專業(yè)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法沖刺

1、專業(yè)級(jí)四語(yǔ)法沖刺V. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞i. 不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作；而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。 Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具體) 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn)) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring. (經(jīng)驗(yàn)) To study abroa

2、d has long been my dream. (一件尚未完成的事情) 如果主語(yǔ)是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車。 ii. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如： All things _ because

3、 of the snowstorm， many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch. A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit

4、 D. sat I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. will follow C. to follow D. being followed If the building project _ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined. A. being completed B. is completed C. to be completed D. completed No one had to

5、ld Smith about _ a lecture the following day. A. there being B. there be C. there would be D. there was Jack _from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. A. has been missing B. has been missed C. had been missing D. was missed獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：一般分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是句子的主語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)分詞的邏輯主

6、語(yǔ)是其它的名 / 代詞，n. / pron. +分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)就是獨(dú)立(主格)結(jié)構(gòu)。 A new technique _, the yields as a whole increased by 20%. Answer: having been worked out. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：(不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不同)該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作說明情況的狀語(yǔ)。 The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles, the details to be worked out later

7、. 1. 結(jié)構(gòu)：(with) + n./pron. + doing(done, adj., prep. phrase) With you standing there, we cant work. The boys returned with their face covered with sweat. with / without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)有分詞，有時(shí)無(wú)分詞，但可看作省略了分詞 being. She left the room with the candle burning on the table. He wandered in without shoes or socks o

8、n. 2. 結(jié)構(gòu)：S1, S2 . (S1和S2的主語(yǔ)不一致) Weather permitting (If weather permits), well play basketball tomorrow. This done (When this had been done), they packed their tools and went home. The rain having stopped (After the rain had stopped), the soldiers continued their match. They walked in the garden, lit

9、tle birds singing happily in the tree. The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him. It being rainy, they had to call off their trip. 3. 省去 being或分詞 后，由 n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。 He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold. The meal (being) over, he went to hi

10、s office again. He stood in doorway, a hat (held) in his hand. Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.iii. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu) 1. 不定式的特殊結(jié)構(gòu) 構(gòu)成：疑問代詞、副詞及 whether / if + to do 常跟疑問代詞、副詞及 whether / if + to do作賓語(yǔ)的 v.有 ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, inquire, for

11、get, know, learn, remember, show(演示), tell, think, understand, wonder. I still dont know whom to turn to for help. They are trying to find out how to solve the problem. Show me where to put the books. They havent decided yet (as to) whether to accept our offer of help. 2. It is + no use, no good, no

12、 point, a great fun, a real pleasure, a waste of time, a bore等名詞 + (in) doing sth. It is a great fun playing football. There is no point in talking with you. 3. go + doing,表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動(dòng) go + jogging(慢跑) /fishing / dancing/ skating / bowling(打保齡球)/ shopping / sightseeing / camping / surfing (沖浪) 4. T

13、here is no + doing . (There is no表示”不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do. 說出他要干什么是不可能的. There is no denying (the fact) that women are playing an important role in the world today. There is no joking about this matter. 這事開不得玩笑 (1) There is no point in doing sth.做某事沒有意義 There isnt much poi

14、nt (in) repairing that old car again. (2) There is no gain in doing sth.做某事沒有好處 There is no gain in being cruel/rude to people.iv. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 1. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài) 如不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后(或與之同時(shí)發(fā)生或?qū)⒁l(fā)生)，用一般時(shí) He is determined to work harder next term. 如不定式(動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞)表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在同一時(shí)間，用進(jìn)行時(shí) They seem to be having a meeting. 不定式動(dòng)作

15、先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作,用完成式 He is said to have translated many articles into English.2. 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài) 完成式: 表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作前發(fā)生, 使用having done He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country. His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly. The picture reminded us of having been taken to th

16、e zoo. 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài) (1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或相繼發(fā)生。 Working together with Dr. White, we learnt a lot from him. (2)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前，常用作狀語(yǔ)表時(shí)間或原因。 Not having done it right, I tried again. A、有些現(xiàn)在分詞由不及物動(dòng)詞變來，只表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作已完成；無(wú)被動(dòng)意義. fallen leaves, the exploded bomb, a retired miner, escaped prisoners, the risen

17、 sun. B. 時(shí)間關(guān)系不同?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而過去分詞表示的往往已完成。 the changing world-the changed world boiling water-boiled water developing countries-developed countries4. 過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)間 Having a trip abroad a certain good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing

18、D. seen Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office but our work _, we refused the offer. A. not finishing B. had not been finished C. not having finished D. not being finished v. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) 1.分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) (1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意. (2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài),或做完(完成)的事. The room facing (=which faces

