復(fù)合句Complex Sentences

1、復(fù) 合 句 Complex Sentences英語中，句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下英語中，句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：三類：1 1）簡單句）簡單句（Simple Sentences）2 2）并列句）并列句（Compound Sentences）3 3）復(fù)合句）復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences）He has arrivedI know it復(fù)合句復(fù)合句I know that he has arrived.合并合并主主謂謂賓（從句）賓（從句）主主謂謂連詞連詞由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)。的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞

2、引導(dǎo)。That the earth goes around the sun is known to all.從句在句中當(dāng)主語。從句在句中當(dāng)主語。復(fù)合句復(fù)合句名詞性從句名詞性從句形容詞性從句形容詞性從句副詞性從句副詞性從句定語從句定語從句狀語從句狀語從句主語主語從句從句賓語賓語從句從句表語表語從句從句同位語同位語從句從句. .時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語狀語 . .地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語狀語 . .條件條件狀語狀語 . .原因原因狀語狀語. .結(jié)果結(jié)果狀語狀語 . .目的目的狀語狀語. .讓步讓步狀語狀語 . .方式方式狀語狀語 . .比較比較狀語狀語名詞性從句名詞性從句引導(dǎo)名詞性從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞主要有三類：引導(dǎo)名詞性從句關(guān)聯(lián)

3、詞主要有三類：1 1、主從連詞：、主從連詞：that( (無詞義）無詞義）, ,whether、if（是否）；（是否）；2 2、連接代詞：、連接代詞：who( (誰誰),),whose( (誰的誰的), ), what( (什么什么),),which( (哪一個(gè)、哪一個(gè)、哪一些）；哪一些）；3 3、連接副詞：、連接副詞：when( (什么時(shí)候什么時(shí)候) )，where( (什么地方什么地方) )，why( (為為什么什么) )，how( (怎樣怎樣) )。主語從句主語從句Who will be the monitor is still not sure.誰會當(dāng)班長還沒定下來。誰會當(dāng)班長還沒定下

4、來。Whether she will join us wont make too much difference.她是否參與我們的活動(dòng)無關(guān)緊要。她是否參與我們的活動(dòng)無關(guān)緊要。注：注：1.whether1.whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句可放句首，引導(dǎo)的主語從句可放句首，ifif不可。不可。2.if2.if不與不與or notor not一同使用，應(yīng)為一同使用，應(yīng)為whetheror notwhetheror not。按照英語的習(xí)慣，為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，有按照英語的習(xí)慣，為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，有些句子可以把些句子可以把itit放在句首，作形式主語，放在句首，作形式主語，而將主語從句放在后面。而將主語從句放

5、在后面。That the earth goes around the sun is known to all.It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.賓語從句賓語從句I didnt know that he won the game.我不知道他贏了這場比賽。我不知道他贏了這場比賽。I am surprised at what he said.他說的話讓我吃了一驚。他說的話讓我吃了一驚。注：注：從句不但可跟在動(dòng)詞后作賓語，而且也可以從句不但可跟在動(dòng)詞后作賓語，而且也可以跟在介詞后作賓語。跟在介詞后作賓語。表語從句表語從句This

6、 is when I really get to know Americans.我這時(shí)才開始認(rèn)識美國人。我這時(shí)才開始認(rèn)識美國人。What I mean is that we should help each other.我的意思是我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。我的意思是我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。It looks as if it is going to rain tonight.看起來好像今晚要下雨。看起來好像今晚要下雨。連詞連詞as, because, as if, as though 也也可以引導(dǎo)表語從句。可以引導(dǎo)表語從句。同位語從句同位語從句同位語從句一般跟在某些抽象名詞如：同位語從句一般跟在某些抽象名詞如

7、：answer( (答案答案) )，hope( (希望希望) )，fact( (事事實(shí)實(shí)) )，belief ( (信仰信仰) )，news( (消息消息) )，idea( (主意；觀念主意；觀念) )，promise( (承諾承諾) )，information( (信息信息) )，conclusion( (結(jié)論結(jié)論) )，order( (命令命令) )， suggestion( (建議建議) )，problem( (問題問題) )，thought ( (想法想法) )等后等后面，對這些抽象名詞進(jìn)行說明解釋。關(guān)聯(lián)面，對這些抽象名詞進(jìn)行說明解釋。關(guān)聯(lián)詞一般是詞一般是that。The news t

8、hat our team won the competition made us happy.比較：比較：The news that made us happy was from the radio.（定語從句）（定語從句）that在同位語從句只起連接從句的作用，無在同位語從句只起連接從句的作用，無意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分，當(dāng)賓語是在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分，當(dāng)賓語是可省略。可省略。Can you make sure_the gold ring? A.where Alice had put B.where had

9、 Alice putC.where Alice has putD.where has Alice putAnswer: C在賓語從句中，在賓語從句中，須用陳述句自須用陳述句自然語序（即疑然語序（即疑問詞主語問詞主語謂語）。謂語）。 woke me up was a loud cry from someone in the next room. A.How B.That C.What D.WhichAnswer: CThe news the Chinese football team had won the match excited all of us.A.that B.which C.wha

