非謂語動(dòng)詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解編者按：高考前的第一輪復(fù)習(xí)也開始一段時(shí)間了 ,同學(xué)們都在利用這些復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)間強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí) ,查字典數(shù)學(xué)網(wǎng)為大家整理了非謂語動(dòng)詞知識(shí)點(diǎn) ,在高三英語第一輪復(fù)習(xí)時(shí) ,給您最及時(shí)的幫助!不定式主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式To doTo be done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之后進(jìn)行式To be doing 與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式To have doneTo have been done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式Having doingHaving been done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前

2、現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式Having doneHaving been done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前不定式一、不定式的作用1、作主語不定式作主語時(shí) ,謂語用單數(shù)。往往用it作形式主語 ,把不定式放在謂語后面。如：Ittookustwohourstofinishthejob.Itisimpossibleforustogetthereontime.Itisverykindofyoutohelpus.注意：(1)其他系動(dòng)詞如look ,appear等也可用于此句型。(2)當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí) ,不能用

3、Itisto的句型。試比擬：Itistonegatemyownideatobelievehim.(錯(cuò))Tobelievehimistonegatemyownidea.(對(duì))(3)Itis+adj.of/forsb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)中 ,當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí) ,用of ,否那么用for.2、作賓語(1)動(dòng)詞+不定式。如：Hemanagedtoescapefromthefire.Ifindithardtogetalongwithhim.(it作形式賓語)注：以下動(dòng)詞通常用不定式作賓語：want ,try ,hope ,wish ,need ,forget ,kno

4、w ,promise ,refuse ,help ,decide ,begin ,start ,learn ,agree ,choose ,get等(2)動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+to ,特殊疑問句+不定式相當(dāng)于名詞 ,作賓語。如：Idontknowwhattodonext/howtodoitnext.Icantdecidewhentogothere.注意：不定式短語作賓語時(shí) ,如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語 ,往往把不定式短語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后 ,用it作形式賓語。如：Ifinditnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.3、作賓語補(bǔ)足語(1)動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(todo)。如：Hewa

5、rnedmetobecareful.IwantyoutospeaktoTom.Whatmakesyouthinkso?(不帶to的不定式)注：可以用動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask ,tell ,order ,want ,get ,wouldlike ,like ,advise ,invite ,allow ,help ,wish ,warn ,expect ,prefer ,encourage(2)表見解、看法的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動(dòng)詞+賓語+tobe的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.Thebookisbelieved

6、tobeuseful.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))(3)There+不定式。如：Wedidntexpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。注意：(1)有些動(dòng)詞需用as短語作補(bǔ)語 ,像regard ,think ,believe ,take ,consider。如：WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Marytookhimasherfather.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。(2)在動(dòng)詞feel(一感) ,hear ,listento(二聽) ,have ,let ,make(三讓) ,notice ,see ,wa

7、tch ,observe ,lookat(五看)(即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺)等后面的補(bǔ)足語中 ,不定式不帶to ,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)后 ,必須帶to。如：Theysawtheboyfalloffthetree.Theboywasseentofalloffthetree.(3)help后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to ,也可以不帶to.Ioftenhelphim(to)cleantheroom.Ihelpedhim(to)findhisthings.4、作定語不定式作定語 ,修飾名詞或代詞 ,不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后

8、。如：Ihavealotofworktodo.(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.(動(dòng)狀關(guān)系)Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.(主謂關(guān)系)Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.(同位關(guān)系)注意：1.不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時(shí) ,不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。如：Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?2.如果作定語的不定式是一個(gè)短語 ,那么要保存不定時(shí)短語中的副詞或介詞。如：Ineedapentowritewith.(Iwillwirtewiththepen)(我需要一直鋼筆寫字)Ihavealit

