復(fù)旦研究生英語Unit

1、HowtoBeaGoodGraduateStudentwhygotograduateschoolatall?Theusualreasonsgivenarethata.isrequiredorpreferredforsomejobs,especiallyresearchandacademicpositions;thatitgivesyouachancetolearnagreatdealaboutaspecificarea;andthatitprovidesanopportunitytodevelopideasandperformoriginalresearch.Wantingtodelayyou

2、rjobhuntisprobablynotagoodenoughreason.Graduateschoolisalotofworkandrequiresstrongmotivationandfocus.Youhavetoreallywanttobetheretomakeitthrough.究竟為什么要讀研呢？人們給出的一些常見的理由是有些工作要求或宵睞博士學(xué)位，尤其是研究或?qū)W術(shù)類的職位；讀研使你有機(jī)會(huì)深入學(xué)習(xí)某個(gè)領(lǐng)域；為你提供一個(gè)開發(fā)思想以及從事獨(dú)創(chuàng)研究的機(jī)會(huì)。希望通過讀研延遲找工作或許不是一個(gè)足夠好的理由。讀研需要投入大量的精力，并且需要強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)力和明確的方向。你必須發(fā)自內(nèi)心地想讀才能夠完成

3、學(xué)業(yè)。Ithelpstohaveagoodideaofwhatareayouwanttospecializein,andpreferablyacoupleofparticularresearchprojectsyoumightliketoworkon.Lookforbooksandcurrentjournalsandconferenceproceedingsinyourarea,andreadthroughthemtogetanideaofwho'sdoingwhatwhere.(You'llbedoinga*lot*ofreadingonceyoustartgraduates

4、chool,soyoumightaswellgetusedtoit.)Thisiswhereadvisorsfirstenterthescene:facultymembersoughttobewillingtotalktoundergraduatesandhelpthemfindoutmoreaboutresearchareasandgraduateschools.Trytogetinvolvedinresearch:askprofessorsandTAswhethertheyneedsomeonetoworkonanongoingproject,orstartanindependentres

5、earchproject,withguidancefromafacultymember.對(duì)自己打算研究的領(lǐng)域有所了解會(huì)有幫助，有幾項(xiàng)你特別愿意從事的研究項(xiàng)目會(huì)更有幫助。查閱本研究領(lǐng)域的專著、期刊、會(huì)議論文集，了解專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的最新研究動(dòng)態(tài)。(一旦開始讀研，你將會(huì)進(jìn)行大量的閱讀，因此你不妨習(xí)慣這一點(diǎn))。這是指導(dǎo)老師最先介入的環(huán)節(jié)：教師應(yīng)該樂于和本科生討論，幫助他們了解更多的研究領(lǐng)域和研究生院校。盡量參與一些研究：詢問教授和助教他們正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目是否需要助手，或者在一位老師的指導(dǎo)下開展一個(gè)獨(dú)立的研究項(xiàng)目。Graduateschoolisaveryunstructuredenvironmentinmos

6、tcases.Graduatestudentstypicallytakeninehoursorlessofcourseworkpersemester,especiallyafterthesecondyear.Formany,thethirdyear-aftercourseworkislargelyfinishedandpreliminaryexamshavebeencompleted-isaverydifficultandstressfulperiod.Thisiswhenyou'resupposedtofindathesistopic,ifyou'renotoneofthel

7、uckyfewwhohasalreadyfoundone.Onceyoudofindatopic,youcanexpecttwoormoreyearsuntilcompletion,withveryfewlandmarksormilestonesinsight.在大多數(shù)情形下，研究生院的環(huán)境十分松散。典型的是研究生每學(xué)期選修的學(xué)時(shí)一般比本科生少，進(jìn)入研二的學(xué)習(xí)更是這樣。對(duì)許多研究生來說，大部分學(xué)時(shí)和初步的考核完成以后的研二是一個(gè)辛苦而充滿壓力的時(shí)期。此時(shí)，你若不是為數(shù)不多的已經(jīng)確定論題的幸運(yùn)兒之一，你就應(yīng)該為論文確定題目。一旦你確定好論題，你要做好心理準(zhǔn)備，在論文完成前的兩年乃至更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，

8、你幾乎看不見什么突破性的路標(biāo)或里程碑。Beingagoodresearcherinvolvesmorethan“merely”comingupwithbrilliantideasandimplementingthem.Mostresearchersspendthemajorityoftheirtimereadingpapers,discussingideaswithcolleagues,writingandrevisingpapers,staringblanklyintospace-and,ofcourse,havingbrilliantideasandimplementingthem.要成為