10、t D.asAnswer: A breaks the law will be punished sooner or later. A.Who B.Someone C.Anyone D.WhoeverAnswer: D定語從句定語從句定語從句顧名思義起定語作用，因此定語從句顧名思義起定語作用，因此可以修飾可以修飾名詞名詞或或代詞代詞，有時(shí)也可修飾，有時(shí)也可修飾整個(gè)句子整個(gè)句子。定語從句所修飾的詞叫作。定語從句所修飾的詞叫作先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞后先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞后面。面。定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose和

11、關(guān)和關(guān)系副詞系副詞when, where, why引出。引出。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個(gè)作用：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個(gè)作用：1 1、把主句和從句連接起來；、把主句和從句連接起來；2 2、在從句作一個(gè)句子成分。、在從句作一個(gè)句子成分。There are plants which have neither roots nor leaves.主主謂謂關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞which引出定語從句，同時(shí)引出定語從句，同時(shí)在從句中作主語。在從句中作主語。which: 指物，在從句中作主語或賓語。指物，在從句中作主語或賓語。The house which is small and little needs repa

12、iring.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句who: 指人，在從句中作主語或賓語。指人，在從句中作主語或賓語。He is the man who I saw yesterday.whom: 指人，在從句中作賓語指人，在從句中作賓語He is the man whom I saw yesterday.that: 指人或物，常替代指人或物，常替代which, who which, who 或或whomwhom，在從句中作主語或賓語。，在從句中作主語或賓語。whose: 指人或物，在從句中作定語。指人或物，在從句中作定語。Do you know the doctor whose husb

13、and is our teacher?關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞which, that, whom, who在限在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可省略。例如制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可省略。例如: This is the book (which /that) Id like to read. That is the very person (whom /that ) Id like to see. when: 指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語。指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語。I will never forget the day when I visited the Great Wall.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)

14、的定語從句where: 指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。Beijing is the place where I was born.why: 指原因，在從句中作原因狀語，一指原因，在從句中作原因狀語，一般只修飾般只修飾reasonreason。Is this the reason why he refused our offer?how: 不引導(dǎo)定語從句。不引導(dǎo)定語從句。This is the way how he behaves.“介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞”引出的定語從引出的定語從句句當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后作賓語時(shí)，只能當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后作賓語時(shí)，只能用用whi

15、ch 或或whom，不可省略，也不能用，不可省略，也不能用that替代，即介詞替代，即介詞+which/whom。This was the time when she left for vacation.This was the time at which she left for vacation.Beijing is the place where I was born.Beijing is the place in which I was born.T or FThis is the mountain village where I visited last year.FThis is

16、the mountain village (that/which) I visited last year.T or FI will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.FIll never forget the days (that/which) I spent in the countryside.非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句This is the house which we bought last month.這就是我們上個(gè)月買的房子。這就是我們上個(gè)月買的房子。The house, which we bough

17、t last month, is very nice.這座房子非常好，它是我們上個(gè)月買的。這座房子非常好，它是我們上個(gè)月買的。限制性和非限制性定語從句的對比表（一）限制性和非限制性定語從句的對比表（一）限制性定語從限制性定語從句句非限制性定語非限制性定語從句從句區(qū)區(qū)別別形式形式上上從句和先行詞從句和先行詞之間不用逗號之間不用逗號分開分開從句和先行詞從句和先行詞之間用逗號分之間用逗號分開開作用作用上上是先行詞不可是先行詞不可缺少的部分，缺少的部分，省去了主句的省去了主句的意思就不完整意思就不完整只是先行詞的只是先行詞的附加說明，可附加說明，可以省去也不影以省去也不影響主句的意思響主句的意思限制性

18、和非限制性定語從句的對比（二）限制性和非限制性定語從句的對比（二）非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞行詞, , 對其進(jìn)行修飾對其進(jìn)行修飾, , 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。要用第三人稱單數(shù)。A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.限制性和非限制性定語從句的對比（三）限制性和非限制性定語從句的對比（三）1 1、that 和和 why 不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句定語從句He gave his mother a co

19、lor TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot. （ X ）He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot. （ ）關(guān)系詞的使用情況關(guān)系詞的使用情況2 2、非限制性定語從句的所有關(guān)系詞均不可省、非限制性定語從句的所有關(guān)系詞均不可省This is the book he lost yesterday.The book, he lost yesterday, has been found. The book, which he lost y

20、esterday, has been found.as引導(dǎo)非限制性從句時(shí)代替整個(gè)主句，可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句時(shí)代替整個(gè)主句，可置于句首、句中或句末。置于句首、句中或句末。It is like a snake, as /which anybody can see.As we know, the light travels faster than the sound.注：注：which 引導(dǎo)的非限定定語從句只能放在引導(dǎo)的非限定定語從句只能放在主句之后主句之后。as在非限制性定語從句中的用法在非限制性定語從句中的用法that的用法的用法1 1、不用、不用that的情況的情況a) a) 在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語