9、tlebabytolookafter.(Imustlookafterthelittlebaby)(我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看)作狀語 ,表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等 ,有時(shí)還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語 ,如inorderto ,soasto ,soasto ,suchasto ,.enoughto ,tooto等。(1)做目的狀語 ,to ,onlyto(僅僅為了) ,inorderto ,soasto ,so(such).asto(如此以便)如：Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。Hecametotheschooltoseehisson.(2)作結(jié)果

10、狀語 ,表事先沒有預(yù)料到的 ,要放在句子后面。如：Hehurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.(3)做原因狀語。如：Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.Imgladtoseeyou.(4)做條件狀語。如：Toturntotheleft ,youcouldfindapostoffice.5、作表語不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面 ,構(gòu)成表語。如：Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.Myquestioniswhentoleave

11、.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.Herworkistolookafterthebabies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表語時(shí) ,對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。2.當(dāng)助于是不定式時(shí) ,表語不能用Ving形式 ,可用不定式。如：Toseeistobelieve.(眼見為實(shí))6、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Totellyouthetruth ,Idontagreewithyou.Tomakemattersworse ,itbegantorain.二、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)(1)現(xiàn)在時(shí)：有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 ,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。如：Heseemstoknowthis.Ihop

12、etoseeyouagain.(2)完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：Imsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.(3)進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行 ,與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：Heseemstobeeatingsomething.(4)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始 ,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 ,并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.2、不定式的語態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí) ,就用被動(dòng)式。如：Hew

13、asseentoenterthehall.HeaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet.三、省to的動(dòng)詞不定式1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(除ought外 ,oughtto)2、Wouldrather ,hadbetter.3、感官動(dòng)詞see ,watch ,lookat ,notice ,observe ,hear ,listento ,smell ,feel等后作賓補(bǔ) ,省略to.注意：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中to不能省略掉。如：Isawhimdance.Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.Theyweremadetoworkthewhole

14、night.4、使役動(dòng)詞let ,have ,make.5、由and ,or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式 ,第二個(gè)to可以省去。如：HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.6、Help可帶to ,也可不帶to ,helpsb.(to)dosth.7、Why/Whynot8、But和except前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí) ,后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。試比擬：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.9、通常在discover ,imagine ,suppose ,

15、think ,understand等詞后 ,可以省去tobe.如：Heissupposed(tobe)nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。-Iusuallygotherebytrain.-Whynot_byboatforachange?AtotrygoingBtryingtogoCtotryandgoDtrygoingPauldoesnthavetobemade_.Healwaysworkshard.AlearnBtolearnClearnedDlearning四、動(dòng)詞不定式的否認(rèn)式。如：Tellhimnottoshutthewindow.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpasse

16、dby.Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter_afterdrinking.AnevertodriveBtoneverdriveCneverdrivingDneverdriveTheboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet ,buthismothertoldhim_.AnottoBnottodoCnotdoitDdonotdoThepatientwaswarned_foodbeforetheoperation.AtoeatnoBeatingnotCnottoeatDnoteating動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征 ,在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語

17、一、動(dòng)名詞的作用1、作主語謂語用單數(shù)。It代替動(dòng)名詞作主語 ,常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：Itsnogood/usedoing如：Seeingisbelieving.Playingwithfireisdangerous.Itsnogoodwaitinghere.2、作賓語Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Heoftenpracticesplayingthepianointheevening.Heisfondofplayingbasketball.Hehasgivenupsmoking.Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle ,please?(1)只能接動(dòng)

18、名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：admit ,advise建議 ,risk ,appreciate ,envy嫉妒 ,avoid防止 ,consider考慮 ,delay延遲 ,deny否認(rèn) ,dislike不喜歡 ,enjoy ,escape逃避 ,excuse原諒、寬恕 ,finish完成 ,forgive原諒 ,understand理解 ,giveup放棄 ,imagine想象 ,keep保持 ,mind介意、在乎 ,miss未到達(dá) ,practise訓(xùn)練 ,putoff推遲 ,resist抵抗 ,suggest建議、暗示canthelp禁不住 ,cantstand無法忍受 ,devoteto(to為

19、介詞)致力于 ,lookforwardto期望、盼望 ,stickto堅(jiān)持 ,beusedto習(xí)慣于 ,objectto反對(duì) ,bebusy忙于 ,feelike想要besurprisedat對(duì)感到驚訝beproudof以為驕傲succeedin在某方面成功beafraidof害怕giveup放棄(2)只能接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：happen碰巧 ,offer主動(dòng)提出 ,promise容許 ,agree同意 ,refuse拒絕 ,decide決定 ,determine決定、決心 ,pretend假裝 ,fail未能夠 ,learn ,wish希望 ,hope ,expect ,afford負(fù)擔(dān)得

20、起。(3)接動(dòng)名詞、不定式均可 ,意義相同的動(dòng)詞：like ,love ,dislike ,hate ,begin ,star ,continue ,prefer ,cantbear/endure無法忍受 ,cease停止(4)以下詞接動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可 ,但意義不同的動(dòng)詞：forget ,goon ,mean ,regret ,remember ,stop ,try等Stoptodo停下來去做stopdoing停止做Forgettodo忘記要做forgetdoing忘記做過Remembertodo記得要做rememberdoing記得做過Regrettodo遺憾要做regretdoing懊悔

21、做過Trytodo企圖做 ,盡力做trydoing試著做Goontodo繼續(xù)做(另一件事)goondoing繼續(xù)做(同一件事)Meantodo打算做meandoing意味做InsomepartsofLondon ,missingabusmeans_foranotherhour.AwaitingBtowaitingCwaitDtobewaiting答案：A(5)Need ,require ,want作需要講 ,其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義 ,beworth也有類似用法。如：Theflowersneedwatering/tobewatered.Theproblemisworthdiscussi

22、ng.3、作表語此時(shí)的動(dòng)名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。如：Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.Herjobiswashing ,cleaningandtakingcareofthechild.4、作定語動(dòng)名詞作定語 ,一般表示用途。如：awaitingroom ,adivingboard ,areadingroom ,adininghalltherearealotofswimmingpoolsinthecity.注：(1)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表動(dòng)作 ,它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 ,可改寫成一個(gè)定語從句。如果為單詞 ,放在被修飾n之前 ,為短語 ,放在被修飾n之后。如：asle

23、epingboy=aboywhoissleepingadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping(2)動(dòng)名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì) ,可改寫成一個(gè)for的短語 ,兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：awashingmachine=amashineforwashingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimming二、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前 ,通常要用完成式 ,否那么都用一般式。如：Weareinterestedinplayingchess.Hewaspraisedforhavingfin

24、ishedtheworkaheadoftime.Imsorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.假設(shè)主語是動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象 ,動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Wemustdosomethingtopreventwaterfrombeingpolluted.Irememberhavingbeentoldastory.Hewasafraidofbeingscoldedbytheteacher.及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)主動(dòng)一般時(shí)doingbeing donedoing完成時(shí)having donehaving been donehaving done分詞(分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。

25、在句中作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：在語態(tài)上 ,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義 ,過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義;在時(shí)間上 ,現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生 ,過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或沒有一定的時(shí)間性。如：fallingleaves正在下落的樹葉fallenleaves已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉一、分詞的作用1、作定語(1)單個(gè)分詞作定語 ,分詞前置。如：Thesleepingboyismyson.Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.Alostopportunityneverreturns.Heisaretiredworker

26、.(2)分詞短語作定語 ,分詞后置;分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置;個(gè)別分詞如give ,left等作定語也后置。如：Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.Thisisthequestiongiven.Thereisnothinginteresting.(3)過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系 ,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。如：MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsThefirsttextbook_for

27、teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.AhavewrittenBtobewrittenCbeingwrittenDwritten答案：DWhatsthelanguage_inGermany?AspeakingBspokenCbespokenDtospeak答案：BPricesofdailygoods_throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.AareboughtBboughtCbeenboughtDbuying.答案：BWhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagep

28、innedtothedoor_Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.AreadBreadsCtoreadDreading答案：D解析：reading與pinnedtothedoor一樣作message的后置定語 ,相當(dāng)于whichread ,pinned和reading的邏輯主語都是message ,它與pin是被動(dòng)關(guān)系 ,用-ed形式 ,與read是主動(dòng)關(guān)系 ,用-ing形式2、作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中可以作時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語。Notreceivinganyletterfromhim ,Igavehimacall.AsIdidntreceive

29、anyletterfromhim ,Igavehimacall.Givenmoreattention ,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Ifmoreattentionwasgiven ,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.(條件)Walkingalongthestreet ,Iranacrossmyoldfriend.Bittenbyasnake ,hewastakentohospital(原因).Thoughdefeated ,hedidntloseheart.(讓步)Helayonthegrass ,lookingintothesky.(伴隨

30、)Hecamerunningtotellmethegoodnews.(方式)_someofficials ,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.AFollowedBFollowedbyCBeingfollowedDHavingbeenfollowed答案：BTherewasaterriblenoise_thesuddenburstoflight.AfollowedBfollowingCtobefollowedDbeingfollowed答案：B_ ,liquidscanbechangedintogases.AHeatingBTobeheatedCHeatedDHeat答案：C注意

31、：(1)選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞 ,關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句的主語發(fā)出 ,分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞 ,反之就用過去分詞。試比擬：(Being)Usedforalongtime ,thebooklooksold.由于用了很長時(shí)間 ,這本書看上去很舊。Usingthebook ,Ifindituseful.在使用的過程中 ,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。(2)分詞作狀語時(shí) ,其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致 ,如果不一致 ,就用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) ,即在分詞前加上它的邏輯主語?，F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語 ,一般不用作定語。When_ ,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnexty

32、ear.AcompletedBcompletingCbeingcompletedDtobecompleted答案：A_suchheavypollutionalready ,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.AHavingsufferedBSufferingCTosufferDSuffered答案：A3、作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語具有的特征 ,過去分詞作表語多指主語所處的狀態(tài)。如：Thefilmistouching.Theglassisbroken.Shelookedtiredwithcooking.Heremainedstandingbesidethet

33、able.-Imvery_withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.-Mm ,itdoeshavea_smell.Apleasant;pleasedBpleased;pleasedCpleasant;pleasantDpleased;pleasant答案：D4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語分詞和不定式一樣 ,在一些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：Ismellsomethingburning.Iheardhimsingingthesong.Iheardmynamecalled.IcantmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.Ifou

34、ndmycarmissing.Illhavemywatchrepaired.我想把我的手表修一下。Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_thenextyear.AcarryoutBcarryingoutCcarriedoutDtocarryout答案：C5、作插入語其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的 ,意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。generallyspeaking一般說來talkingof(speakingof)說到strictlyspeaking嚴(yán)格地說judgingfrom從判斷allthingsconsidered從整體來看takingallt

35、hingsintoconsideration全面看來。如：Judgingfromhisface ,hemustbeill.從他的臉色看 ,他一定是病了。Generallyspeaking ,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.總的來說 ,狗比豬跑得快。一、分詞的時(shí)態(tài)1、與主語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)。如：Arrivingthere ,theyfoundtheboydead.剛一到那兒 ,他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight ,_alongspeechforthepresident.AtoprepareBpreparingCpreparedDw

36、aspreparing答案：B2、先于主語動(dòng)詞分詞作時(shí)間狀語 ,如果先于主動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作 ,且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后 ,要用havingdone。如：Havingfinishedhishomework ,hewentoutforawalk.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework ,hewentoutforawalk.做完作業(yè) ,他出去散步。_areply ,hedecidedtowriteagain.ANotreceivingBReceivingnotCNothavingreceivedDHavingnotreceived答案：C二、分詞的語態(tài)1、通常情況下 ,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng) ,過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。如：Hei