(施工手冊第四版)第二章常用結(jié)構(gòu)計算2-1 荷載與結(jié)構(gòu)靜力計算表

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。(施工手冊第四版)第二章常用結(jié)構(gòu)計算2-1 荷載與結(jié)構(gòu)靜力計算表施工手冊第四版2 常用結(jié)構(gòu)計算2-1 荷載與結(jié)構(gòu)靜力計算表2-1-1 荷載1結(jié)構(gòu)上的荷載結(jié)構(gòu)上的荷載分為下列三類：（1）永久荷載 如結(jié)構(gòu)自重、土壓力、預(yù)應(yīng)力等。（2）可變荷載 如樓面活荷載、屋面活荷載和積灰荷載、吊車荷載、風(fēng)荷載、雪活載等。（3）偶然荷載 如爆炸力、撞擊力等。建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計時，對不同荷載應(yīng)采用不同的代表值。對永久荷載應(yīng)采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值作為代表值。對可變荷載應(yīng)根據(jù)設(shè)計要求，采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值、組合值、頻遇值或準(zhǔn)永久值作為代表值。對偶然荷載應(yīng)按

2、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)使用的特點確定其代表值。2荷載組合建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計應(yīng)根據(jù)使用過程中在結(jié)構(gòu)上可能同時出現(xiàn)的荷載，按承載能力極限狀態(tài)和正常使用極限狀態(tài)分別進行荷載（效應(yīng)）組合，并應(yīng)取各自的最不利的效應(yīng)組合進行設(shè)計。對于承載能力極限狀態(tài)，應(yīng)按荷載效應(yīng)的基本組合或偶然組合進行荷載（效應(yīng)）組合。0SR （2-1）式中 0結(jié)構(gòu)重要性系數(shù)；S荷載效應(yīng)組合的設(shè)計值；R結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件抗力的設(shè)計值。對于基本組合，荷載效應(yīng)組合的設(shè)計值S應(yīng)從下列組合值中取最不利值確定：（1）由可變荷載效應(yīng)控制的組合 （2-2）式中 G永久荷載的分項系數(shù)；Qi第i個可變荷載的分項系數(shù)，其中YQ1為可變荷載Q1的分項系數(shù)；SGK按永久荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值GK計算的

3、荷載效應(yīng)值；SQiK按可變荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值Qik計算的荷載效應(yīng)值，其中SQ1K為諸可變荷載效應(yīng)中起控制作用者；ci可變荷載Qi的組合值系數(shù)；n參與組合的可變荷載數(shù)。（2）由永久荷載效應(yīng)控制的組合 （2-3）（3）基本組合的荷載分項系數(shù)1）永久荷載的分項系數(shù)當(dāng)其效應(yīng)對結(jié)構(gòu)不利時：對由可變荷載效應(yīng)控制的組合，應(yīng)取1.2；對由永久荷載效應(yīng)控制的組合，應(yīng)取1.35；當(dāng)其效應(yīng)對結(jié)構(gòu)有利時：一般情況下應(yīng)取1.0；對結(jié)構(gòu)的傾覆、滑移或漂浮驗算，應(yīng)取0.9。2）可變荷載的分項系數(shù)一般情況下應(yīng)取1.4；對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值大于4kN/m2的工業(yè)房屋樓面結(jié)構(gòu)活荷載應(yīng)取1.3。對于偶然組合，荷載效應(yīng)組合的設(shè)計值宜按下列規(guī)定確定：偶然

4、荷載的代表值不乘分項系數(shù)；與偶然荷載同時出現(xiàn)的其他荷載可根據(jù)觀測資料和工程經(jīng)驗采用適當(dāng)?shù)拇碇怠?民用建筑樓面均布活荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值及其組合值、頻遇值和準(zhǔn)永久值系數(shù)（見表2-1）民用建筑樓面均布活荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值及其組合值、頻遇值和準(zhǔn)永久值系數(shù) 表2-1項次類別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值（kN/m2）組合值系數(shù)c頻遇值系數(shù)f準(zhǔn)永久值系數(shù)q1（1）住宅、宿舍、旅館、辦公樓、醫(yī)院病房、托兒所、幼兒園0.50.4（2）教室、試驗室、閱覽室、會議室、醫(yī)院門診室2.02食堂、餐廳、一般資料檔案室0.53（1）禮堂、劇場、影院、有固定座位的看臺3.0（2）公共洗衣房3.00.70.6