19、) south is our classroom. Is there anything planned (=that has been planned) for tomorrow? Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.2. 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) being done表示某一被動(dòng)動(dòng)作在講話時(shí)正在發(fā)生，或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 having been done表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前。 Who is the pati

20、ent being operated on? You will find the matter being talked about all over the town. Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) the last person to leave 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) the person to be relied on 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) He is believed to be elected monitor. The house to be

21、 built is our dining room. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.3. 不定式的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)6. 動(dòng)名詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)式:表明動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是該動(dòng)作的承受者 He did it without being asked. They insisted on being given the task. Being taken advantage of is not a good thing. Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed _ blown off the

22、mountain. A. to have been B. that it was C. to be D. that it had been The lab _ next year will be more advanced than the old one. A. built B. being built C. to be built D. to be building The decision _, the next problem was how to make a good plan. A. having been made B. having made C. having been m

23、aking D. been madevi. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子成分考點(diǎn) 1. 不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語(yǔ),要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這里的介詞不能省去 I need a pen to write with. There is nothing to worry about.2. 非謂語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ) (1) so + 形容詞(或副詞) + as to The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower. (2) such + 名詞短語(yǔ) + as to His indifference is such as to mak

24、e one despaired. (3) only to 竟然(表示與預(yù)料相反的結(jié)果) He studied hard only to fail in the exam. (4) 形容詞(或副詞) + enough(副詞) to 夠,足以 The room is big enough to hold a hundred people. (5) not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義 I am only too pleased to hear from you fur

25、ther. 能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。 1. 決定but (except)是否帶”to”，關(guān)鍵在于看句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否是動(dòng)詞”do” (1) do nothinganythingeverything but (except)結(jié)構(gòu)中不帶to Last night I did nothing but watch T.V. John will do anything but work on a farm.v. 帶to 與不帶to (2) 以下情況 but (except) 后必須帶”to” 如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是”do nothing, anything, everything”, 那么but (ex

26、cept)所跟的不定式則須帶”to”。 The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. I do not have any alternative but to go with him. 2. 在had better, would rather. (than)., would . rather than, would sooner . (than), can not but., cant help but., may (might) as well. (不妨.)等習(xí)慣用法中 Since she is angry, we had better l

27、et her alone. Rather than beg in the street, he would prefer to die of hunger. (He would rather die of hunger than beg in the street.) I couldnt help but wait for the next bus to come. Mary cannot but sing.(= She couldnt help but sing.) I can not help singing.vi. V + to ”to”是介詞的詞組 1. 下列詞組中的to都是介詞,后面

28、須跟動(dòng)名詞： be accustomed to = be used to習(xí)慣于, adapt to適應(yīng) adjust to適應(yīng)于, agree to同意, amount to合計(jì)；等于 confess to承認(rèn), attend to出席;照料 devote to獻(xiàn)身于 take to 養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣;喜歡, turn to著手工作, look forward to盼望, object to(=be opposed to = oppose) 反對(duì), pay attention to 關(guān)注, contribute to 貢獻(xiàn), deny (to)否認(rèn), come to 提到 I am looking f

29、orward to seeing you again. I prefer reading books to doing housework. Most people object to smoking. 注意： 比較When it comes to doing sth.(說到) When sb. come to do sth. (逐漸地) 2. 一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式的用法 (1) too . to 表否定含義,而enough . to . 表肯定 a. It was too cold for us to go shopping. (= It was so cold that we couldn

30、t.) b. It was cold enough to freeze our fingers. 但enough to 之前如有否定詞，不定式也表否定含義 The water isnt warm enough for us to go swimming. (=The water isnt warm enough so we cant.) (2) (all too), only too等與不定式連用表示肯定意義 Hes only too pleased to help us. 非常愿意/高興幫助我們。 I shall be only too pleased to come. (3) too re

31、ady to 結(jié)構(gòu)表肯定意義 Hes too ready to promise. 他太易于許諾。 Hes too ready to criticize others. 1. _ is not a serious disadvantage in life. A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not tall D. Not being tall 2. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals _ in Africa. A

32、. huntedB. hunting C. that hunted D. are hunted 3. The Clarks havent decided yet which hotel _. A. to stayB. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying 4. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid _. A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beatin

33、g D. to be beaten 5. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _ out and three men climbing down it. A. throwing B. being thrown C. having thrownD. having been thrown 6. AIDS is said _ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. A. beingB. to be C. to have been D. having been 7. The Minister of Finance is believed _ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. A. that he is thinking B. to be thinking C. that he is to think D. to think 8. Arriving at the bus stop, _ waiti