固體廢棄物處理行業(yè)研究報(bào)告課件

1、固體廢棄物處理行業(yè)研究報(bào)告主要內(nèi)容1.固體廢棄物及其處理方式介紹2.固體廢棄物行業(yè)介紹3. 中國固廢行業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀4.中國固廢處理投資情況及政策法規(guī)環(huán)境5.我國固廢處理行業(yè)存在問題1 固體廢棄物及其處理方式介紹固體廢棄物的分類1.11.2固體廢棄物的處理方式1.1 固體廢棄物的分類某一階段的廢棄物往往又能成為另一階段的原料，產(chǎn)生新的利用價(jià)值，因此固體廢棄物又可稱為“放錯(cuò)地方的資源”。1.2 固體廢棄物的處理方式2 固體廢棄物行業(yè)介紹固體廢棄物處理行業(yè)的定義2.12.42.32.2固廢處理行業(yè)的驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展因素2.5固體廢棄物行業(yè)的政策目標(biāo)固廢處理行業(yè)怎樣分類各國環(huán)保投資狀況及全球固廢處理市場規(guī)模2.

2、1 什么是固體廢棄處理行業(yè)？固體廢物處理行業(yè)是指提供一系列產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)來測量、防止、限制和減弱因固體廢物引起的各種問題的行業(yè)，是環(huán)保業(yè)的主要子行業(yè)之一。2.2什么是固體廢棄物行業(yè)的政策目標(biāo)？技術(shù)政策主要內(nèi)容減量化采取技術(shù)手段減少、減小固體廢物的數(shù)量和容積。無害化將固體廢物通過工程處理，達(dá)到不損害人體健康、不污染周圍環(huán)境的目的。資源化采取工藝措施從固體廢物中回收有用的物質(zhì)和能源。我國控制固體廢物的基本技術(shù)政策：無害化”是基本要求，“減量化”是目前廢物處理的主要途徑，“資源化”是固體廢物處理的發(fā)展方向。2.3固廢處理行業(yè)怎樣分類？固廢運(yùn)營類企業(yè)：專業(yè)從事固廢處理業(yè)務(wù)，如各種填埋廠、垃圾發(fā)電企業(yè)等。固

3、廢處理工程類企業(yè)：主要為固廢運(yùn)營企業(yè)或下游企業(yè)提供設(shè)備安裝和技術(shù)支持服務(wù)固廢處理設(shè)備類企業(yè)：主要從事固廢處理設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)與銷售固廢處理行業(yè)的分類2.4各國環(huán)保投資狀況及全球固廢處理市場規(guī)模我國環(huán)境污染治理投資自1999年的823億元人民幣增長到2008年的4490億元。其占GDP的比重由1999年的0.9%上升到2008年的1.4%。我國環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)投資所占比重與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，仍有較大差距。各國環(huán)保投資占GDP比重2.4各國環(huán)保投資狀況及全球固廢處理市場規(guī)模注：CTP（清潔技術(shù)與工藝），RE（可更新能源），EMI（環(huán)境監(jiān)測技術(shù)與設(shè)備），ECS（環(huán)境咨詢服務(wù)），WM（固廢處理），WWT（水和污水處理）

4、，APC（大氣污染控制），CLA（污染場地修復(fù)）全球固廢處理市場規(guī)模2.5什么因素驅(qū)動(dòng)了固廢處理行業(yè)發(fā)展？固廢行業(yè)的發(fā)展直接來說是與一個(gè)國家的固體廢棄物產(chǎn)生量密切相關(guān)的，固體廢棄物的產(chǎn)生量決定的固廢處理市場未來的規(guī)模和發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ掠萎a(chǎn)生的固體廢物越多，固廢存量越大，固廢處理設(shè)備和企業(yè)面臨的市場需求也就越大。國家對(duì)固廢行業(yè)的支持和投資力度決定了固廢處理市場的最小規(guī)模，同時(shí)還將帶動(dòng)企業(yè)在固廢處理市場的投資，引導(dǎo)固廢處理行業(yè)的發(fā)展方向。國家的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)越高，固廢行業(yè)的市場需求就越大；國家在固廢行業(yè)中的投資越大，固廢行業(yè)的前景就越明朗；國家政策扶持的技術(shù)方向，在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)都將成為市場投資的方向。兩個(gè)淺層