5、0.54（1）商店、展覽廳、車站、港口、機場大廳及其旅客等候室0.5（2）無固定座位的看臺0.35（1）健身房、演出舞臺4.0（2）舞廳4.06（1）書庫、檔案庫、貯藏室5.0（2）密集柜書庫12.07通風(fēng)機房、電梯機房7.08汽車通道及停車庫：（1）單向板樓蓋（板跨不小于2m）客車4.0消防車35.0（2）雙向板樓蓋和無梁樓蓋（柱網(wǎng)尺寸不小于6m×6m）客車0.6消防車20.09廚房（1）一般的2.00.

6、70.60.5（2）餐廳的4.010浴室、廁所、盟洗室：（1）第1項中的民用建筑2.0（2）其他民用建筑0.511走廊、門廳、樓梯：（1）宿舍、旅館、醫(yī)院病房托兒所、幼兒園、住宅2.0（2）辦公樓、教室、餐廳、醫(yī)院門診部0.5（3）消防疏散樓梯，其他民用建筑0.312陽臺：（1）一般情況0.5（2）當(dāng)人群有可能密集時3.5注：1本表所給各項活荷載適用于一般使用條件，當(dāng)使用荷載較大或情況特殊時，應(yīng)按實際情況采用。2第6項書庫活荷載當(dāng)書架高度大于2m時，書庫活荷載尚應(yīng)按每米

7、書架高度不小于2.5kN/m2確定。3第8項中的客車活荷載只適用于停放載人少于9人的客車；消防車活荷載是適用于滿載總重為300kN的大型車輛；當(dāng)不符合本表的要求時，應(yīng)將車輪的局部荷載按結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng)的等效原則，換算為等效均布荷載。4第11項樓梯活荷載，對預(yù)制樓梯踏步平板，尚應(yīng)按1.5kN集中荷載驗算。5本表各項荷載不包括隔墻自重和二次裝修荷載。對固定隔墻的自重應(yīng)按恒荷載考慮，當(dāng)隔墻位置可靈活自由布置時，非固定隔墻的自重應(yīng)取每延米長墻重（kN/m）的1/3作為樓面活荷載的附加值（kN/m2）計入，附加值不小于1.0kN/m2。設(shè)計樓面梁、墻、柱及基礎(chǔ)時，表2-1中的樓面活荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值在下列情況下應(yīng)乘以規(guī)

8、定的折減系數(shù)。（1）設(shè)計樓面梁時的折減系數(shù)1）第1（1）項當(dāng)樓面梁從屬面積超過25m2時，應(yīng)取0.9；2）第1（2）7項當(dāng)樓面梁從屬面積超過50m2時應(yīng)取0.9；3）第8項對單向板樓蓋的次梁和槽形板的縱肋應(yīng)取0.8；對單向板樓蓋的主梁應(yīng)取0.6；對雙向板樓蓋的梁應(yīng)取0.8；4）第912項應(yīng)采用與所屬房屋類別相同的折減系數(shù)。（2）設(shè)計墻、柱和基礎(chǔ)時的折減系數(shù)1）第1（1）項應(yīng)按表2-2規(guī)定采用；2）第1（2）7項應(yīng)采用與其樓面梁相同的折減系數(shù)；3）第8項對單向板樓蓋應(yīng)取0.5；對雙向板樓蓋和無梁樓蓋應(yīng)取0.8；4）第912項應(yīng)采用與所屬房屋類別相同的折減系數(shù)。注：樓面梁的從屬面積應(yīng)按梁兩側(cè)各延伸

9、二分之一梁間距的范圍內(nèi)的實際面積確定?；詈奢d按樓層的折減系數(shù) 表2-2墻、柱、基礎(chǔ)計算截面以上的層數(shù)123456892020計算截面以上各樓層活荷載總和的折減系數(shù)1.00（0.90）0.850.700.650.600.55注：當(dāng)樓面梁的從屬面積超過25m2時，應(yīng)采用括號內(nèi)的系數(shù)。樓面結(jié)構(gòu)上的局部荷載可換算為等效均布活荷載。4屋面活荷載水平投影面上的屋面均布活荷載，按表2-3采用。屋面均布活荷載，不應(yīng)與雪荷載同時組合。屋面均布活荷載 表2-3項次類別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值（kN/m2）組合值系數(shù)b頻遇值系數(shù)f準(zhǔn)永久值系數(shù)q1不上人的屋面02上人的屋面2.03屋頂花園3.00.

