英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化入門上冊(cè)知識(shí)要點(diǎn)整理

1、Unitl.（選擇、判斷、填空）I.TheflagofBritain:UnionJack2.Thecapitalofeachcountry:EnglandLondonScotlandEdinburghWalesCardiffNorthernIrelandBelfast3 .ThetimejoiningtheBritishparliament:However,in1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.4 .DifferencebetweentheBritishIsles,UK,GreatB

2、ritain,andEngland:BritishIsles:theislandofGreatBritaintheislandofIrelandsurroundingislesUK=GreatBritain+NorthernIrelandGreatBritain=England+Scotland+Wales5 .ThefourmajorinvasionsinthehistoryofGreatBritain:Atfirst,EnglandwasoccupiedbyCelticpeople.Thenin43ADBritainwasinvadedbytheRomanempire.Result:Eng

3、landandWalesbecameapartoftheRomanempirefornearly400years.，theAngle-Saxoninvaded.RResult:Thelandtheylivedbecame"Angle-land",laterchangedintoEngland,thelanguagetheyspokenbecameEnglish.，theVikingsinvaded.«ResultinacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland,iwhichcanbe

4、expressedas"Saxon"versus"Dane".，theNormans,WilliamofNormandyinvadedthiscountry.Result:ThismarksthelasttimethatanarmyfromoutsidetheBritishIslessucceedediininvadingLondon:(P18)Unit2(選擇、判斷、填空)NorthernIreland(oftencalled"Ulster"afteranancientIrishkingdom)1 .Activitiestoseek

5、Irishindependence:Home-ruleTheEasterRisingof1916:wasthemostspectacularevent,inwhichtherebelstookoverDublin'sPostOffice,forcingtheBritishtoretakeitbymilitarymeans.2 .Politicalparties:theSinnFeinpartyIIlegalSDLP:SocialDemocraticandLabourPartyIRA:IrishRepublicanArmy(illegal)3 .PoliticaltroublesinNo

6、rthernIreland(famous):IndigenousRomanCatholicsvs.ProtestantimmigratesPartition(分割):Thesouthern26countieswouldformanindependent"freestate",whilethe6north-easterncountieswouldremainapartoftheUK.(即26fRepublic卜eland,6，Northern卜eland)4 .theGoodFridayAgreement:(了解下，P36)Unit31 .Processofstatebuil

7、ding:Theprocessofstate-buildinghasbeenoneofevolutionratherthanrevolution.2 .TheoldestinstitutionofgovernmentinBritain:Britainisbothaparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchy.3 .Divinerightofkings:ItwasheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.4 .MagnaCarta:limitsonthek

8、ing'sabilitytoabusehisroyalpower.5 .theBillofRights:ensuredthattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.(WilliamofOrange時(shí)期)6 .TheConstitution:(P49)7 .Thefunctionsofparliament:(P49)8 .Parliament:Thequeen:(symbolisedtraditional)Sheislegallyheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartofthelegislature,headoft

9、hejudiciary,commanderinchiefofthearmedforcesand"supremegovernor"oftheChurchofEngland,aconfidantetothePrimeMinister-(了解下)TheHouseofLords:donotreceivesalaries,bothsexistandelitist(T角單下)LordsSpiritualhhereditarypeersLLordsTemporal<lifepeersJTheHouseofCommons(P49)重要Unit41 .Theimportanceofge

10、neralelections:(P67)重要2 .Theelectoralcampaigns:(P67)3 .Theformationofthegovernment:(P67)4 .TheclasssystemintheUK:(P67)5 .EthnicrelationsintheUK:(P67)J了解下6 .ThemainpoliticalpartiesintheUK:TheConservativeparty(newest):settinguptheNationalHealthServiceTheLabourparty:From1979to1997,theConservativePartyw

11、on4electionsinrowTheLiberalDemocrats:apartyofthe"middle"Margaret-Thatcher改革(Therewerealsonegativeconsequences)了解下Unit5(判斷、選擇、填空)1、AbsoluteDecline2、RelativeDeclineoftheUKeconomy:(P81)重要3 、thereasonforitsrelativedecline:（了解下）tthecountryhadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewartheeraofempi

12、rewasoverJLargemilitaryexpensesOutdatedindustriesandless-competitiveproductslAlackofcloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks4 .ThedivisionofBritishindustries:Primaryindustries（miningindustry礦業(yè)）Secondaryindustries（steelindustryi岡鐵業(yè)）Tertiaryindustries（insurance保險(xiǎn)，thesellingofgoods）5 .TheCity:Thenamegi

13、ventothehistoricareaatthecentreofLondon6 .TheLondonStockExchange:TheheartoftheCity（倫敦的中心是倫敦城，倫敦城的中心是倫敦證券交易所）Unit6（填空、選擇、判斷）7 .Beowulf:Oneoftheoldestoftheseearly"OldEnglish"literaryworksisalongpoemfromAnglo-SaxontimescalledBeowulf.2 .GeoffreyChaucer:TheCanterburyTales3 .ElizabethanDrama:Mar

14、lowe:TheTragicalHistoryofDrFaustusWilliamShakespeare:（RomeoandJulietTTheTamingoftheShrewHamletAMidsummerNight'sDreamtragediesqOthellocomediesTwelfthNight（重要）KingLearTheTempestMacbeth.historyplays：RichardIII,RichardII,HenryIV,andHenryVJuliusCaesar,AntonyandCleopatra4 .The17thCentury:JohnMilton:Pa

15、radiseLost5 .The18thCentury:JonathanSwift:Gulliver'sTravels6 .TheRomanticPeriod:WilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridgeLyricalBallads(markedthebeginningoftheRomanticPeriod.)GeorgeGordon,LordByronThreemen&JohnKeatsPercyByssheShelley7 .TheNineteenthCenturyNovel:MaryShelley:FrankensteinSensea