5、直接驅(qū)動(dòng)因素A固廢產(chǎn)生量增加B國家相關(guān)的政策環(huán)境2.5什么因素驅(qū)動(dòng)了固廢處理行業(yè)發(fā)展？A 固體廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的增速與 GDP 增速及城市化率增速具有相關(guān)性B 固廢行業(yè)的發(fā)展往往略微滯后于固體廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的快速增長期。 C 焚燒量減少，重視資源化固體廢棄物的產(chǎn)生量從根本上來說是與國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和城市化進(jìn)程密切相關(guān)的，經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速增長和快速城市化將帶來固體廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的大幅增加，進(jìn)而推動(dòng)固廢行業(yè)的發(fā)展。3 中國固廢行業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀固體廢棄物行業(yè)的生命周期3.13.2市場基礎(chǔ)廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的變化情況我國固體廢棄物處理的發(fā)展情況3.3中國的固廢處理起步于20 世紀(jì)80 年代，初期受到的重視不夠，投資比重也較小，

6、目前在整個(gè)環(huán)保業(yè)中的比重也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于污水處理和大氣污染治理。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和城市化進(jìn)程的推進(jìn)，固廢污染的問題將越來越嚴(yán)重，國家對(duì)固廢污染控制的問題也將越來越重視，因此我國尚處于初級(jí)發(fā)展階段的潛力行業(yè)，中國固廢處理行業(yè)的發(fā)展?jié)摿⒅饾u釋放。3.1 固體廢棄物行業(yè)的生命周期3.2 固廢處理的市場基礎(chǔ) 廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的變化情況1999年2007年我國城市生活垃圾清運(yùn)量示意圖3.2 固廢處理的市場基礎(chǔ) 廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的變化情況按人均0.4噸/年估算中國城市生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量3.2 固廢處理的市場基礎(chǔ) 廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的變化情況按人均0.4噸/年估算中國城市生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量3.2 固廢處理的市場基礎(chǔ) 廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的變化

7、情況中國1999-2008年工業(yè)固廢產(chǎn)生量圖3.2 固廢處理的市場基礎(chǔ) 廢棄物產(chǎn)生量的變化情況中國1999-2008年危險(xiǎn)廢棄物產(chǎn)生量3.3固體廢棄物處理的發(fā)展情況3.3.13.3.2中國城市生活垃圾處理，三種技術(shù)走不同方向工業(yè)固體廢棄物處理綜合利用率不斷提升，但仍有大量貯存3.3.1中國城市生活垃圾處理 三種技術(shù)走不同方向技術(shù)優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r填埋投資較低；處理能力大；沼氣可回收利用；運(yùn)行費(fèi)用較低占地量大、滲透污染發(fā)展緩慢，是目前中國城市生活垃圾處理的最主要方式。由于填埋技術(shù)是廢棄物最終處理的必需方式，而且處理能力很大，在未來，填埋仍然會(huì)占據(jù)較大的處理比重，在三種技術(shù)中占主導(dǎo)，但發(fā)展速度會(huì)減緩

8、。 堆肥產(chǎn)生精致有機(jī)肥，實(shí)現(xiàn)資源化要進(jìn)行分揀、分類，成本較高、占地量大逐漸萎縮，近年來，堆肥技術(shù)無論在處理廠數(shù)量、處理能力或是處理量上，都在急劇縮小，到2007 年僅占總處理量的2.6%焚燒無害化程度最高，熱能回收初期投資成本高、運(yùn)營成本高快速起步，焚燒產(chǎn)業(yè)在中國主要是從2004 年有了較快的發(fā)展，通過焚燒處理的垃圾量穩(wěn)步上升，從2004 年的449 萬噸到2008 年的1570 萬噸，翻了近4番。焚燒技術(shù)廠的數(shù)量不斷增加，處理能力也穩(wěn)步提升，逐漸占據(jù)了傳統(tǒng)填埋方式原有的比例。3.3.1中國城市生活垃圾處理 三種技術(shù)走不同方向中國城市生活垃圾無害化處理場座數(shù)3.3.1中國城市生活垃圾處理 三種

9、技術(shù)走不同方向中國城市生活垃圾無害化處理能力圖3.3.1中國城市生活垃圾處理 三種技術(shù)走不同方向中國城市生活垃圾三種技術(shù)的無害化處理量3.3.2工業(yè)固體廢棄物處理 綜合利用率不斷提升，但仍有大量貯存名稱方式現(xiàn)狀綜合利用從固廢中提取或轉(zhuǎn)化成資源、能源或原材料。綜合利用率不斷提升：1999 年2008 年間，我國工業(yè)固廢的綜合利用量不斷增加，綜合利用率不斷提升，從1999 年的42%上升到了65%。貯存將固廢暫時(shí)貯存或堆存在專門的設(shè)施或場所內(nèi)貯存量逐年減少，但數(shù)量依然較大：由于綜合利用和最終處置的固廢量逐年增加，工業(yè)固廢的貯存量逐年減少，僅占10%左右。但同時(shí)也要看到，這些年來，工業(yè)固廢每年的貯存

10、量都在2 億噸以上，工業(yè)固廢存量壓力仍然巨大。處置使用填埋、焚燒等手段處理并不再回收處置量不斷增加：工業(yè)固廢產(chǎn)生量快速增加的同時(shí)，隨著各種處置技術(shù)的發(fā)展，用填埋、焚燒等手段處理最終處理的工業(yè)固廢量也不斷增加，處置比例由1999 年的13%上升到了25%。3.3.2工業(yè)固體廢棄物處理 綜合利用率不斷提升，但仍有大量貯存中國1999年至2008年工業(yè)固體廢棄物處理情況4.中國固廢處理投資情況及政策法規(guī)環(huán)境中國固廢處理投資現(xiàn)狀4.14.2中國固廢處理政策法規(guī)環(huán)境4.1中國固廢處理投資現(xiàn)狀從“六五”到“十一五”，中國環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)投資不斷增長。“十一五”期間，環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)計(jì)劃投資達(dá)13750 億元，比“十五”期

11、間增長64%，將占同期GDP 的1.5%左右。4.1中國固廢處理投資現(xiàn)狀單年度投資情況來看，2001 年到2008 年，中國環(huán)境污染治理投資總額屢創(chuàng)新高，從2001 年的1107 億元增加到2008 年的4490 億元，占當(dāng)年GDP 比重達(dá)到1.49%。4.1中國固廢處理投資現(xiàn)狀中國2003-2008年環(huán)境管理業(yè)固定資產(chǎn)投資4.1中國固廢處理投資現(xiàn)狀在工業(yè)污染治理的各項(xiàng)投資中，治理工業(yè)固廢的投資從1998 年至今也一直沒有較大變化，相對(duì)廢水、廢氣的治理投資占比非常低，僅占總工業(yè)污染治理投資的4%左右。隨著廢水、廢氣治理的逐漸成熟，固廢治理投資的比重預(yù)期在未來將會(huì)開始增大，有所突破。中國工業(yè)污染

12、治理各項(xiàng)投資變化情況4.2政策法規(guī)環(huán)境行政政策內(nèi)容全國城鎮(zhèn)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生“十一五”規(guī)劃“十一五”末工業(yè)固體廢物綜合利用率要達(dá)到60%；“十一五”末全國城市生活垃圾無害化處理率不低于60%，其中：設(shè)市城市生活垃圾無害化處理率達(dá)到70%、縣城生活垃圾無害化處理率達(dá)到30%。全國城市生活垃圾無害化處理設(shè)施建設(shè)“十一五”規(guī)劃 “十一五”期間將新增城市生活垃圾無害化處理能力32 萬噸/日，其中城市建設(shè)規(guī)模25.3 萬噸/日、縣城新增規(guī)模6.7 萬噸/日，城市建設(shè)規(guī)模中垃圾焚燒廠6.66 萬噸/日，占26.32%；新增城市生活垃圾無害化處理設(shè)施479 項(xiàng)，其中垃圾焚燒廠82 座，占17.1%；總投資862.9

13、億元，平均每年投資173 億元。當(dāng)前國家鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)設(shè)備（產(chǎn)品）目錄 鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展七大領(lǐng)域、107 項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品。其中固體廢物處理設(shè)備，重點(diǎn)將固體廢棄物處置設(shè)備中的無害化處理列為鼓勵(lì)內(nèi)容。 只有在相關(guān)政策的扶持下，固廢處理行業(yè)的市場和收入才有所保障，行業(yè)才有可能高速發(fā)展。目前，從中國的相關(guān)政策來看，大方向是利于固廢處理行業(yè)發(fā)展的，但有待于進(jìn)一步完善，以促進(jìn)固廢處理行業(yè)更好更快的前進(jìn)。環(huán)?！笆晃濉卑l(fā)展規(guī)劃指出，垃圾發(fā)電將是國家今后重點(diǎn)扶持的幾個(gè)領(lǐng)域之一。4.2政策法規(guī)環(huán)境中國對(duì)固廢綜合利用類企業(yè)制定了相應(yīng)的優(yōu)惠政策。例如，對(duì)垃圾發(fā)電企業(yè)，可以享受：（1）發(fā)電量保證全部上網(wǎng)且具有上網(wǎng)電價(jià)優(yōu)惠，補(bǔ)貼電

