ap宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)知識點

1、ap宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)知識點ap宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)知識點】開考科目：詳情查看請點擊：【】【新航道提供免費服務(wù)，優(yōu)先搶考位，如需代報名，詳情查看：或者在線咨詢我們的老師】六、ap經(jīng)濟學(xué)考試中的十三大要點1 、fundamentalsofeconomicanalysisscarceresourcesproductionpossibilitiesfunctionsofeconomicsystems2 、demand,supply,marketequilibrium,andwelfareanalysisdemandsupplymarketequilibriumwelfareanalysis3 、elasticity,

2、microeconomicpolicy,andconsumertheoryelasticitymicroeconomicpolicyandapplicationsofelasticityconsumerchoice4 、thefirm,profit,andthecostsofproductionfirms,opportunitycosts,andprofitsproductionandcost5 、marketstructures,perfectcompetition,monopoly,andthingsbetweenperfectcompetitionmonopolymonopolistic

3、competitionoligopoly6 、factormarketsfactordemandleast-costhiringofmultipleinputsfactorsupplyandmarketequilibriumimperfectcompetitioninproductandfactormarkets7 、publicgoods,externalities,andtheroleofgovernmentpublicgoodsandspilloverbenefitspollutionandspillovercostsincomedistributionandtaxstructures8

4、 、macroeconomicmeasuresofperformancethecircularflowmodelaccountingforoutputandincomeinflationandtheconsumerpriceindexunemployment9 、consumption,saving,investment,andthemultiplierconsumptionandsavinginvestmentthemultipliereffect10 、aggregatedemandandaggregatesupplyaggregatedemandaggregatesupplymacroe

5、conomicequilibriumthetrade-offbetweeninflationandunemployment11 、fiscalpolicy,economicgrowth,andproductivityexpansionaryandcontractionaryfiscalpolicydifficultiesoffiscalpolicyeconomicgrowthandproductivity12 、money,banking,andmonetarypolicymoneyandfinancialassetsfractionalreservebankingandmoneycreati

6、onmonetarypolicy13 、internationaltradecomparativeadvantageandgainsfromtradebalanceofpaymentsforeignexchangeratestradebarriers【篇二：ap宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)知識點】閱讀，只需一秒。精彩，盡在掌握！今天和明天主頁君將給大家?guī)韆p經(jīng)濟學(xué)兩連發(fā)！今天是宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)，主頁君約了一個叫l(wèi)eo的學(xué)霸給大家整理了考點的的精髓，最后還有宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)最重要的5張圖，祝大家怒考5分！昨天微信好像抽風(fēng)了，一部分小伙伴沒收到統(tǒng)計的福利，現(xiàn)在回復(fù)統(tǒng)計就能看到啦！macroecon1macroeconomic

7、s:branchofeconomicsthatfocusoneconomyasawhole2microeconomics:branchofeconomicsthatanalyzeinp>gdp3gdppercapita:gdp/population.ameasurementoflivingstandard.4 gdp=c+i+g+nx5 consumption:(a)onlyfinalgoodcounts:anyintermediategoodarenotcountedtopreventdoublecount(b) resaleisnotcounted:peopleknowtheycan

8、resaleitlatersothevalueofthatgoodisnotashighasthepriceshows.(c) transactionwithoutmoneydoesnotcount(d) undergroundeconomydoesnotcountinvestment:purchaseofequipment,newconstructionandunsoldinventories(存貨)governmentspending:allspendingongoodsorservices,doesnotcountwelfare.sometimesitcanoverstatequalit

9、export:export:producedbutnotconsumedinacountry,doesnotmatterifaforeignerproducesthem.import:consumedbutnotproducedinacountry.gdpcanbeanoverstatementoflifeifnegativeexternalityexists.itcanbeanunderstatementoflifegdp=wages+rent+interest+profitinflatio

10、n6inflation:anincreaseintheoverallpricelevel=decreaseofpurchasepowerofcurrency7 whenincreasingmoneysupply,realwealthshiftstomoneymaker8 moneyneutrality:aponetimechangeinmoneysupplywillhavenorealeffectinthelongrun.9 shoeleathercosts:theeffortmadetodecreasetheeffectofinflation.likewithdrawingmoneytopu

11、rchaserealgood.10 menucosts:causeofpricestickiness.thereiscosttochangepricesocompanywillnotchangepriceimmediatelyuntilmbmc11 contract:causeofwagestickiness,usuallyforayear12 rationalexpectation:peopleexpectinflationandactaccordingly.theaverageerrorofexpectationiszero.13 gdpdeflator:onewaytocalculate