9、一個(gè)好的研究者，僅僅提出新穎的想法并付諸實(shí)現(xiàn)還是不夠的。大多數(shù)研究者花費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間閱讀論文、與同事討論想法、進(jìn)行論文的寫作和修改工作、發(fā)呆，當(dāng)然你還需要新穎的想法并付諸實(shí)現(xiàn)。Keepingajournalofyourresearchactivitiesandideasisveryuseful.Writedownspeculations,interestingproblems,possiblesolutions,randomideas,referencestolookup,notesonpapersyou'veread,outlinesofpaperstowrite,andinteres

10、tingquotes.Readbackthroughitperiodically.You'llnoticethatthebitsofrandomthoughtsstarttocometogetherandformapattern,oftenturningintoaresearchprojectorevenathesistopic.Iwassurprised,lookingbackthroughmyjournalasIwasfinishingupmythesis,howearlyandoftensimilarideashadcroppedupinmythinking,andhowthey

11、graduallyevolvedintoadissertation.用日記記錄與研究有關(guān)的活動(dòng)和想法將非常有用。記錄你的猜想、有興趣的問題、可能的解答、零散的想法、需要查閱的參考文獻(xiàn)、已閱讀的論文的摘記，擬寫的論文的提綱以及感興趣的引文并定期地翻看。你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一些零碎的思想碎片聚集在一起形成一個(gè)整體之后，經(jīng)常會(huì)成為研究的項(xiàng)目甚至是學(xué)位論文的專題。You'llhavetoreadalotoftechnicalpaperstobecomefamiliarwithanyfield,andtostaycurrentonceyou'vecaughtup.Youmayfindyourself

12、spendingoverhalfofyourtimereading,especiallyatthebeginning.Thisisnormal.It'salsonormaltobeoverwhelmedbytheamountofreadingyouthinkyou“should”do.Trytorememberthatit'simpossibletoreadeverythingthatmightberelevant:instead,readselectively.Whenyoufirststartreadinguponanewfield,askyouradvisororafel

13、lowstudentwhatthemostusefuljournalsandconferenceproceedingsareinyourfield,andaskforalistofseminaloraclassic”papersthatyoushoulddefinitelyread.要熟悉任何一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，你需要閱讀很多專業(yè)類的論文，一旦熟悉了這一領(lǐng)域，你還要保持及時(shí)更新。你或許會(huì)察覺到，尤其是剛開始的時(shí)候，在閱讀方面將花費(fèi)超過一半的時(shí)間。這很常見，還有一個(gè)常見的想法是認(rèn)為自己會(huì)被應(yīng)該閱讀的書所淹沒。你要記住，閱讀每一個(gè)可能相關(guān)的材料是不可行的；相反，要有選擇地進(jìn)行閱讀。當(dāng)你首次涉足一個(gè)新領(lǐng)域時(shí)，

14、咨詢你的導(dǎo)師或者同學(xué)，在你選擇的領(lǐng)域中哪些期刊雜志及研討記錄是最有用的。另外，索要一份必須要閱讀的核心或者經(jīng)典論文的活單。Beforebotheringtoread*any*paper,makesureit'sworthit.Scanthetitle,thentheabstract,then-ifyouhaven'tcompletelylostinterestalready-glanceattheintroductionandconclusions.(Ofcourse,ifyouradvisortellsyouthatthisisanimportantpaper,skipthi

15、spreliminarystepandjumprightin!)Beforeyoutrytogetallofthenitty-grittydetailsofthepaper,skimthewholething,andtrytogetafeelforthemostimportantpoints.Ifitstillseemsworthwhileandrelevant,gobackandreadthewholething.Manypeoplefinditusefultotakenoteswhiletheyread.Evenifyoudon'tgobacklaterandrereadthem,

16、ithelpstofocusyourattentionandforcesyoutosummarizeasyouread.Andifyoudoneedtorefreshyourmemorylater,rereadingyournotesismucheasierandfasterthanreadingthewholepaper.在你尚未開始閱讀任何論文之前，確定是否值得這樣做。首先瀏覽標(biāo)題，然后是摘要，如果你還沒完全失去興趣，那就瀏覽介紹和結(jié)論部分。(當(dāng)然，如果你的導(dǎo)師告訴你這是一份很重要的論文可以跳過前幾部，直接進(jìn)行研讀。)在你盡可能了解論文的細(xì)枝末節(jié)之前，通讀全篇，盡量把握文章的重心。如果仍然