14、價(jià)標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)為每千瓦時(shí)0.25元。發(fā)電項(xiàng)目自投產(chǎn)之日起，15 年內(nèi)享受補(bǔ)貼電價(jià)；運(yùn)行滿15 年后，取消補(bǔ)貼電價(jià)；（2）免征增值稅，并在所得稅上享受減免政策；（3）享受國家垃圾處理費(fèi)的補(bǔ)貼。4.2政策法規(guī)環(huán)境中國固體廢棄物管理相關(guān)法規(guī)5 我國固廢處理行業(yè)存在問題1企業(yè)數(shù)量多、規(guī)模小、實(shí)力弱2技術(shù)開發(fā)能力弱，產(chǎn)品技術(shù)含量低3尚未形成公平競爭的市場環(huán)境4環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)的服務(wù)體系不完善5環(huán)保企業(yè)的國際競爭力差企業(yè)數(shù)量多、規(guī)模小、實(shí)力弱大型環(huán)保企業(yè)只占全國環(huán)保企業(yè)總數(shù)的3%左右。單純從事固體廢物處理裝備生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)，年產(chǎn)值平均在4600萬元以下，其中，大部分在1200萬元以下。感謝您的下載，特贈(zèng)送精品文章感謝您的下

15、載，特贈(zèng)送精品文章體能體能訓(xùn)練技巧訓(xùn)練技巧-TRX-TRX懸掛訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)懸掛訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)工作之工作之余鍛煉身體，若不需要請刪除后使用，余鍛煉身體，若不需要請刪除后使用，謝謝您的理解，祝您生意興隆，事業(yè)高謝謝您的理解，祝您生意興隆，事業(yè)高攀。攀。RX 訓(xùn)練帶是源于美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)，剛開始的雛形是以高密度毛巾制成的訓(xùn)練道具，后來，有一名叫蘭迪的美國海豹突擊隊(duì)的指揮官，在退役后重新設(shè)計(jì)了該套裝備和訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃，變成民用的健身課程-“TRX 懸掛訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)”，整套裝備的主要部分是寬 1.5 英寸，額定張力為 1250 磅的尼龍繩子，長度范圍從 6 英尺調(diào)整至 12 英尺，橡膠把手更適應(yīng)雙手抓縛或是雙腳懸掛等地面訓(xùn)練

16、動(dòng)作，扣鎖由曾用于卡賓槍的材料制成，且易于調(diào)整，其自用不到 2 磅，1 分鐘就能懸掛妥當(dāng)，裝在袋子里便于攜帶到任何地方，可固定在單杠上或卡在門縫里，或系在樹枝上，適合絕大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練環(huán)境，如果加上啞鈴或健身球一起鍛煉，可增加更高階的難度。 懸掛訓(xùn)練：用練習(xí)者自身體重做負(fù)重，能夠允許肌肉在多個(gè)平面上做運(yùn)動(dòng)，同時(shí)保證更多的肌肉和關(guān)節(jié)參與，能夠打造更加結(jié)實(shí)的肌肉，穩(wěn)定靈活的關(guān)節(jié)，堅(jiān)固的核心力量和正確的體態(tài)，幫助在任何運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目上獲得更佳的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)，TRX 還是運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)的重要手段之一TRX 動(dòng)作解讀：增加阻力：1.身體角度越大，阻力越大 2.抬起一邊大腿，有助于鍛煉更多平衡力3.離支點(diǎn)越遠(yuǎn)，越吃力，對(duì)穩(wěn)定

17、性要求越高減低難度：一腿向前踮地，有助于身體減重1. chest press/ fly combo(1. chest press/ fly combo(推胸飛鳥組合推胸飛鳥組合) )：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打開雙手并讓它彎曲到 90 度停下，再慢慢還原，然后雙手打開做飛鳥，同時(shí)一腳往前踮地，再還原，交替練習(xí)。2. chest press(2. chest press(推胸推胸) )：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打開

