托福閱讀之修辭目的題的解題思路與技巧

1、目錄修辭目的題介紹修辭目的題介紹1實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練2什么是修辭目的題？什么是修辭目的題？ 修辭目的題是托福閱讀考試中的一種常見題型，修辭是指修辭目的題是托福閱讀考試中的一種常見題型，修辭是指是一種有效寫作或演是一種有效寫作或演講的藝術(shù)，作者使用修辭是為了使文章能更有效地說(shuō)服讀者，從而達(dá)到某種目講的藝術(shù)，作者使用修辭是為了使文章能更有效地說(shuō)服讀者，從而達(dá)到某種目的。常見的修辭手法有舉例子、下定義、闡述、解釋、對(duì)比、論證、反駁、強(qiáng)的。常見的修辭手法有舉例子、下定義、闡述、解釋、對(duì)比、論證、反駁、強(qiáng)調(diào)等。調(diào)等。 舉例：舉例：illustrate/exemplify/demonstrate/show 下定義、

2、闡述、解釋下定義、闡述、解釋: define/explain/describe 比較、對(duì)比比較、對(duì)比: compare/contrast 論證支持論證支持: argue for/persuade/support 駁斥警告駁斥警告: argue against/refute/challenge/criticize/cast doubt on/warn/caution 強(qiáng)調(diào)：強(qiáng)調(diào)：emphasize/stress修辭目的題考察什么？ 考察單詞，短語(yǔ)或是句子在句子之內(nèi)或句子之間起到的作用，句子與整考察單詞，短語(yǔ)或是句子在句子之內(nèi)或句子之間起到的作用，句子與整體段落的聯(lián)系，或段與段之間的聯(lián)系體段落的聯(lián)

3、系，或段與段之間的聯(lián)系 考查是否理解作者為什么在文章中某個(gè)特別位置或者以某種特殊方式陳考查是否理解作者為什么在文章中某個(gè)特別位置或者以某種特殊方式陳述一個(gè)特別信息述一個(gè)特別信息常見的提問(wèn)方式有哪些？ The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to . Why does the author mention X? The author uses X as an example of In paragraph X, the author explains the concept of X by What is the function of di

4、scussion of the terms X in paragraph X ? What is the purpose of paragraph X? In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other ?My life of summer vacation is full of variety. During the summer vacation, I watched 5 movies. I went to the beach with my good friends. I also visited places of hi

5、storic interest.The topic sentenceExamples to illustrate the topic sentence如何解答修辭目的題？如何解答修辭目的題？ 在涉獵原文細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)之上，有意識(shí)地注意句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系以及在涉獵原文細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)之上，有意識(shí)地注意句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系以及段落的結(jié)構(gòu)（解題過(guò)程中最核心、最關(guān)鍵的部分）段落的結(jié)構(gòu)（解題過(guò)程中最核心、最關(guān)鍵的部分） 平時(shí)可加強(qiáng)練習(xí)，學(xué)會(huì)分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，概括文章的構(gòu)架平時(shí)可加強(qiáng)練習(xí)，學(xué)會(huì)分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，概括文章的構(gòu)架The astrolabe had long been the prima

6、ry instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though,

7、was not solved until the eighteenth century). By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise

8、 calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace ones path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourtee

9、nth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus

10、by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.Q: Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass? A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begu

11、n traveling across oceansB. To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabeC. To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possibleD. To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved四步法解題審題分析段落框架定位題干與

12、各選項(xiàng)信息分析信息，確定答案Q: Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass? 關(guān)鍵詞：why, author, include分析：why表示目的，與author一起出現(xiàn)，表明該題在問(wèn)作者的寫作目的，而include則表明作者把題干所給信息包含到段落中的原因必定與寫作目的有關(guān)聯(lián)。由此判斷出該題的類型屬于修辭目的題，題干所給信息很可能是對(duì)寫作目的進(jìn)行論證。通常，作者會(huì)在主題句中闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)和寫作意圖，

13、只要我們能找到段落主題句，就能獲得答案。所以接下來(lái)，我們應(yīng)對(duì)段落的框架有所了解。第一步：審題第二步：分析段落框架 分析線索：時(shí)間順序分析線索：時(shí)間順序 in the eleventh century (the astrolabe) by the early thirteenth century (the magnetic compass) beginning in the thirteenth century (new maps and the reports of sailors) in the fourteenth century (certain institutional and pr

14、actical norms) by about 1400 (the key elements were in place) 確定主題句的關(guān)鍵詞確定主題句的關(guān)鍵詞 thus (表示結(jié)論), the key elements (對(duì)以上所有信息的概括)段落框架圖Example 1The introduction of astrolabeExample 2The development of magnetic compassExample 3New maps and reports of sailorsExample 4Certain institutional and practical norms

15、SummaryTechnological advances enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.題干題干選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)A選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)B選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)C選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)D定位詞定位詞 the magnetic compasscaravels astrolabetechnological advances, sea tradelongitude文中對(duì)文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)應(yīng)點(diǎn)By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic comp

16、ass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. 無(wú)The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these poi

17、nts, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood.Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.第三步：定位題干與各選項(xiàng)信息第四步：分析信息，確定答案原文中每個(gè)與選項(xiàng)信息相原文中每個(gè)與選項(xiàng)信息相對(duì)應(yīng)

18、的句子在段落整體框?qū)?yīng)的句子在段落整體框架中的地位是怎樣的？是架中的地位是怎樣的？是example？是細(xì)節(jié)？還是？是細(xì)節(jié)？還是段落主題？段落主題？A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans.分析：該段落中沒有出現(xiàn)與A選項(xiàng)有關(guān)的信息，因此可以排除A選項(xiàng)。B. To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention o

19、f the astrolabe原文：The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which on

20、e stood.分析：由原文可判斷出B選項(xiàng)提供的信息在段落中只是一個(gè)例證，并非作者的觀點(diǎn)，與題干所給的信息沒有關(guān)聯(lián)，因此可以排除B選項(xiàng)。C. To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible原文：Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.原文關(guān)鍵詞：thus, the key elements分析：原文中的thus表明該句是段落的結(jié)論，而key elements則是對(duì)以上所列信息（the astrolabe, the magnetic compass, new maps and reports of sailors, certain institutional and practical norms）的概括，所以該句是段落的主題句。通過(guò)C選項(xiàng)中的定位詞technological advances和sea trade以及對(duì)句子意義的理解，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)C選項(xiàng)的意義與主題句的意義一致，因此我們可以確定C選項(xiàng)就是該題的答案。D. To explain how the problem of determining