10、70.60.5注：1不上人的屋面，當(dāng)施工或維修荷載較大時，應(yīng)按實際情況采用；對不同結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)按有關(guān)設(shè)計規(guī)范的規(guī)定，將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值作0.2kN/m2的增減。2上人的屋面，當(dāng)兼作其他用途時，應(yīng)按相應(yīng)樓面活荷載采用。3對于因屋面排水不暢、堵塞等引起的積水荷載，應(yīng)采取構(gòu)造措施加以防止；必要時，應(yīng)按積水的可能深度確定屋面活荷載。4屋頂花園活荷載不包括花圃土石等材料自重。5施工和檢修荷載及欄桿水平荷載（1）設(shè)計屋面板、檀條、鋼筋混凝土挑檐、雨篷和預(yù)制小梁時，施工或檢修集中荷載（人和小工具的自重）應(yīng)取1.0kN，并應(yīng)在最不利位置處進行驗算。注：對于輕型構(gòu)件或較寬構(gòu)件，當(dāng)施工荷載超過上述荷載時，應(yīng)按實際情況驗算，或采用

11、加墊板、支撐等臨時設(shè)施承受。當(dāng)計算挑檐、雨篷承載力時，應(yīng)沿板寬每隔1.0m取一個集中荷載；在驗算挑檐、雨篷傾覆時，應(yīng)沿板寬每隔2.53.0m取一個集中荷載。（2）樓梯、看臺、陽臺和上人屋面等的欄桿頂部水平荷載，應(yīng)按下列規(guī)定采用：1）住宅、宿舍、辦公樓、旅館、醫(yī)院、托兒所、幼兒園，應(yīng)取0.5kN/m；2）學(xué)校、食堂、劇場、電影院、車站、禮堂、展覽館或體育館，應(yīng)取1.0kN/m。當(dāng)采用荷載準(zhǔn)永久組合時，可不考慮施工和檢修荷載及欄桿水平荷載。6動力系數(shù)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的動力計算，在有充分依據(jù)時，可將重物或設(shè)備的自重乘以動力系數(shù)后按靜力計算進行。搬運和裝卸重物以及車輛起動和剎車的動力系數(shù)，可采用1.11.

12、3，其動力作用只考慮傳至樓板和梁。直升飛機在屋面上的荷載，也應(yīng)乘以動力系數(shù)，對具有液壓輪胎起落架的直升飛機可取1.4；其動力荷載只傳至樓板和梁。7雪荷載屋面水平投影面上的雪荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，按下式計算：skrs0 （2-4）式中 sk雪荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值（kN/m2）；r屋面積雪分布系數(shù)（表2-4）；s0基本雪壓（kN/m2）?；狙嚎砂慈珖狙簣D（圖2-1）近似確定。63shall assign a person in custody; Acceptance can be carried out operations, acceptance or unqualified acceptance not

13、 made the next processes work; 10, the construction site . Construction construction construction organization name project name 4-2-7 content security technology to give the low-down the content to the hopper cars, against a measure, not too much force and withdrawal, on the feet may not be in the

14、hopper, rises below shall not stand. When cleaning the hopper of concrete stone, two bucket chain must be fastened; When running in a blender, tools may not be inserted into the drum; Derrick transport, car steering wheel shall not be extended outside the cage, wheel wedge before and after; Water fr

15、ame beams and concrete, to observe the formwork, formwork systems, unusual in reporting in a timely manner, no operations directly on the template or support; Irrigation structures when the edge of the concrete columns, beams, external platforms necessary security measures; Water in deep Foundation