12、inflation:p>14cpi:takesafixedbasketofgoodandcalculatetheirprice15.cpivs.gdpdeflator:cpionlylooksatconsumergoods.alsopeopletendtobuylessofonethingifpriceincreasessocpiisnotaccurate.acommonproblemforbothwaysisthattheydonottakeintoaccountthequality.agoodwithbetterqualitynowisstillcountedthesameasbef

13、ore.16.deflation:inflationisnegative.itisveryharmfulasinterestratecannotbelowerthanzero.unemployment15peopleemployed/totallaborforce=unemploymentrate16 thosenotlookingforajob,tooyoungandprisonerorpatientarenotcountedinlaborforce17 discouragedworker:peoplewhogiveuplookingforajob.morediscouragedworker

14、scanincreaseemploymentrate.18 typesofunemployment:seasonal,structural,frictionalandcyclical.seasonal,structuralandfrictionalareunavoidablesonocyclicalunemploymentmeansfullemployment,ornaturalrateofunemployment.19 effectofunemployment:loweroutput(okunslaw:foreverypercentofunemploymenthigherthannatura

15、lrate,gdpis2percentlowerthanpotential),stress,workerslosesskill,sendabadsignaltoemployer20 biasaboutunemployment:theleisurepeopleexperiencewhennothavingajobdecreasethenegativeeffectofunemployment.however,thelifeisstressfulandpeoplemayspendsomeofthetimelookingforajobandthesefactorsmakethingsworse.agg

16、regatedemandegatedemand21ad:totalexpenditureinacountry22adisdownwardslopingbecause:(a)wealtheffect:thehigherthepricelevel,thelessyoucanbuywithafixedamountofmoney(b) interestrateeffect:higherpricelevelcarrymoremoneylesssavingshigherinterestratelowerinvestment(c) exchangerateeffect:higherpricelevelcar

17、rymoremoneylesssavingshigherinterestrateappreciatecurrencymoreimportandlessexport3.shiftsofad:changesinexpectations,animalspirit(confidence),changeinmoneysupply,fiscalpolicyaggregatesupply23aggregatesupply:totalsupply.thelongrunascurveisvertical,onlyaffectedbychangeinresourcesandtechnology.shortruna

18、sisupwardsloping.24asisupwardslopingbecause:(a)stickyprice:lowerpricelevelandsamenomialpricemorerealpricelessdemand-lesssupply(b)stickywages:lowerpricelevelandsamewagemorerealwagehighercostproduceless(stickywagesmaycausedbymoneyillusion,laborcontracts,laborregulationandunionpower)3. shiftsofas:realf

19、actorsofproductionwillcausebothlrasandsrastoshift.expectationsandchangeinpriceorwageswillcausesrastoshift.4. demandpullinflation:increaseinad(maycausedbyincreaseinmoneysupplyorfiscalstimulus)decreaseinasequilibriumandhigherpricelevel5. costpushinflation:decreaseinasincreaseinadequilibriumandhigherpr

20、icelevel6. inflationgap:adincreasesandthegapbetweenthesrandlrlevelofoutputisinflationgap.7. recessionarygap:addecreasesandthegapbetweensrandlrlevelofoutputisrecessionary/outputgapsupplysideeconomics25supplysideeconomicstendtosolveprobleminmacroeconomicsbychangingas.theywouldagreeacutoftaxifitcanincr

21、easepeoplesincentivetowork.sotheydonotagreeafundbackoflastyearstax.26laffercurve:whentaxrateishigherthananumber,taxrevenuemaydecreasewhengovernmentincreasestaxratebecausethedecreaseinefficiencyissogreat.whatismoney27usesofmoney:mediumofexchange,unitofaccountandstoreofvalue28propertiesofmoney:portabl

22、e(easytocarryaround),fungible(canbep>29definitionofmoney:m0:onlycurrencym1:m0+checkingdepositm2:m1+closemoneysubstitutesquantitytheoryofmoney30mv=py31ex:whenfedprintsmoneybutdoesnotusethem,v=0sothereisnorealeffectintheeconomysavingsandinvestment:32aneconomycanonlysavebybuildingconstructionsthatmi

23、ghtbeusedinthefuture33inaclosedeconomy:c+i+g=gdp=c+g+savings(totalspending+thatarenotspent)monetarypolicy34monetarypolicyisthepolicytakenbyfederalreservetocontroleconomy35openmarketoperation:buyorselltreasurybondtoincreaseordecreasetotalmoneysupplyintheeconomy36discountrate:rateofinterestratebanksbo