16、ndSensibilityJaneAusten<PrideandPrejudice、EmmaCCharlotte:JaneEyretheBrontesistersEEmily:WutheringHeightsAnnElizabethGaskell:NorthandSouthOliverTwistCharlesDickensDavidCopperfield'GreatExpectationsTheReturnoftheNativeThomasHardy'TessoftheDUrbervilles*JudetheObscure8.Femalewritersinthe19thc

17、enturyofBritain:MMaryShelleyJaneAusten'theBrontesisters:ElizabethGaskell9.20thCenturyLiterature:Twentiethcenturyliteraturecanbebroadlydividedintotwostylisticperiods:Modernism,andPostmodernism.JosephConrad:TheHeartofDarknessMrs.DallowayVirginiaWoolfTTotheLighthouseOrlandoARoomofOne'sOwnD.H.La

18、wrence:SonsandLoversUnit71 .ThepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystem: providechildrenwithliteracyandtheotherbasicskills socialisechildren childrenaretaughtpracticalskills learntherulesandvalues participateinthecommunity contributetotheeconomicprosperityofanadvancedindustrialeconomy.2 .Theinfluenceofthe

19、churchonschooling:educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsthatexistedweresetupbychurches.religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectDailyprayersandsinginghymnsisstillaregularpartofschoollife3 .TheNationalCurriculum:Allchildrenthroughoutthecountrymuststudythefollowingsubjects:English,mathematics,science,reli

20、giouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,physicaleducation,andamodernforeignlanguage.Allchildrenthroughoutthecountrymustpassnationaltestsandschools.Allteachersaretoldwhattoteachandtheirschoolsarenowrankedaccordingtohowwelltheyperformthistask.4 .Stateschool:93%ofpupilsreceivefreeeducatio

21、nfromthepublicsector.5.Independentschool(publicschools/privateschool):Independentschoolsarenotpartofthenationaleducationsystem.EtorschoolLarrowschoolIWinchestercollege6 .Comprehensiveschool:Entranceexamswereabolished.Suchschoolsprovideageneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjectslik

22、eliteratureandsciences,tomorepracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry.7 .Grammarschool:Thosewhoshowacademicpotentialareadmittedtothegrammarschoolswheretheemphasisisonadvancedacademicworkratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschools.8 .GCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation9 .GCEA:

23、GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced10 .GNVQs:GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications11 .TheuniversitiesinBritain:Britishuniversitiesarepublicbodies,exceptoneuniversity,theUniversityofBuckingham.12 .TheOpenUniversity:TheOpenUniversityoffersanon-traditionalrouteforpeopletotakeuniversitylevelcourses

24、andreceiveauniversitydegree,throughtextbooks,tvandradiobroadcasts,correspondence,videos,residentialschoolsandanetworkofstudycentres.Unit81 .CountriestoestablishUN:2 .ThepermanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncil:theSovietUnion,theUnitedStates,China,France,UK3 .ThefoundationsofBritain'sforeignpolicy:

25、ThecontemporaryforeignpolicyoftheUKisgreatlyinfluencedbyitsimperialhistoryandalsobyitsgeopoliticaltraits4 .ThemakingofBritain'sforeignpolicy:(P128)5 .TherelationshipbetweenBritainandtheEU(P128)ThedecisionjoinedtheEEC(psychological,natural,controversial)TheUKhasalwaysbeenlessenthusiasticaboutgivi

26、ngupitsnationalsovereigntytoaEuropeangovernment.6 .Thecommonwealth:BritainisalsoamemberoftheCommonwealth,avoluntaryassociationofstates.Thereare50membersoftheCommonwealthhichismadeupmostlyofformerBritishcolonies.7 .NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisation):protectmemberstatesagainstaggressionThepurposeof

27、NATO-'provideafoundationforsecurityinEuropeprovideaforumfortransatlanticdefencecooperation8 .SpecialrelationshipwithUS:hasgonethroughmanyupanddowns9.Independentnuclearweaponscapability:Britainisatraditionalseapower.Unit9I.ThedivisionofBritishmedia:(降序NF歹！J)TV Newspaper(InBritain,mostadvertisingi

28、scarriedinnewspapers) Radio Magazine2.ThefunctionsoftheBritishmedia: Entertainment ProvideBritishpeoplewithinformationaboutpoliticalandsocialissues Provideweatherreports Carryadvertising Usedforeducationalpurposes Provideaforumforpeopletowritelettersorphoneintoexpresstheirviewsorseekadvice HelpBrita

29、inengendernationalculture3.Oldestnewspaper:Theworld'soldestnationalnewspaper:TheObserverTheBritisholdestdailynewspaper:TheTimesTheverynamesofBritishnewspapers-TheTimes,TheObserver,TheGuardianstillsuggestthatthefunctionofthepaperistooffertheelectorateobjectivereportsaboutwhatishappeninginthecount

30、ry4 .Papersissuedinternationally:TheFinancialTimesisprintedinFrankfurt,France,HongKong,NewJersey,LosAngeles,TokyoandMadrid.(Daily)Telegraph/TheNewsoftheWorld)5 .Qualitypressandgutterpress:The Sun 一4 gutter pressTheDailyTelegraphTheTimesTheGuardianQualitypressTheObserverJ6 .Fleetstreet:ItisalsoknownastheStreetofShame7.BBC:(P144)Unit10I.SportsborninBritain:Cricket,football,lawntennis,golf,rugbyFACup:(FootballAssociationCup)2. FootballviolentsportGGentlesport3. Tennis1WimbledonWimbledoniswheretheworld'sbestplayersgathertocompeteongrasscourts.ItisoneofthemajoreventsoftheBritishsportingcalend