18、雙手并讓它彎曲到 90 度停下，再慢慢還原(難度增加：雙腿合并或單腿抬起，或把身體斜度增加)3. lunge fly(3. lunge fly(弓步飛鳥弓步飛鳥) )：1.手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，挺胸收腹，身體重心微向前傾，雙手打開做飛鳥，同時(shí)一腳往前踮地。用胸部發(fā)力，再還原4. chest press- single leg extended(4. chest press- single leg extended(推胸推胸- -單腿伸展單腿伸展) )：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，一腳撐地，一腳向前抬起，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打

19、開雙手并讓它彎曲到 90 度停下，再慢慢還原.5. Suspended incline press-leg up(5. Suspended incline press-leg up(懸浮上斜推懸浮上斜推- -抬腳抬腳) )：雙手撐住地面，一腳勾住繩子，穩(wěn)定腹部，另一腿向上抬靠緊固定腿，然后做俯臥撐。6. Atomic push up(6. Atomic push up(俯臥撐收腹俯臥撐收腹) )：雙手撐住地面，雙腳勾住繩子，穩(wěn)定腹部，一下俯臥撐，還原后，雙腳以腹部力量靠向胸部，再慢慢伸直還原，交替練習(xí)。7. back row(7. back row(背部劃船背部劃船) )：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸

20、直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，以背部發(fā)力，手臂夾緊身體兩側(cè)往后收，肩胛骨向后夾，把繩子拉到小腹，保持住再慢慢還原(難度增加：雙腿合并或單腿抬起，或把身體斜度增加)8. elevated back row(8. elevated back row(高位劃船高位劃船) )：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，加大身體斜度，以背部發(fā)力，手臂夾緊身體兩側(cè)往后收，肩胛骨向后夾，把繩子拉到小腹，保持住再慢慢還原9. power pull-single arm(9. power pull-single arm(力量拉伸力量拉伸- -

21、單臂單臂) )：雙腿分開與肩同寬，單手抓住繩子，張開身體，另一邊手臂繞身體旋轉(zhuǎn) 180 度觸摸繩子，完后慢慢還原。10. low deltoid fly(10. low deltoid fly(低位三角肌飛鳥低位三角肌飛鳥) )：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，直手向下向后滑，慢慢還原。11. T deltoid fly(t11. T deltoid fly(t型三角肌飛鳥型三角肌飛鳥) )：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈T型，再慢慢

22、還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)12. Y deltoid fly(Y12. Y deltoid fly(Y型三角肌飛鳥型三角肌飛鳥) )：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈Y型，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)13. W deltoid fly(W13. W deltoid fly(W型三角肌飛鳥型三角肌飛鳥) )：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈W型，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)14. High tri

23、ceps press(14. High triceps press(高位肱三頭肌彎曲高位肱三頭肌彎曲) )：人背向繩子，手臂向前握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，然后把肘部彎曲，肱三頭肌發(fā)力，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)15. Dips(15. Dips(臂屈伸臂屈伸) )：手臂在身體兩側(cè)，雙手握住繩子，雙腿呈箭步姿勢，然后肱三頭肌和胸肌發(fā)力，雙臂彎曲成 90 度再慢慢還原(難度增加：把一只腿往后抬或兩腿前放或抬高)16. High bicep curl(16. High bicep curl(高位肱二頭肌彎曲高位肱二頭肌彎曲) )

24、：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，以肱二頭肌發(fā)力，彎曲手臂，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)There are moments in life when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick themfrom your dreams and hug them for real! Dream what you want to dream;go where you wantto go;be wh you want to be,because you have only

25、one life and one chance to do all thethings you want to do.May you have enough happiness to make you sweet,enough trialsto make you strong,enough sorrow to keep you human,enough hope to make you happy?Always put yourself in othersshoes.If you feel that it hurts you,it probably hurts the otherperson,

26、 too.The happiest of people dont necessarily have the best of everything;they justmake the most of everything that comes along their way.Happiness lies for those whocry,those who hurt, those who have searched,and those who have tried,for only they canappreciate the importance of peoplewho have touch

27、ed their lives.Love begins with asmile,grows with a kiss and ends with a tear.The brightest future will always be based on aforgotten past, you cant go on well in lifeuntil you let go of your past failures and heartaches.When you were born,you were crying and everyone around you was smiling.Live you