24、rrowmoneyfromthefed37 federalfundsrate:theinterestratethatthefedtargetedwithopenmarketoperation38 reserverequirement:therequiredamountofmoneyabankneedtohold,usuallynotusedasatoolas:1 .iffedraisesrrduringexpansion,bankmayhaveadifficulttimetogetenoughrr2 .iffeddecreasesrrduringrecession,ithasnoeffecta

25、sthebankcannotloanouttheextraamountofmoneyfiscalpolicy39fiscalpolicyistheactionofgovernmenttocontroltheeconomy,usuallyincludegovernmentspendingandchangeoftaxrate40 expansionaryfiscalpolicymaycauseanincreaseininterestrateasgovernmentmustborrowbeforespend.thiswillcrowdoutprivateinvestment.fiscalandmon

26、etarypolicy41fiscalandmonetarypolicymayhelporcancelouteachother.thereisachartinthehandout42afterfedmultiplier:istheoveralleffectoffiscalandmonetarypolicy.ifadincreases,itispositive;ifaddecreases,itisnegative;ifaddoesnotchange,erestratedetermination43shortrun:iffedtakesexpansionarypolicym

27、sincreasessavingshiftstotherightlowerinterestrate44 longrun:iffedtakesexpansionarypolicymdincreasessavingshiftsbackinterestratebacktoformeroneallformulasforcalculation1.fiscalpolicy:(a)spendingmultiplier=1/mps=1/(1-mpc)(b) taxmultiplier=mpc/mps(c) balancemultiplier=spendingmultiplier+taxmultiplier=1

28、2. omo:(a) changeinmoneysupply:1/rr*bp(bond)(b) newloans:1/rr*bp-bp(c) reserves:bp3. newdeposit:(a) changeinmoneysupply:1/rr*dd(depositmoney)-dd(b) demanddeposit:1/rr*dd(c) loans:1/rr*dd-dd(d) reserves:ddinternationaltrade46currentaccount:accountofphysicalgood.exportcountsaspositiveandimportcountsas

29、negative.47capitalaccount:accountofliability.whenothercountriesinvestinyourcountryitispositive.48capitalaccount+currentaccount=049exchangerate:priceofothercurrency.whenittakesmoreforeigncurrencytobutthesameamountofyourcurrency,yourcurrencyisappreciate.otherwise,itisdepreciate.50shiftofdemandandsuppl

30、yofcurrency:anincreaseininterestratewillincreasethedemandofacurrencyandincreasethesupplyofothercurrency.thusyourcurrencyisappreciated.51effectofexchangerateonimportsandexports:currencyappreciatesisgoodforimportandbadforexport.52lawofoneprice(inflationandexchangerate):increaseininflationwilldecreaset

31、hepurchasingpowerofcurrency.accordingtolawofoneprice,priceeverywherewillbethesameiftransactioncostisneglectable.thusthiscurrencywilldepreciate.53fixedexchangerate:meansnominalexchangeratestaysthesameallthetime.ifyourcountryundergoesinflationwhileholdingtheexchangeratethesame,itscurrencyisactuallyapp

32、reciated.gdpgrowth54technologyadvanceisthebasicfactorthataffectslongrungrowth.55capital:capitalistheequipmentusedtoproduceothergoods.highercapitalmeanshigherlaborproductivity(thisisshowedinthelaborproductivitysectioninmicroeconomics).56humancapital:theskillandeducationalaborhas.higherhumancapitalcan

33、beobtainedbytrainingandeducation.ithasdiminishingmarginalreturnasachangefromnon-literacytoliteracyhasgreatereffectthanachangefromanundergraduatetoagraduate.57savingTfinvestmentTfcapitalTflaborproductivity(k/l)percapita(y/l)宏觀的各種復(fù)雜的圖標(biāo)一直是一大難點，過完所有的知識點，接下來主頁君就為大家講講宏觀中最重要的5個圖。宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)以總供求模型為核心，通過對四個主體消費者、生產(chǎn)者、政府、國際貿(mào)易，三個市場產(chǎn)品市場、要素市場、貨幣市場的分析，來探求宏觀經(jīng)濟的秘密，即如何使物價穩(wěn)定、就業(yè)充分、經(jīng)濟增長。產(chǎn)品市場：勞動力市場：貨幣市場：對應(yīng)著宏觀經(jīng)濟循環(huán)圖，我們可以清楚地看到這四個主體和三個市場是怎樣聯(lián)系在一起的。價格的變動會影響產(chǎn)品市場短期均衡