanythatgamifiesemployeetrainings.Sometimesthisinvolvestechnology,butoftenitdoesnot.Sherecentlydesignedagamificationstrategyforasalestrainingcompanywithastorm-chasingtheme.Employeesformed“stormchaserteams”andcompetedinstothemededucationalexercisestoearnvariousrewards.“Rewardsdonothavetobestuff,”Co

20、rnettisays.canbeflexibleworkinghours.”Anothertraining,thisoneforpayrolllaw,usedaSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfstheme.“SnowWhite"isavailableforeveryonetouse,butthe“dwarfsarestillundercopyright,soCornettiinventedsound-alikecharacters(GrumpyGuys,DopeyDan)toillustratespecificpayrolllawprinciples.Somepeo

21、pledonottakenaturallytogamifiedworkenvironments,Cornettisays.Inherexperience,peopleinpositionsofpowerofpeopleinfinanceorengineeringdonottendtolikethesoundoftheword.designingforengineers,I'mnottalkingabouta'game'atall“I'mtalkingabouta模smulationmtalkingabout'beingabletosolvethispro

22、blem.Gamificationis“notamagicbullet,Wferbachwarns.Agamificationstrategythatisnotsufficientlythoughtthroughorwelltailoredtoitsplayersmayengagepeopleforalittlewhile,butitwillnotmotivatepeopleinthelongterm.Itcanalsobeexploitive,especiallywhenusedwithvulnerablepopulations.Forworkers,especiallylow-paidwo

23、rkers,whodesperatelyneedtheirjobsyetknowtheycanbeeasilyreplaced,gamificationmayfeelmoreliketheHungerGames.WerbachgivestheexampleofseveralDisneylandhotelsinAnaheim,California,whichusedlargedigitalleaderboardstodisplayhowefficientlylaundryworkerswereworkingcomparedtooneanother.Someemployeesfoundtheboa

24、rdmotivating.Toothers,itwastheoppositeoffun.Somebegantostoptakingbathroombreaks,worriedthatiftheirproductivityfelltheywouldbefired.Pregnantemployeesstruggledtokeepup.InaLosAngelesTimesarticle,oneemployeereferredtotheboardasa“digitalwhip.”“Itactuallyhadaverynegativeeffectonmoraleandperformance,”Werba

25、chsays.Still,gamificationonlystandstobecomemorepopular,hesays,“asmoreandmorepeoplecomeintotheworkforcewhoarefamiliarwiththestructuresandexpressionsofdigitalgames.”“WearefarfromreachingpCornettiagrees.“Thereisnoreasonthiswillgoaway."Somefamouscompaniesarealreadyusinggamificationandmorearetryingt

26、odothesame.36. Gamificationisnotamiraclecureforallworkplacesasitmayhavenegativeresults.37. Toenhancemorale,onecompanyasksitsemployeestoidentifytheirfellowworkerswhenstartingtheircomputers.38. Theideaofgamifacationwaspracticedbysomebusinessesmorethanacenturyago.39. Thereisreasontobelievethatgamificat

27、ionwillbeheretostay.40. Videogamescontributedinsomewaystothewideapplicationofgamification.41. Whenturningworkintoagame,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmakesgamesinteresting.42. Gamificationinemployeetrainingdoesnotalwaysneedtechnology.43. Themostsuccessfulgamificationplatformstransformdailyworkassignme

28、ntsintofunexperiences.44. Itisnecessarytousetermsotherthan“gamificationforsomeprofessions.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespon

29、dingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.RecentlyIattendedseveralmeetingswherewetalkedaboutwaystoretainstudentsandkeepyoungerfacultymembersfromgoingelsewhere.Itseemshighereducationhasbecomeanindustryofmeeting-holderswhosetaskitist

30、osolveproblems-realorimagined.Andinmypositionasaprofessoratthreedifferentcolleges,theactualproblemsineducatingouryoungpeopleandolderstudentshavedeepened,whilethenumberofpeoplehired-nottoteachbuttoholdmeetings-hasincreasedsignificantly.Everynewproblemcreatesanewjobforanadministrativefixer.TakeourCent

31、erforTeachingExcellence.Contrarytoitstitle,thecenterisaclearinghouse(信息交流中心)forusinginclassroomsandinonlinecourses.Itsanadministrativesham(欺詐)ofthekindthathasmultipliedoverthelast30years.Iofferasimplepropositioninresponse:Manyofourproblems-classattendance,educationalsuccess,studenthappinessandwell-b

32、eing-mightbeimprovedbycuttingdownthebureaucratic（官僚的）mechanismsandmeetingsandinsteadhiringanarmyofgoodteachers.Ifwereplacedhalfofouradministrativestaffwithclassroomteachers,wemightactuallygetamajorityofourclassesbackto20orfewerstudentsperteacher.Thiswouldbeanenvironmentinwhichteachersandstudentsactu