28、r life sothat when you die,youre the one who is smiling and everyone around you is cryig.Please sendthis message to those people who mean something to you,to those who have touched yourlife in one way or another,to those who make you smile when you really need it,to those thatmake you see the bright

29、er side of things when you are really down,to those who you want tolet them know that you appreciate their friendship.And if you dont, dont worry,nothing badwill happen to you,you will just miss out on the opportunity to brighten someones day withthis message.Since we went to school, we have access

30、to English all the time, because it isone of the necessary subjects. Before we attend college, we keep our attention on thegrammar, but now college means the new stage and we should pay attention to practicalEnglish. Here are some suggestions.First, it is important to speak out loudly. The purpose o

31、flearning English is to communicate with foreigners, so as to get to know more about theworld. Grammar is not the only thing we care about. What we should do is to open ourmouths and improve our ability to use spoken English. It begins with reading textbooks. Whenwe listen to the tapes and repeat ma

32、ny times, then our d.President Trump, as he often does,had a few things to sayAfter admitting that he had been lonely over the holidays, Trump tookadvantage of his first public appearance of the new year Wednesday to air lingeringgrievances, make multiple false claims and reinforce recent decisions

33、that have rattledfinancial markets and his partys leaders.As he held forth for more than 90 minutes before asmall pool of本文為 Word 版資料，可以任意修改編輯。如果你看到我上傳的資料這個(gè)后綴，請刪除后使用。高效學(xué)習(xí)方法和技巧高效學(xué)習(xí)方法和技巧學(xué)習(xí)需要方法，找到適合自己的方法，學(xué)習(xí)才能事半功倍。接下來，我結(jié)合我自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況，給大家總結(jié)的高效學(xué)習(xí)五部曲一、預(yù)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)的重要環(huán)節(jié)上課前充分預(yù)習(xí)，考試前充分地復(fù)習(xí)，與“打有準(zhǔn)備之仗”有同曲之道。預(yù)習(xí)效果好，聽課才能有針對(duì)性；聽課

34、有針對(duì)性，復(fù)習(xí)才能順利進(jìn)行；復(fù)習(xí)深刻，作業(yè)、考試才能得心應(yīng)手。所以說預(yù)習(xí)是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過程中一個(gè)必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。二、掌握好高效的聽課方法課上集中精力聽課，是掌握知識(shí)的捷徑。聽講時(shí)，思想上必須與老師講解的思路保持一致，聽老師對(duì)事物是怎樣分析、推理；聽老師解決問題是用什么方法、技巧；聽老師對(duì)問題有哪些提問和解釋。這樣才能把握住聽課的重點(diǎn)。聽講中，要把自己在預(yù)習(xí)中的理解，和老師講解的相比較，看自己和老師有哪些相同點(diǎn)和區(qū)別點(diǎn)。三、合理安排復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間很多科學(xué)家通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有幾個(gè)時(shí)間段有利于鞏固記憶：一是學(xué)習(xí)后最初幾分鐘內(nèi)，電生理活動(dòng)引起蛋白質(zhì)的合成；二是學(xué)習(xí)后在 48 小時(shí)內(nèi)復(fù)習(xí)；三是一周之后腦突觸發(fā)生永久

35、性變化。根據(jù)人在學(xué)習(xí)過程中這一生理變化，采用復(fù)習(xí)加強(qiáng)記憶就顯得特別重要了。如果我們能夠在學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容即將忘記時(shí)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，那么復(fù)習(xí)的效果最好，效率也最高。著名的心理學(xué)家艾賓浩斯通過實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人的記憶與遺忘規(guī)律。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明：在學(xué)習(xí)僅過了 20 分鐘后，就忘記記憶內(nèi)容的 42%，1 天后忘卻量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了 66%，到了第 31 天，忘卻量高達(dá)79%。他根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，畫成了著名的遺忘曲線。并表明遺忘的規(guī)律是“先快后慢”。這條規(guī)律提示我們，定要盡早、及時(shí)地對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，以便在知識(shí)還在大腦內(nèi)時(shí)就加深印記，否則大腦中已經(jīng)沒有痕跡了，只能再費(fèi)精力重學(xué)。合理安排復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間特別重要并且必要，制定復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃，嚴(yán)格按精英