17、感到有興趣且與研究相關(guān)，回過頭重新閱讀。許多人感覺讀書時(shí)做筆記很有幫助。即便你不回頭重讀，集中注意力迫使自己總結(jié)所讀的內(nèi)容也很有幫助。如果你后來的確需要重溫記憶，復(fù)習(xí)你的筆記要遠(yuǎn)比重讀全文更容易、更快捷。Keepthepapersyoureadfiledawaysoyoucanfindthemagainlater,andsetupanonlinebibliography(BibTeXisapopularformat,butanythingconsistentwilldo).Ifinditusefultoaddextrafieldsforkeywords,thelocationofthepape

18、r(ifyouborrowedthereferencefromthelibraryorafriend),andashortsummaryofparticularlyinterestingpapers.Thisbibliographywillbeusefulforlaterreference,forwritingyourdissertation,andforsharingwithothergraduatestudents(andeventually,perhaps,advisees).把讀過的論文歸檔便于以后查找，建立一個(gè)網(wǎng)上參考書目。我發(fā)現(xiàn)附加關(guān)鍵詞、文章的來源等信息十分有用(如果你從圖書館或

19、朋友那里借閱資料)，還可以為特別有興趣的論文增加一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的摘要。這個(gè)參考書目將有助于以后查閱、撰寫學(xué)位論文以及與其他研究生分享(也許最終會(huì)成為接受指導(dǎo)的人)。Attimes,particularlyinthe''middleyears,"itcanbeveryhardtomaintainapositiveattitudeandstaymotivated.Manygraduatestudentssufferfrominsecurity,anxiety,andevenboredom.Firstofall,realizethatthesearenormalfeelings.

20、Trytofindasympatheticear-anothergraduatestudent,youradvisor,orafriendoutsideofschool.Next,trytoidentifywhyyou'rehavingtroubleandidentifyconcretestepsthatyoucantaketoimprovethesituation.Tostayfocusedandmotivated,itoftenhelpstohaveorganizedactivitiestoforceyoutomanageyourtimeandtodosomethingeveryd

21、ay.Settingupregularmeetingswithyouradvisor,attendingseminars,orevenextracurricularactivitiessuchassportsormusiccanhelpyoutomaintainaregularschedule.有時(shí)候，尤其是研究生讀到“一半”的時(shí)候，要保持積極的心態(tài)和充足的動(dòng)力十分困難。許多研究生忍受不安全感、焦慮感甚至厭倦感。首先要意識(shí)到這些感覺都很正常。盡量找到一個(gè)愿意傾聽的耳朵一其他研究生、你的導(dǎo)師、校外的一個(gè)朋友。接下來，盡力確定你的困難之所在并確定你可能采取的具體步驟以改善現(xiàn)狀。保持明確的方向和充足

22、的動(dòng)力，參加一些有組織的、促進(jìn)時(shí)間管理和每天必做的活動(dòng)會(huì)對(duì)你有幫助。和你的導(dǎo)師確立定期會(huì)談的時(shí)間、參加研討會(huì)甚至參加運(yùn)動(dòng)類或音樂類的課外活動(dòng)。Berealisticaboutwhatyoucanaccomplish,andtrytoconcreteongivingyourselfpositivefeedbackfortasksyoudocomplete,insteadofnegativefeedbackforthoseyoudon'daily,weekly,andmonthlygoalsisagoodidea,andworksevenbetterifyouusea''b

23、uddysystem"whereyouandanotherstudentmeetatregularintervalstoreviewyourprogress.Trytofindpeopletoworkwith:doingresearchismucheasierifyouhavesomeonetobounceideasoffofandtogiveyoufeedback.對(duì)于你可能完成的目標(biāo)抱著務(wù)實(shí)的態(tài)度，盡量把注意力集中在積極評(píng)價(jià)你已經(jīng)完成的任務(wù)上，而不是消極批評(píng)你未能完成的事情。設(shè)置每日、每周、每月的目標(biāo)是一個(gè)好主意，如果你采取“伙伴制度”，工作的效果會(huì)更好。你可以和另一個(gè)研究生定期

24、見面，一同審視工作的進(jìn)度。盡量找到可以合作的人：如果你有暢所欲言的對(duì)象和給你提供反饋意見的人，做研究會(huì)容易得多。Breakingdownanyprojectintosmallerpiecesisalwaysagoodtacticwhenthingsseemunmanageable.Atthehighestlevel,doingamaster'sprojectbeforedivingintoa.dissertationisgenerallyagoodidea(andismandatoryatsomeschools).Amaster'sgivesyouachancetolearnm

25、oreaboutanarea,doasmallerresearchproject,andestablishworkingrelationshipswithyouradvisorandfellowstudents.當(dāng)事情看似無法掌控時(shí)，將任何項(xiàng)目拆分為更加細(xì)小的部分通常是一個(gè)很好的策略。從最高層面來說，在開始博士畢業(yè)論文之前，從事碩士項(xiàng)目通常是一個(gè)很好的想法(在有些學(xué)校是強(qiáng)制性的)。碩士的經(jīng)歷使你有機(jī)會(huì)更多地了解一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，從事小規(guī)模的研究項(xiàng)目，建立同導(dǎo)師和同學(xué)的工作關(guān)系。Inordertodooriginalresearch,youmustbeawareofongoingresearchinyo

26、urfield.Moststudentsspenduptoayearreadingandstudyingcurrentresearchtoidentifyimportantopenproblems.However,you'llneverbeabletoreadeverythingthatmightberelevant-andnewworkisalwaysbeingpublished.為了開展獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的研究，你必須知道該領(lǐng)域里目前正在進(jìn)行的研究。多數(shù)學(xué)生花費(fèi)多達(dá)一年的時(shí)問來閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)前的研究以發(fā)現(xiàn)重要的懸而未決的問題。然而，閱讀與研究有關(guān)的一切文獻(xiàn)是不可能的，而且總是會(huì)有新的研究成果出版

27、。Trytobecomeawareandstayawareofdirectlyrelatedresearch-butifyouseenewworkthatseemstobedoingexactlywhatyou'reworkingon,don'tpanic.It'scommonforgraduatestudentstoseearelatedpieceofworkandthinkthattheirtopicisruined.Ifthishappenstoyou,rereadthepaperseveraltimestogetagoodunderstandingofwhatt

28、hey'vereallybeenaccomplished.Showthepapertoyouradvisororsomeoneelsewho'sfamiliarwithyourtopicandwhoseopinionsyourespect.Introduceyourselftotheauthorataconferenceorbye-mail,andtellthemaboutyourwork.Bystartingadialogue,youwillusuallyfindthattheirworkisn'tquitethesame,andthattherearestilldi

29、rectionsopentoyou.Youmayevenendupcollaboratingwiththem.Goodresearcherswelcometheopportunitytointeractandcollaboratewithsomeonewho'sinterestedinthesameproblemstheyare.對(duì)于直接相關(guān)的研究要盡量了解并保持跟進(jìn)一但是，如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)某個(gè)新的研究成果似和你的研究如出一轍，用不著恐慌。研究生們發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)相關(guān)的成果出現(xiàn)，然后認(rèn)為自己的論題沒救了的想法相當(dāng)普遍。如果你也遇到這種情況，重讀幾次這篇論文從而更好地理解他們真正創(chuàng)新了什么。將論文拿給

30、你導(dǎo)師看、或熟悉該論題的人、或者你很看重他的觀點(diǎn)的人。在研討會(huì)上或通過郵件向該論文的作者介紹自己，并告訴他們你的研究。通過一次交談，你通常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的研究和你的并不完全一樣，仍然有些方向你可以切入，甚至到最后你還可能和他們進(jìn)行合作。良好的研究者樂于接受與志同道合的人們進(jìn)行交流和合作的機(jī)會(huì)。Italsohelpstostartwritingatacoarsegranularityandsuccessivelyrefineyourthesis.Don'tsitdownandtrytostartwritingtheentirethesisfrombeginningtoend.Firstjot

31、downnotesonwhatyouwanttocover;thenorganizetheseintoanoutline(whichwillprobablychangeasyouprogressinyourresearchandwriting).Startdraftingsections,beginningwiththoseyou'remostconfidentabout.Don'tfeelobligatedtowriteitperfectlythefirsttime:ifyoucan'tgetaparagraphorphraseright,justwrite*something*(aroughcut,anotetoyourself,alistofbulletedpoints)andmoveon.Youcanalwayscomebacktothehardpartslater;theimportantthingistomakesteadyprogress.也可以以一種粗糙的方式開始寫作，之后提煉出論文的主題。不要一坐下就試圖把論文從開頭寫到結(jié)尾。首先，記下你準(zhǔn)備涵蓋