21、從句時(shí)在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. ( X )b) b) 介詞后不能用介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2 2、指事物時(shí)，在下列情況通常用、指事物時(shí)，在下列情況通常用that，而不用而不用which。a)a)當(dāng)先行詞是指物的當(dāng)先行詞是指物的all, little, few, much, any,

22、 anything, everything, nothing, none, the one時(shí)，或先行詞被時(shí)，或先行詞被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修飾時(shí)。等修飾時(shí)。That is all (that) I want to tell you.Is there anything (that) I can do for you?b)b)先行詞是先行詞是序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞或或最高級形容詞最高級形容詞時(shí)，時(shí)，或者被序數(shù)詞或者被序數(shù)詞( (包括包括last, next) )、最高級、最高級形容詞及形容詞及the only, the very等修飾時(shí)。等修飾時(shí)。T

23、his is the best car that is made in China.The first thing (that) we should do is to work out a plan.3 3、先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)，只用、先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)，只用that。The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.This is the microscope which we have had so much trouble. A.at B.from C.of D.withAnswer: DMr. Jones, l

24、ife was once very hard, is now very successful in his business. A.of him B.his C.whose D.by whomAnswer: CThe hotel during the vacation was rather poorly managed.A.as I stayed B.where I stayed C.which I stayed D.what I stayedAnswer: BOur department has a large collection of books, are in English.A.ma

25、ny of which B.many of them C.many ones D.their manyAnswer: A is often the case, one third of the workers have over-fulfilled the production plan.A.What B.This C.That D.AsAnswer: D狀語從句狀語從句1 1、時(shí)間狀語從句、時(shí)間狀語從句 when, while, as, whenever b) before, after, since c) until, tilld) as soon as, no sooner than,

26、hardly/scarcelywhen, immediately, once, the moment, the instant這些連詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句動(dòng)作一發(fā)這些連詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句動(dòng)作隨即發(fā)生，常譯為生，主句動(dòng)作隨即發(fā)生，常譯為“一一就就”。I waited till (until) he arrived.Not until you told me did I know the result.As soon as I have finished it, Ill give you a call.I came immediately I heard the news.2

27、2、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：常用引導(dǎo)詞：where特殊引導(dǎo)詞：特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever（無論那里）（無論那里）, everywhere（每一（每一地方）地方）Wherever he found interesting things, he told his friends.Everywhere I go I find the same thing.3 3、條件狀語從句、條件狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless特殊引導(dǎo)詞：特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as(so) long as, only if, provided that, suppose that, in case, on

28、 condition thatYou will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Send me a message in case you have any difficulty.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.4 4、讓步狀語從句、讓步狀語從句a) although, though “雖然雖然” even if, even though “即使，縱然即使，縱然” 用上述詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句主句不能用用上述詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

29、主句不能用but，但可以用，但可以用yet。Although they are poor, (yet) they are warm-hearted.b) whoever, whatever, wherever, however, whichever, etc相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于no matter who (what, where, how, which)，譯為，譯為“無論誰（什么，哪里，無論誰（什么，哪里，如何，哪個(gè)）如何，哪個(gè)）Dont trust him, no matter what / whatever he says.Whoever breaks the law will be publis

30、hed.5 5、方式狀語從句、方式狀語從句a) as, how, the way “ “如，猶如如，猶如”It looks as if (as though) its going to rain.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.b) as if, as though “ “好像，似乎好像，似乎”可以用陳述語氣，也可以用虛擬語氣。可以用陳述語氣，也可以用虛擬語氣。6 6、比較狀語從句、比較狀語從句a) asas , (not) as /soas , not the same as ( (同級比較

31、同級比較) )b) than ( (不同程度的比較不同程度的比較) )c) the+比較級比較級, the+比較級比較級 “越來越越來越”7 7、原因狀語從句、原因狀語從句a) because, since, as, for 由于，因?yàn)橛捎?，因?yàn)閎) now that, seeing that, in that, considering that “既然，由于既然，由于”8 8、結(jié)果狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞常用引導(dǎo)詞: :so that ( (以至以至) ), so/suchthat ( (如此如此以至以至) )He got up so early that he caught the

32、 first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.9 9、目的狀語從句、目的狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞常用引導(dǎo)詞: :so that ，in order that ( (為為了，以便了，以便) )特殊引導(dǎo)詞特殊引導(dǎo)詞: :in case, for fear that, lest“以防、以免以防、以免”，帶有否定意義。，帶有否定意義。Sour milk must be kept in fridge in case / lest / for fear that it should turn bad.lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句，動(dòng)詞要用虛擬引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句，動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。語氣。We move to London we could visit our friends more often.A.even if B.so that C.in case D.as ifAnswer: BThe grain output of this year is much higher than of last year.A. such B. which C. that D. whatAnswer: CIll lend you my computer you promise