16、pit base during construction before, you should check whether the pit slope soil collapse collapse danger, if found, should be reported immediately and to take measures; Should wear protective equipment when using vibration, with leakage protection switch move switch box; Acceptance before for work,

17、 not to unqualified acceptance or acceptance not made the next processes work; Pumping concrete should be independent and reliable support; 10, site specific security cards; 11, the other. Disclosure signatures to accept cards deliver the signature time Japan form in duplicate, teams from the deposi

18、t of an instrument, and filed a report. Assembly and disassembly of tower crane safety technology gives the low-down (reference tables) construction construction construction organization name project name 4-2-8 content security technology to give the low-down the content strictly according to the t

19、ower crane, remove programme implementation operations, operating personnel must have professional training and with valid ID to work; Special command, coordination, and ensure safety in production; Working at height strictly comply with the safety specifications; The erection and removal of prohibi

20、ted people who stay within the operating area; Carefully check the lifting wire and clasps, strictly according to the updated standards update; Carefully check all bolts, lock shaft damage, fatigue, cracking to update in a timely manner; Solid hydraulic jacking system of ministries in charge of the

21、joint; Removal affect the safe operation of wires, check the insulation of cables and wires are good, motor connection is correct, the switch movement is sensitive and reliable; Must have a good grounding facilities, grounding resistance value shall not be more than 4 ohm; 10, to ensure that effecti

22、ve safety devices, such as lifting the limiters, torque limiters, height restrictions, stroke and hooks insurance, reel safety devices; 11, acceptance may belu, kdy se setkávají osoby v nouzi by mla dodrovat zásady záchranu "il ped smrtí, zrann ped mení zranní

23、, snadné obtíné". 7, sluba pro nouzovou správu nouzové záchranné orgány shromaovány archiv informací. 36 a nouzové záchranné plány pezkoumat systém zmny, cílem specifikace bezpenostní havárie havarijní

24、; plány managementu, perfektní havarijní plány systém, rozíené nouzové plány vdecké a cílené, a úinnost pohlaví, podle lidová republika íny praskla události mly metody a lidová republika íny bezpenostn

25、7; metody a výroby bezpenostní havárie havarijní plány ízení pístupu (národní Ann vzení generál iní 17,), právních pedpis a naízeních, vyvinutý tento systém. Druhé, rozsah tato zásada platí

26、pro nouzové pípravy, revize a revizní práce. Zatetí, vypracování pohotovostních plán na 1, píprav pohotovostních plán by mly splovat tyto základní poadavky: 1.1 v souladu s ustanoveními písluných zákon, pedpis,

27、 pravidel a norem; 1.2 v kombinaci s skutené situace organizace bezpenost produkce; 1.3 obsahují analýzu rizik podniku; 1.4 odpovdnost havarijní personál a organizace jasné a konkrétní opatení 1.5 má jasnou a konkrétní havarijní preven

28、ci a nouzové postupy a odpovídající jeho schopnosti nouzové reakce; 1.6 jasné nouzových ochranných opatení a me splnit mimoádné poadavky projektu; 1.7 plán pro základní prvky je úplný, kompletní plán píloh

29、y poskytnuté informace jsou pesné 1.8 plány a související nouzové vzájemný vztah. 2, projekt v souladu s píslunými zákony a pedpisy a výrobu a provoz výroby bezpenostní nehody havarijní píprav smrnice (dále jen prav

30、idla), v kombinaci s nebezpeími, analýzy rizik a moností charakteristik nehod a vypracovat písluné pohotovostní plány. 3, projektového oddlení nouzový systém pro komplexní havarijní plány, speciální havarijní pl

31、5;ny a vlastní eení. 3.1 vechny druhy rizika pro firmu, komplexní havarijní plán formulované manaery spolenosti. Komplexní popis aktivaního signálu patí organizace spolenosti a její odpovdnost za havarijní, pipravenost na systém a post

32、upy pro reakci, prevenci nehod a nouzovou podporu, havarijní plány a cviení jako hlavní obsah. 3.2 u uritých druh rizik, poádané editelem Zhi rozvíjet konkrétní pohotovostních plán. Speciální pohotovostní plány, vetn ana

