歷年托?？荚囬喿x真題匯總含答案

1、0308托福試題閱讀(55minutes)Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfoodEvenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsorigi

2、natedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputre

3、fyingmaterials.Hedid(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.Aftertheguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolids

4、tructuresranginginsizefrom0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinpu

5、trefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantly(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyallthelivingorganism

6、scontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryforspontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmateri

7、alscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask.Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.(a) WhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscussPasteur'sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.(b) Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c) Theeffec

8、tsofpasteurizationonfood.(d) Pasteur'sargumentagtHiestheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(a) Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningtofullofdevelopingintoresistanttohurtbyWhichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswerWhatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenons

9、omefoodHowmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfoodWhatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexaminationHowlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefiesTheword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningtobenefitfromappearsimilartojointogetherwithgrowfromThepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2was

10、totrapparticlesforanalysisslowtheprocessofputrefactionincreasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslideaidthemixingofalcoholandetherTheauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthethicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobjectdiameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfiltersthicknessofthemicroscopeslides

11、thatwereusedsizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected(a) word“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningtoanalyzeddoubtedpersuadedsuggested(a) objectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywereprimarilysingle-celledorganismsnodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsfairly

12、rareabletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether(a) word“it”inline22ri=efeanutrientsolutionaglassflaskboilingspontaneousgeneration(a) toparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceedAsealedcontainerFreshairHeatThepresenceofnutrientscanbeinferre

13、dfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflasktostoresterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperimentspreventheatfrombuildingupinasolutiondisproveacriticismofhisconclusionsestimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerasso

14、cietyhesro.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJeffers

15、on,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat

16、(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicenterprise.Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandan

17、imalvarietiesand(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagriculturalproducts.Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophershadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothprodu

18、ctsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprangupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilim

19、provement.Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersresponded(25)lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsati

20、able.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescitiesandindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.(a) doesthepassagemainlydiscussTheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJeffersonTheroleofthenati

21、onalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagricultureImprovementsinfarmingtechniquesTheimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmerword“depended”inBneclosestinmeaningtoimprovedrelieddemandedexplained(a) authormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asanexampleofaleaderduringtheRevolutionaninventorofnewfarmingtechniqu

22、esaphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsocietyafarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment(a) phrase“subscribedto”inline8isclosestinmeaningtocontributedtoagreedwiththoughtaboutexpandedon(a) ofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinpar

23、agraph1AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson'v®wsofagricultureandfarmers.(b) Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.(c) Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.(d) Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation'seconomy.(a) tothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefo

24、llowingEXCEPTbuildroadsimportnewplantvarietiesgivefarmersmoneyfortheircropsdeveloppoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts(a) ofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmersmeetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPTobtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapersaccumulatingpersonalwealthplantingnew

25、cropsbecomingmorescientific(a) word“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningtopredictableimpressivefamousgradual(a) ofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.(b) Europeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseprodu

26、cedintheUnitedStates.(c) ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.(d) Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.Question21-29ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,therealm'soilsalsoreflec

27、tthebroadenvironmentalpartitioninginto“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoa

28、chievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthetwo.AridAmerica'soilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothat(10)wateristhemainmissingingre

29、dientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Inthe1970's,certainirrigationmethodwereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.GlaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfro

30、mthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwater(15)andfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshasal

31、lbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthehypothetical.Nonetheless,(20)thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenaturalvegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthedrierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.TheforestsofNorthAmericatenttomak

32、eabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-leafforestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossesthe(25)borderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairi

33、esorstepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscussThewidevarietyofclimatesSoiltypesandvegetationpatternsImprovedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagricultureThechangeinprecipitationpatternsTheword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningtodistinguishelim

34、inateprotectcreateTheword“partitioning”inline2isclosestinmeaningtodivisionmodificationopeningcirculatingAccordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwithahighsaltcontentanincreaseinfarminglargeamountsofrainglacialmeltwaterThewordaenhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningtoimpliedincreasedindicatedin

35、formedHowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorthAmericaItredistributedthesoiltypesItaddedsalttothesoilItmadethesoilmoreneutralincontentItaddedmineralstothesoilThephrase“thisregionalizationscheme”inline19referstothemovementsofglacialdepositspatternsofnaturalvegetationhumanmodificationoftheNorthAmerica

36、nenvironmentdistinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmericaThewordatransition”inline23isclosestinmeaningtoelevationchangeadvantageconditionThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsAridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresenceofdesertsMostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofsho

37、rtgrassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumansTheaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigationGlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValleyQuestions30-40Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedifanobjectislitforaverybrie

38、ftime(lessthat1/25second),thehumaneyewillnotreactintimetoseetheobject.Aphotographicemulsion-thatis,alightsensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,orglass-will,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswellastocorrectdeficiencieso

39、fthenormalsurroundinglighting.Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontainingmagnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthebagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemporaryobserverreported(10)that“thisquiteunsafede

40、viceseemstohavedonemngworsethatengulftheroomindensesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandoddposes.Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofametal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,wereintroducedonlyinthe1920's.I

41、ntheearliesttype,themetal(15)wasseparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Theflashwasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignitedspontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,whichheatedthewirebypassingasmallcurrentthroughit.Othercombinations,suchasthepair

42、ingofoxygendifluoridewithzirconium,havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenoutto(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemissionofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthelightfromtheirstill-glowingnei

43、ghbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.WhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscussThehistoryofthephotoflashTheoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolightThetechnologyofmodernphotographyThedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflashAccordingtothepassage,1/25secondistheminimumamountoftimerequiredfortherecordingofan

44、imageonfilmgenerationofartificiallightcreationofaphotographicemulsionhumaneyetoreacttolightAccordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashisthatitcanproducerepeatedburstsoflightintensitiescolorsinphotographsisshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyessupplementsexistinglightingTheword“ignited”inline9isclos

45、estinmeaningtosetonfirecutintoopenedshakenWhichofthefollowingphrasesisdefinedinparagraph1”appreciableperiod”(line1)”photographicemulsion”(line3)”higlspeedmovement”(line5)”oddposes”(line11)Thewordaevolution”inline12isclosestinmeaningtopublicityadoptiondevelopmentmanufactureThefunctionoftheglassinthef

46、irstflashbulbswastoproducethesparkthatinitiatedtheflashmagnifythelightproducedbytheflashprotectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflashkeepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflashTheword“it”inline18referstooxygenbatterywirecurrentTheword“momentarily”inline20isclosestinmeaningtoeffortlesslybrieflyelectronica

47、llygraduallyAccordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributestorapidcoolingbrightilluminationelectricalconductivityintenseheatAccordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburnlongerbyusingthickerwiremoreoxygenthinnerglasscontinuouselectricityQuestions41-50Thestylis

48、ticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe1870's.TheImpressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportrayfragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedontheplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,(5)stres

49、singvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlightinallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnotwanttoobservetheworldfromindoors.Theyabandonedthestudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingin

50、doorstocompletetheworkformmemory.(10)SomeoftheImpressionists'paintingmethodswereaffectedbytechnologicaladvances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopenairwasmadepossibleinpartbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeasyandquickaccesstothecountrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemica

51、ldyesandoilsthatledtocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbutfromangryartloverswhofeltthreatenedbythenewpainting.ThetermaImpressionismwasbornin1874,whenagroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganizedanexhibitionof

52、theirpaintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.Reactionfromthepublicandpresswasimmediate,andderisive.Amongthe165paintingsexhibitedwasonecalled(20)Impression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,Monet'paintingofarisingsunoveramisty,waterysceneseemedmessy,slapdash,andan

53、affronttogoodtaste.BorrowingMonet'sitle,artcriticsextendedtheterm“Impressionism”totheentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunity,despiteindividualdifferences.(25)Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa“chuthepainterRenoirputit.MonetwasfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyoftheothersmovedontonewstyles.WhataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscussTheimpactofsom