新標準綜合教程四

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Active reading (1)Sex differences in English gossip rulesReading and understanding3 Choose the best answer to the questions.1 What does the research quoted in the passage show?(a) Men talk more about politics than about football.(b) Women dont like speaking about politics and art.(c) Me

2、n gossip just as much as women.(d) Men and women gossip in exactly the same way.2 What do men do when women are present?(a) They tend to talk about themselves.(b) They change their tone of voice.(c) They speak more about politics and art than usual.(d) They let women do most of the speaking.3 What i

3、s the main difference between male and female gossip?(a) Women dont realize they are gossiping.(b) Men only gossip outdoors.(c) Women speak more about themselves than men do.(d) Men speak more about themselves than women do.4 What is “the tone rule” in womens gossip?(a) Use a special tone of voice t

4、o show that you are gossiping.(b) It is important to keep a flat unemotional tone.(c) Dont change your tone of voice when you start gossiping.(d) Always start gossiping by using a low whisper.5 What is “the detail rule”?(a) You should avoid boring details when you gossip.(b) When gossiping about peo

5、ple its important to quote what they actually said.(c) You should avoid talking about why people did something.(d) It doesnt matter if your gossip is vague.6 What does “the feedback rule” say about listeners?(a) They should keep quiet while someone is gossiping.(b) They shouldnt show surprise.(c) Th

6、ey should believe everything they hear.(d) They should show interest and enthusiasm.4 Number the different parts of the passage in the order in which they occur.1 Refer to recent research to dispel the myth about male gossip.2 Reveal that men change topic of conversation when women are present.3 Foc

7、us on the difference of content between male and female gossip.4 Suggest that the myth about male gossip is really a problem of terminology.5 Present a detailed, technical account of how women gossip.6 Conclude that the vital difference between male and female gossip lies in the positive response of

8、 the audience.Dealing with unfamiliar words5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 in a way that is impossible to doubt and easy to see (decidedly)2 the reason that you do something (motive)3 main, or most important (principal)4 with qualities thought to be typical of men (masculine)5

9、to criticize something, or to suggest it is not good enough for you (sniff)6 lively or active (animated)6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.When Simona Ventura became the host of the Italian TV soccer programme, a lot of people (1) sniffedat the decision. What c

10、ould a woman do in such a (2) decidedly male-dominated world? They argued.But the (3) motive behind the choice of Simona as the new presenter soon became apparent. Ratherthan change to fit the programme there is nothing (4) masculine about her she created a new, moremodern show, the (5) principal ai

11、m of which is to entertain the whole family. The old style, lengthy and rather technical analyses of football matches, has been replaced by a lively TV programme, which is (6) animated by guest celebrities, dancers and singers, as well as extracts from the days top matches.7 Replace the underlined w

12、ords with the correct form of the following words. You may need to make other changes.1 Cultural and intellectual programmes tend to be broadcast very late in the evening. (highbrow)2 At the beginning I was very shy, but I soon got to know everyone and made friends. (initially)3 The course I enjoyed

13、 most when I was studying linguistics was the one on the relationship betweenwords and meanings. (semantics)4 To find out more about English as a world language, we need reliable people who are able to giveinformation. (informants)5 She sent me a bunch of roses when I got the job, and I did the same

14、 when she got promoted.(reciprocated)6 For some men there is still a feeling of embarrassment and unease about taking orders from a femalesuperior. (stigma)7 After the goal was disallowed, most of the words I could hear were swear words. (expletives)8 You cant speak like that to someone you dont kno

15、w. Its a matter of rules of social behaviour. (etiquette)9 Only after a very careful and time-consuming editing will this book be ready for publication.(exhaustive)8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 Does scandalous behaviour (a) make you feel uncomfortable, or (b) leave you ind

16、ifferent?2 If you bemoan something, do you (a) express pleasure, or (b) complain about it?3 If you rake over something, do you (a) want to forget it, or (b) keep talking about it?4 If you are appreciative of something someone has done for you, do you (a) thank them, or (b) criticize them?5 If a man

17、has an effeminate manner, does he make you think of (a) a child, or (b) a woman?6 Is camp behaviour (a) typical of, or (b) different from established norms about the traditional male way of doing things?Active reading (2)Marked: women in the workplaceReading and understanding3 Choose the best summar

18、y of the passage.1 The English language reflects and reinforces the sexist attitudes of society, whether we consider words such as actress, which is a less serious equivalent of the word actor, or titles we give women, such as Mrs, Miss and Ms. This only summarizes the first section, but the title s

19、hould indicate that a summary would say more than this, including the points about hairstyle or clothes.2 Women find it much harder to get on in the workplace because they have to spend too much timethinking about what clothes to wear, or what hairstyle they should have. This is only one point. It d

20、oesnt summaraize the main idea and examples of language use.3 Women constantly have to make choices about dress and appearance, and even the way they sign their names, which lead people to make judgments about them; men do not have to make the same choices. Although this doesnt emphasize language, i

21、t summarizes the main idea of choice (marked / unmarked).4 Choose the best answer to the questions.1 Which of the following words is marked?(a) Doctor. (b) Actor. (c) Actress. (d) Poet.2 What does a marked female ending to a word usually convey?(a) Physical attractiveness. (b) A lack of authority.(c

22、) A lack of seriousness. (d) Greater professional competence.3 What did the writer notice at a conference?(a) All the women were dressed in the same way.(b) All the men were dressed in the same way.(c) One of the men wore a cowboy shirt and jeans.(d) None of the women wore sensible shoes.4 What did

23、a woman with high heels do at the conference?(a) She was isolated by her female colleagues.(b) She was the first to complete a group task.(c) She broke one of the heels when she had to make a trek.(d) She took off her shoes and attracted a group of men.5 What did a male colleague tell a female lawye

24、r to do before she went to court?(a) To put on a jacket over her blouse.(b) To do up a button on her blouse.(c) To undo a button on her blouse.(d) To wear something with darker colours.6 What is a woman often asked to do when filling in a form?(a) Choose from four titles.(b) Give both her married an

25、d unmarried name.(c) Give information about her married status.(d) Avoid using the title “Dr”.Dealing with unfamiliar words5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 the place where you work (workplace)2 to mean something (denote)3 to make something or someone become gradually less effect

26、ive, confident, or successful(undermine)4 to think that something is true because it is likely, although you cannot be certain (presume)5 a regular and important part or feature of something (staple)6 involving or consisting of many people, things, or parts (multiple)7 expressing what you mean using

27、 clear and effective language (eloquent)8 used to describe a word that refers to one person or thing (singular)9 behaving in a very unfriendly or threatening way towards someone (hostile)10 to say or write words that someone else has said or written (quote)11 to give someone responsibility for an im

28、portant job or activity (entrust)6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.1 Melanie got to her feet and made a eloquent defence of the rights of women in the workplace.2 There are a number of words in English, such as people, which although technically in the singula

29、r form, in actual fact denote a plural meaning.3 The dark suit is a staple of the businessmans wardrobe, and I presume it will remain so for a long time.4 The hostile reception he got at the meeting is likely to undermine all the work that has been done recently to improve relations between staff an

30、d management.5 Jason suffered multiple injuries in the accident, and we didnt want to entrust an inexperienced surgeon with the operation.6 I think that most world leaders in the next century will be women, but dont quote me on that.7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the followi

31、ng words. You may need to make other changes.1 Dont forget to put on a bit of lipstick and mascara before you go out. (make-up)2 The candidate displayed a lack of seriousness which we felt was not appropriate to the position he was applying for. (frivolousness)3 I need to check my free dates in Marc

32、h before I can confirm whether I shall be able to attend the conference. (availability)4 He has an attractive smile which people find hard to resist. (alluring)5 This list of participants needs to be put into alphabetical order. (alphabetized)6 The first person officially suggested as general secret

33、ary had to withdraw due to ill health. (nominee)7 After the first remarks offering congratulations the atmosphere at the prize-giving ceremony turned sour. (congratulatory)8 The speaker made a comment which I found unfriendly and which meant the opposite of what he really meant. (sarcastic)8 Answer

34、the questions about the words and expressions.1 Is a linguistic problem concerned with (a) words, or (b) figures?2 If you are disqualified from an event, do the organizers (a) allow you, or (b) refuse to allow you to take part?3 Is rub likely to mean (a) a problem, or (b) a solution?4 If you have go

35、t myriad job offers, are you likely to be (a) concerned, or (b) optimistic about your future?5 If you let on about something to someone, do you (a) tell them about it, or (b) keep it a secret?6 If you duck something which has been thrown at you, does it (a) hit, or (b) miss you?7 If someone speaks t

36、o you in an uppity way, is their manner (a) superior, or (b) humble and polite?Reading and interpreting9 Answer the questions.1 From which field has the writer borrowed the term marked?The term marked is borrowed from linguistics.2 What are the differences between a “marked” and an “unmarked” word?A

37、n “unmarked” word is normal, common or neutral, while a “marked” one is noticeable or used in a particular way or has a special meaning. Sometimes the unmarked one is positive and the unmarked on is negative.3 What is the difference between a “marked” and an “unmarked” appearance in the workplace?An

38、 “unmarked” appearance would be normal, neutral and common, so it is unlikely that anyone wouldcomment on it. A “marked” appearance would be different, particular and noticeable because it wouldbe a contrast to all those with an unmarked appearance people would be likely to comment on theperson with