36、特計(jì)劃執(zhí)行，并力求形成習(xí)慣，是我們每一位學(xué)生都應(yīng)該力求努力做到。我們?yōu)槭裁匆獜?fù)習(xí)呢？因?yàn)槲覀冇洃浶Ч麤]有那么好，不可能過目不忘，所以需要重復(fù)、增強(qiáng)記憶。同時(shí)，復(fù)習(xí)的進(jìn)展也有利于學(xué)習(xí)效率的提高。四、做作業(yè)的科學(xué)方法這里有七種做作業(yè)的技巧：1、先復(fù)習(xí)后做作業(yè)。復(fù)習(xí)是做好作業(yè)的關(guān)鍵，只有復(fù)習(xí)得好，作業(yè)才能做得好。做作業(yè)前先把老師這一節(jié)課所講的內(nèi)容認(rèn)真地看一看，弄清楚基本原理和概念后再去做作業(yè)，作業(yè)才能做得既快又好。2、認(rèn)真審題。 做作業(yè)最關(guān)鍵的步就是審題，連題都判斷錯(cuò)了，作業(yè)內(nèi)容就全錯(cuò)了。首先第步要弄清楚題目的內(nèi)容，所給的條件，什么要求，需要聯(lián)系哪些知識(shí)等等；其次是考慮好解題思路、方法、步驟，要善于

37、把道題分成幾部分，化大為小、化難為易、分清其中的已知和未知，弄清各部分的聯(lián)系，設(shè)計(jì)好整個(gè)解題步驟，定要讓自己做到不明白題意不做題，不清楚方法步驟不下筆。3、細(xì)心的做題。 做題是表達(dá)思路的全過程，這個(gè)過程要求既動(dòng)腦、又動(dòng)手。做題的關(guān)鍵是要保證“規(guī)范”、“準(zhǔn)確”。要做到這兩點(diǎn)就要求學(xué)生認(rèn)真的抄好題，書寫格式必須正確、規(guī)范，嚴(yán)格按照各類題的解題要求，仔細(xì)演算解題的每步，得出正確的結(jié)果。只有平時(shí)做題認(rèn)真細(xì)致，步驟完整，思路正確，表達(dá)嚴(yán)密，準(zhǔn)確無誤，考試時(shí)才能按照這種良好的習(xí)慣進(jìn)行五、重視錯(cuò)題積累在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，同學(xué)們可能遇到過一錯(cuò)再錯(cuò)的現(xiàn)象究其原因，多數(shù)是由于在學(xué)習(xí)中不求甚解，不注意總結(jié)積累所致。那么

38、，該怎么辦呢？實(shí)踐證明，自編一本“易錯(cuò)題集”是避免做題一錯(cuò)再錯(cuò)的最好辦法。錯(cuò)題本的復(fù)習(xí)方法：1、每周把該周錯(cuò)題本中記錄的題目快速瀏覽一遍；2、每月把該月錯(cuò)題本中記錄的題目再快速瀏覽一遍；3、每個(gè)季度把錯(cuò)題本中三個(gè)月記錄的題目再快速瀏覽一遍；4、大考前把該錯(cuò)題本中的所有題目認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)一遍，確保題不二錯(cuò)￥精編資料精編資料 歡迎下載歡迎下載There are moments in life when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from your dreams and hug them for real! Dream

39、 what you want to dream;go where you want to go;bewhat you want to be,because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.May you have enough happiness to make you sweet,enough trials to make youstrong,enough sorrow to keep you human,enough hope to make you happy? Alway

40、s put yourself in othersshoes.If you feel that it hurts you,it probably hurts the other person, too.The happiestof people dont necessarily have the best of everything;they just make the most of everything that comes along their way.Happiness lies for those who cry,those who hurt, those who havesearc

41、hed,and those who have tried,for only they can appreciate the importance of peoplewho have touched their lives.Love begins with a smile,grows with a kiss and ends with a tear.The brightestfuture will always be based on a forgotten past, you cant go on well in lifeuntil you let go of your past failur

42、es and heartaches.When you were born,you were crying and everyone around youwas smiling.Live your life so that when you die,youre the one who is smiling and everyone around you is cryig.Please send this message to those people who mean something to you,to those whohave touched your life in one way o

43、r another,to those who make you smile when you really need it,to those that make you see the brighter side of things when you are really down,to those whoyou want to let them know that you appreciate their friendship.And if you dont, dont worry,nothing bad will happen to you,you will just miss out o

