critical thinking閱讀時的批判性思維分享資料

1、12Part I: (Paras. 1 4) What is critical thinking? (definition)Para. 1: Its a system for opening every existing system.Para. 2: Or, critical thinking is thinking that analyzes thought, that assesses thought, and that transforms thought for the better.Para. 2: (There is a third way to talk about criti

2、cal thinking) Its thinking about thinking while thinking in order to think better.Para. 4: In other words, critical thinking, , transforms thinking in two directions: more systematically and more comprehensively.3Part II: (Paras. 5 6) Critical thinking is important. Para. 5: Its important because we

3、, as creatures, are deeply determined by our thinking.Para. 6: Our future as a species is dependent on whether we can develop the wherewithal to raise our collective thinking so as to produce positive changes in societies across the world.4Part III: (Paras. 7 10): The task of developing critical soc

4、ieties is a Herculean one.Para. 7: topic sentence and background information.Paras. 8 - 10: There are many barriers to critical thought. - Para. 8: human egocentricity, sociocentricity, self-delusion, narrow-mindedness - Para. 9: fear, human insecurity, human habits, bureaucracy5 - Para. 10: Then fo

5、r us who are teaching, student resistance to critical thinking is an obstacle. . mistaken notions, ignorance, our limited knowledge, stubbornness, our activated ignorance, (finally) our resistance to doing the intellectual work .6Part IV (Paras. 11 15): How do we cultivate critical thinking?Paras. 1

6、1 and 12: This can be done only person-by-person through a process, which we call intellectual work. Think of the “Elements of Thought” . Are we in the habit of asking questions?Paras. 13 15: What standards do you use to assess your thinking and the thinking of others?“I use the standards of clarity

7、, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logic and fairness.”7The last two paras.: conclusionOur students should learn to think critically so as to know how to change their thinking in keeping with the changes of the world.8 What is critical thinking? Why is it important for us? Why is it s

8、o difficult? How can we cultivate it?9 Critic comes from the Ancient Greek, meaning a person who offers reasoned judgment or analysis, and criticism is the activity of judgment or informed interpretation, which can be synonymous with analysis.10 Being critical in academic terms refers to two broad c

9、haracteristics of a researchers way of thinking. A critical researcher is always questioning. asking question / expressing doubts: nothing is taken for granted. scrutinizing evidence: Where there is a claim made, clarify the evidence that supports. 1. drawing a conclusion: check if the claims in que

10、stion are credible - or not! 11A critical researcher is open-minded, respectful of others (even while perhaps challenging their work), and constructive. The objective of critical research is to advance knowledge, not to build ones own reputation or damage someone elses. 12 So, how do you understand

11、“being critical” in reading?13 read between lines be inquisitive judge credibility comment rationally reflect on oneself for improvement14read between lines: thinking carefully about what you read and why: not just looking for and reading the obvious15 be inquisitive: questioning and testing what yo

12、u read, e.g. “do the authors viewpoints and ideas appear justified? Why - or why not?” asking good questions of others and of yourself(1)exploring further what is not adequately discussed in what you read 16 judge credibility: judging what is believable and what is not spotting and challenging poten

13、tial bias, distorted views, prejudice, and self-interest - in the work of others, and in your own thinking challenging ideas - where appropriate, and based on credible evidence 17comment rationally: not just repeating the ideas of others, but looking for connections (or disparities), and constructin

14、g your own arguments supported by a range carefully considered viewpoints18reflect for improvement:looking for gaps, and putting forward new or different solutions;(1)adapting your plan, your goal, your way of reading and learning based on your developing insights19 What is the “critical thinking” s

15、tairway? What do people do when they think critically?20When you have a problem, or simply when you want to do sth., or achieve a certain goal, what do you do to arrive at the final destination?21Sherlock Holmes and John Watson have never met each other but they are going to share a flat. When they

16、meet for the first time, they must wonder:Who is the guy and what is he like?How did Holmes get the answers?How did Watson get the answers?22 Question observation processing information (analyzing what is seen and recognizing logical relationship between the visible and the invisible) assumption put

17、ting the assumption to test reconstructing belief arriving at accurate conclusion23 puzzled waiting to be told the answer24Critical Thinking “Stairway”Questions / problems / plan / goal, etc.observation: gathering relevant informationprocessing information: analyzing, comparing, synthesizing, recogn

18、izing logical relationship between the visible and the invisibleassumption: Recognizing the existence (or non-existence) of logical relationships between information; drawing warranted conclusions and generalizations test: putting the assumption to test, verifying if it is accurateReconstruction: reconstructing your patterns of beliefs on the basis of wider experience if previous assumption pro