33、allykneweachother.Theteachersmustbefreetoteachintheirownway-thecurriculumshouldbeflexibleenoughsothattheycanusetheirindividualtalentstoachievethegoalsofthecourse.Additionally,theyshouldbeallowedtoteach,andberewardedfordoingitwell.Teachersarenotpeoplewhoaregreatatandconsumedbyresearchandhappentoappea

34、rinaclassroom.Goodteachingandresearcharenotexclusive,buttheyarealsonotautomaticcompanions.Teachingisanartandacraft,talentandpractice;itisnotsomethingthatjustanyonecanbegoodat.Itisutterlyconfusingtomethatpeopledonotrecognizethis,despitethefactthatprettymuchanyonewhohasbeenastudentcantellthedifference

35、betweentheirbestandworstteachers.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。45. Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpresent-dayuniversities?A) Theyareeffectivelytacklingrealorimaginedproblems.B) Theyoftenfailtocombineteachingwithresearch.C) Theyareover-burdenedwithadministrativestaff.D) Theylacktalenttofixtheirdeepeningproblems.46. Ac

36、cordingtotheauthor,whatkindofpeopledouniversitylackmost?A) Goodclassroomteachers.C)Talentedreaearchers.B) Efficientadministrators.D)Motivatedstudents.47. Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheclassesatpresent?A) Theyfacilitatestudents'independentlearning.B) Theyhelpstudentsformcloserrelationships.C) The

37、yhavemoreolderstudentsthanbefore.D) Theyaremuchbiggerthanisdesirable.48. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofteachingability?A) Itrequirestalentandpractice.B) Itiscloselyrelatedtoresearch.C) Itisachieffactoraffectingstudents'learning.D) Itcanbeacquiredthroughpersistentpractice.49. Whatistheauthorssuggestion

38、forimprovinguniversityteaching?A) Creatinganenvironmentforteacherstosharetheirteachingexperiences.B) Hiringmoreclassroomteachersandallowingthemtoteachintheirownway.C) Usinghightechnologyinclassroomandpromotingexchangeofinformation.D) Cuttingdownmeetingsandencouragingadministrativestafftogotoclassroo

39、ms.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thesecrettoeatinglessandbeinghappyaboutitmayhavebeencrackedyearsago-byMcDonaldAccordingtoanewstudyfromCornellUniversityFoodandBrandLab,smallnon-foodrewards-likethetoysinMcDonald'shappymeals-stimulatethesamerewardcentersinthebrainasfooddoe

40、s.Theresearchers,ledbyMartinReimann,carriedoutaseriesofexperimentstoseeifpeoplewouldchooseasmallermealifitwaspairedwithanon-fooditem.Theyfoundthatthemajorityofbothkidsandadultsoptedforahalf-sizedportionwhencombinedwithaprize.Bothoptionswerepricedthesame.Evenmoreinterestingisthatthepromiseofafuturere

41、wardwasenoughtomakeadultschoosethesmallerportion.Oneoftheprizesusedwasalotteryticket,witha$10,$50or$100payout,andthiswasaseffectiveasatangiblegiftinpersuadingpeopletoeatless.Thefactthatparticipantswerewillingtosubstitutepartofafooditemforthemereprospectofarelativelysmallmonetaryawardisinteresting,Re

42、imann.Hetheorizethatitistheemotioncomponentoftheseintangibleprizesthatmaketheneffectivethanoptionswithhardoddsincluded.Oneexplanationforthisfindingisthatpossibleawardsmaybemoreemotionallyprovokingthancertaintyawards,”saysReimann.“Theofwinningprovidesaddedattractionanddesirabilitythroughemotional'

43、;thrills'.Thepossibilityofreceivinganawardalsoproducesastathope-astatethatisinitselfpsychologicallyrewarding.In"otherwords,there'asreasonwhypeopleliketogamble.Howmightthisknowledgebeusedtohelppeopleeatmorehealthily?Onepossibilityisahealthyoptionthatoffersthechancetowinaspaweekend.Ormayb

44、etherewardofahalf-sizeddesserttobeclaimedonlyonafuturedate.Thatwouldgetyoubackintherestaurant-andmakeyoueatalittleless.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。50. WhatdowelearnaboutMcDonald'sinclusionoftoysinitshappymeals?A) Itmayshedlightonpeople'sdesiretocrackasecret.B) IthasprovedtobekeytoMcDonald'sbusinesssuccess.C) Itappealstokid'scuriositytofindoutwhatishiddeninside.D) Itmaybeapleasantwayforkidstoreducetheirfoodinta