44、n the opportunity to brighten someones daywith this message.Since we went to school, we have access to English all the time, because it is one of the necessary subjects. Before we attend college, we keep our attention on the grammar, butnow college means the new stage and we should pay attention to

45、practical English. Here are some suggestions.First, it is important to speak out loudly. The purpose of learning English is tocommunicate with foreigners, so as to get to know more about the world. Grammar is not the only thing we care about. What we should do is to open our mouths and improve our a

46、bility to usespoken English. It begins with reading textbooks. When we listen to the tapes and repeat many times, then our d.President Trump, as he often does, had a few things to sayAfter admitting that hehad been lonely over the holidays, Trump took advantage of his first public appearance of the

47、new year Wednesday to air lingering grievances, make multiple false claims and reinforce recentdecisions that have rattled financial markets and his partys leaders.As he held forth for more than 90 minutes before a small pool of reporters and photographers, members of his Cabinet,ostensibly called t

48、o the White House for a meeting, sat quietly around a long conference table.Trump defended his decision last month to withdraw U.S. troops from Syria and sharply cut thedeployment to Afghanistan, moves that disturbed Republican allies in Congress and prompted the resignation of Defense Secretary Jam

49、es N. Mattis. In doing so, he contradicted his own recentclaim that the U.S. had achieved its objectives of total victory over Islamic State militants in Syria.“Look, we dont want Syria,” he continued. “Were talking about sand and death. Thats what weretalking about. Were not talking about vast weal

50、th. Were talking about sand and death,” he said, seemingly contrasting the war-wracked country with Iraq and its vast oil reserves.Iran “can dowhat they want there, frankly,” he added, a comment likely to unnerve officials in Israel, who have worried that a U.S. withdrawal from its positions in east

51、ern Syria would allow Iran to expand itsinfluence there.“Its not my fault,” he said. “I didnt put us there.”Trump offered little further clarity on the U.S. withdrawal from Syria, which he initially said would take place in 30 days, saying nowthat the pullout will “take place over a period of time.”

52、Later, in a long riff about Afghanistan, Trump seemed to endorse Moscows 1979 invasion of the country an act that the U.S. viewed as anattempt to spread communism and waged a long, covert operation to combat during the Carter and Reagan administrations.“The reason Russia was in Afghanistan was becau

53、se terrorists weregoing into Russia,” Trump said, making a case to leave the policing of hot spots in the Mideast and Central Asia to countries in the region. “They were right to be there. The problem is it was atough fight.”The Soviet Union eventually was bankrupted by its Afghan war, Trump added.

54、“Russia used to be the Soviet Union. Afghanistan made it Russia, because they went bankrupt fightingin Afghanistan.”Historians generally agree that the Russian invasion and subsequent occupation of much of Afghanistan was one of several factors that contributed to the collapse of the SovietUnion, al

55、though the country never went bankrupt.For years, Republicans have credited President Reagan with bringing an end to the Soviet Union by his aggressive increase in U.S. militaryspending.Trumps comments stood in stark contrast to the view Mattis espoused in the resignation letter he presented last mo

56、nth after failing to convince the president to hold off on withdrawingfrom Syria.“We must do everything possible to advance an international order that is most conducive to our security, prosperity and values, and we are strengthened in this effort by the solidarityof our alliances,” Mattis wrote.Ma

57、ttis comments clearly stung Trump, who responded last month with criticism of his former Pentagon chief. On Wednesday, he stepped that up, claiming that hefired Mattis.“Whats he done for me? How had he done in Afghanistan? Not too good,” Trump said. “As you know, President Obama fired him, and essen

58、tially so did I.”O(jiān)bama did not fire Mattis,although the general did retire several months early in 2013 from his position as the head of the militarys Central Command after dissenting from Obama administration policy decisions.Tuesdaywas Mattis final day at the Pentagon. Trump, in a fit of pique aft

59、er the resignation letter became public, had moved up Mattis termination dateIn addition to his foreign policy comments, Trumpalso downplayed Decembers stock market losses, which erased all positive gains for the year, as “a little glitch” and asserted wrongly that there are “probably 30-35 million”

60、 immigrants inthe U.S. illegally. The nonpartisan Pew Research Center estimates that as of 2016, there were 10.7 million unauthorized immigrants living in the country, a number that has declined in recentyears.Trump repeated his call for Democrats to agree to $5.6 billion in funding for a border wal