39、 the marked appearance.4 Why is no make-up “marked” for women?Because many or most women wear some make-up. A woman wearing no make-up in a context where it is expected that make-up would be worn is noticeably different, so it is “marked”.5 How often do men wear “marked” clothes in the workplace?Not

40、 often or rarely.6 What is the connection between “marked” and “sexy”?Assuming that most women wear attractive and smart clothes, say in the workplace, this would beunmarked (among women), whereas if a woman wore sexy clothes (which for example were veryrevealing), this would be noticeable and “mark

41、ed” (and inappropriate). In another context, the opposite might be the case, say at a party where most women were dressed in a sexy manner, someone dressed smartly and conservatively but not in a sexy manner would be “marked”.7 Why are womens titles (Mrs, Miss and Ms) all marked?Because whichever ch

42、oice a woman makes it tells people something more than their title: If they choose Mrs, they are married but perhaps conservative or traditional; if they choose Miss they are unmarried but perhaps also traditional; if they choose Ms, you dont know whether they are married or not, but you do know tha

43、t they dont want to give information about being married and that they are more modern, liberated, rebellious or feminist. Men do not have to make any of these choices.8 In what sense are womens surnames marked?In some English-speaking countries, say the US, married womans surname is marked because

44、traditionally they take their husbands surname as their married surname. So if a woman uses this name, it may signal that she is traditional or willing to adopt her husbands identity. Some married women, especially in professions, continue to use their original surname from their own family, and the

45、n this is “marked” it may be a signal that they are modern, liberated, or wish to keep their own identity. Of course, this is not a problem in Chinese and those other languages in which a married woman doesnt take her husbands name.Language in usesay + something / nothing / a lot etc about1 Rewrite

46、the sentences using say + something / nothing / a lot etc about .1 The boots she wears give a lot of information about her.The boots she wears say a lot about her.2 The way he talks about other people gives an indication of his personality.The way he talks about other people says something about his

47、 personality.3 The way she behaves doesnt give any indication of her previous career.The way she behaves says nothing about her previous career.4 This statement is very revealing about the organizations attitude to women.This statement says a lot about the organizations attitude to women.5 This type

48、 of task gives some idea about the structure of the final examination.This type of task says something about the structure of the final examination.on + gerund2 Rewrite the sentences using on + gerund.1 When they checked the figures again, they realized there had been a mistake.On checking the figur

49、es again, they realized there had been a mistake.2 When she was asked, she said she would like to be known by her first name.On being asked, she said she would like to be known by her first name.3 When we investigated more completely, we made an important discovery.On investigating more completely,

50、we made an important discovery.4 When they heard the news, most people reacted with offers to help.On hearing the news, most people reacted with offers to help.5 When people are accused of a crime they havent committed, most of them dont know how to react.On being accused of a crime they havent comm

51、itted, most people dont know how to react.anything but3 Rewrite the sentences using anything but .1 The organizer of the conference was the opposite of helpful.The organizer of the conference was anything but helpful.2 The instructions you left were certainly not easy to follow.The instructions you

52、left were anything but easy to follow.3 I felt extremely unsafe wearing those four-inch-high heels.I felt anything but safe wearing those four-inch-high heels.4 The weather last week was quite the opposite of warm and sunny.The weather last week was anything but warm and sunny.5 I think that attitud

53、es towards women in the company where I work are a long way from being progressive.I think that attitudes towards women in the company where I work are anything but progressive.other than4 Rewrite the sentences using other than .1 The only thing we do when the three of us meet is gossip.When the thr

54、ee of us meet we do nothing other than gossip.2 Men have no real alternative unless it is to wear a suit.Men have no real alternative other than to wear a suit.3 The only thing I wish to add is to say how much I have enjoyed the whole day.I have nothing to add other than to say how much I have enjoy

55、ed the whole day.4 They told her she didnt have to do anything except sit quietly and look pretty.They told her she had nothing to do other than to sit quietly and look pretty.5 The only reason I have for being here is the free lunch.I have no reason to be here other than the free lunch.Collocations

56、5 Match the adjectives in Column A with the nouns in Column B.A Bbright coloursconservative tastescorrect tonepopular beliefheavy make-uphighbrow subjectface value6 Complete the sentences with the collocations in Activity 5.1 Both of us have rather conservative tastes, so were unlikely to buy modern

57、 furniture.2 Im afraid these bonds are worth a lot less than their face value.3 Its not easy to find the correct tone in which to speak to new customers.4 I like wearing bright colours; I think they reflect my outgoing personality.5 Yesterdays lecture was on such a highbrow subject that I couldnt ge

58、t interested.6 Why do they put such heavy make-up on people in television studios?7 The popular belief that men dont cry is nonsense.7 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.Women cant even fill out a form without telling stories about themselves. Most application forms now give four choices for titles. Men have one to choose “Mr.” so their choice carries no meaning other than to say they are male. B