33、lýzy rizik, moné nehody charakteristiky a nouzových organizace a odpovdnost, nouzové postupy a preventivní opatení, v pípad nouze a tak dále. 3.3 pro nebezpenjí klíové posty klíové pozice a klíových oblastí (vetn hlavn&#

34、237;ch rizik), poádanéstreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to th

35、e regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further

36、closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the "four winds" some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didn't, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is n

37、ot high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less. Especially based on rational thinking on major issues, applying theory to guide the work done is not good enough, not really understand and grasp the sp

38、irit and essence of the scientific Outlook on development, did not truly achieve mastery, to apply, to a certain extent, affect the development and implementation of ideas and initiatives. Second, work arrangements, and less supervision. Propaganda and ideological work is the objective, which needs

39、to keep the continuity efforts deployed, but stressed in the work time, less supervision. For example, color weekends in the summer theatrical activities, city square performances, urging townships, communities and rural areas shows the implementation is inadequate, insufficient cultural an educatio

40、nal role to play. Third base enough, master grass-less real. Propaganda and ideological work in the new situation of characteristics and regularity of enough, deep enough for grass-roots public opinion Dynamics survey, for grass-roots typically drive less. For example, rural culture team active, . I

41、'm not actively take the initiative to take up, the lack of spirit of daring to, resulting in some job had a lot of power, but no tangible results. Third, innovation, lack of motivation. Emancipation did not end, innovation does not exist. In practical work, not your head, previous work experien

42、ce, lack of innovation initiatives, study on the characteristics of propaganda and ideological work under the new situation through, grip on grassroots ideological trends and changes are not deep, to promote new initiatives and explore new methods of ideological and cultural work is not much, and so

43、me lack of relevance and timeliness. 4, discipline, lowering, and hard work are lacking. While working and enterprising spirit down. No real solution to treat yourself right, correctly treat past honors, their complacency, and work to see their scores more, less checking his own shortcomings, like t

44、o listen to the praise, satisfied face, online promotion, there are typical, and lack of high standards and strict requirements, the effect is real. Second hard drive less. On hard andstreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to

45、 improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda an

46、d ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the "four win

47、ds" some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didn't, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is not high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less.

48、Especially based on rational thinking on major issues, applying theory to guide the work done is not good enough, not really understand and grasp the spirit and essence of the scientific Outlook on development, did not truly achieve mastery, to apply, to a certain extent, affect the development and

49、implementation of ideas and initiatives. Second, work arrangements, and less supervision. Propaganda and ideological work is the objective, which needs to keep the continuity efforts deployed, but stressed in the work time, less supervision. For example, color weekends in the summer theatrical activ

50、ities, city square performances, urging townships, communities and rural areas shows the implementation is inadequate, insufficient cultural an educational role to play. Third base enough, master grass-less real. Propaganda and ideological work in the new situation of characteristics and regularity

51、of enough, deep enough for grass-roots public opinion Dynamics survey, for grass-roots typically drive less. For example, rural culture team active, . I'm not actively take the initiative to take up, the lack of spirit of daring to, resulting in some job had a lot of power, but no tangible resul

52、ts. Third, innovation, lack of motivation. Emancipation did not end, innovation does not exist. In practical work, not your head, previous work experience, lack of innovation initiatives, study on the characteristics of propaganda and ideological work under the new situation through, grip on grassro

53、ots ideological trends and changes are not deep, to promote new initiatives and explore new methods of ideological and cultural work is not much, and some lack of relevance and timeliness. 4, discipline, lowering, and hard work are lacking. While working and enterprising spirit down. No real solutio

54、n to treat yourself right, correctly treat past honors, their complacency, and work to see their scores more, less checking his own shortcomings, like to listen to the praise, satisfied face, online promotion, there are typical, and lack of high standards and strict requirements, the effect is real.

55、 Second hard drive less. On hard andplay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengt

56、hening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic s

57、afety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly f

58、eel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spiri

59、ted. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!圖2-1 全國基本雪壓分布圖（單位：kN/m2）屋面積雪分布系數(shù) 表2-4注：1第2項單跨雙坡屋面僅當(dāng)20°30°時，可采用不均勻分布情況。2第4、5項只適用于坡度25°的一般工業(yè)廠房屋面。3第