動詞的時和體

1、時和體 “時”（Tense)是個語法范疇，它是表示時間區(qū)別的動詞形式。英語動詞有兩個時： 現(xiàn)在時（Present Tense） 過去時（Past Tense） “體”（Aspect）也是個語法范疇，它表示動作或過程在某一時間內(nèi)處于何種狀態(tài)的動詞形式。英語動詞有兩個體： 進行體（Progressive Aspect） 完成體（Perfect Aspect） 12.1 現(xiàn)在完成體和現(xiàn)在完成進行體現(xiàn)在完成體和現(xiàn)在完成進行體 完成體是動詞的一種形式，它表示該動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)完成已經(jīng)完成。 完成體是由助動詞have的一定形式加-ed分詞構(gòu)成，分為現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在完成體在完成體(Present Perfe

2、ct)和過去完成體過去完成體(Past Perfect)。它們又可與進行體相結(jié)合，構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進行體現(xiàn)在完成進行體(Present Perfect Progressive)和過去完成進行體過去完成進行體(Past Perfect Progressive)。 ed分詞=現(xiàn)在完成體 have/has+ been+ing分詞=現(xiàn)在完成進行體 完成體完成體 ed分詞=過去完成體 had+ been+ing分詞=過去完成進行體 1.現(xiàn)在完成體的用法現(xiàn)在完成體的用法 現(xiàn)在完成體(由have/has+-ed分詞構(gòu)成)，有兩個主要用法，即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。 “已完成”用法是指動作或過程發(fā)生在說話

3、之前某個沒有明確說出的過去時間(常指最近的過去時間)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成了，并與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系。例如： Hes turned off the light. (燈在一個過去時間被關(guān)掉，說話時仍然關(guān)著) “未完成”用法是指動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始，繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能繼續(xù)下去，也可能剛剛結(jié)束。例如： Hes lived here since 1960. (他從1960年來到這里居住，至今還住在這里，偶爾也可根據(jù)上下文理解為剛剛搬走。) 這兩種用法的主要區(qū)別是：“已完成”用法通常不與表示一段時間的狀語連用，而“未完成“用法通常都要與表示一段時間的狀語連用。 標志詞現(xiàn)在完成時的含義之一是過去完成的動作對現(xiàn)在仍

4、有影響（已完成用法）用以下四大標志詞可以表達這種含義： 1）以already, just和yet為標志already, just和yet表示到現(xiàn)在為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)、剛剛或還沒有發(fā)生。 He has already got her help.他已得到她的幫助。He has just seen the film.他剛剛看過這場電影。He hasnt come back yet.他還沒有回來。 2）以ever和never為標志ever和never表示到現(xiàn)在為止動作或狀態(tài)曾經(jīng)或從來沒有發(fā)生過。This is the best film I have ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的一部電影

5、。He has never been to Beijing.他從沒有到過北京。 3）以動作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標志若某一動作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)發(fā)生了若干次，則要使用現(xiàn)在完成時。He says he has been to the USA three times. 他說他已經(jīng)去過美國三次了。 4）以so far為標志so far往往表示到目前為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生。 He has got to Beijing so far.到目前為止他已到了北京。 She has passed the exam so far.到目前為止她已經(jīng)通過了考試。過去已經(jīng)開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去（未完成用法）

6、我們可以從動作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時間”點段的區(qū)分入手： “終止”、“延續(xù)”要轉(zhuǎn)換英語中的動詞從詞義上可以分為延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性兩種。在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中一定要注意動詞這一特性，應將這類非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動詞。如：“Cats” has been on for half an hour.貓已經(jīng)開演半個小時了。How long have you had this dictionary?這本字典你買了多久了?*初中階段常見的有：comebe, go outbe out, leavebe away (from), beginbe on, buyhave, borrowkeep, joinbe a mem

7、ber / 介詞短語, diebe dead, becomebe, open (v.)be open (adj.) 等。 時間“點”、“段”須分清過去開始的動作可以延續(xù)到某一點結(jié)束，也可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)，這時就要根據(jù)時間“點”、“段”選擇相應的介詞for或since。如：He has been away for two years.他已走了兩年。(for +時間段)He has been an English teacher since 1992.自從1992年以來他一直當英語教師。 (since +過去某一時刻) 2.現(xiàn)在完成進行體的用法現(xiàn)在完成進行體的用法 1. 表示“持續(xù)”：即表示一個從過去某

8、時開始一直持續(xù)的動作，這動作可能剛剛停止（例句2），也可能還在進行（例句1） Ive been writing letters for an hour (and Ive still got some more to do). Ive been sitting in the garden (and have just come in-doors). 2. 表示“重復”即表示在一段持續(xù)的時間內(nèi)動作的多次重復，而這個重復的動作在說話時并不一定在進行。如：Weve all along been making mistakes like this. 我們一直犯這樣的錯誤。 3.有時可與現(xiàn)在完成體互換使用

9、 Weve been living here for ten years. Weve lived here for ten years.*但是，由于現(xiàn)在完成進行體還具有進行體的持續(xù)、暫時性和未完成性的特點，有時就不可以與現(xiàn)在完成體互換使用： Whos been eating my dinner? Whos eaten my dinner? 前一例的含義是“還有些剩下”，后一例則表示“全給吃光了”，含義不同。*與現(xiàn)在完成進行體連用的主要時間狀語現(xiàn)在完成進行時所用的時間狀語：all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recentl

10、y / lately; in the past few + 時間段; since +時間點; for + 時間段等。 3.現(xiàn)在完成（進行）體與過去時比較現(xiàn)在完成（進行）體與過去時比較 上述現(xiàn)在完成體和現(xiàn)在完成進行體的用法， 不論其動作或狀態(tài)在說話時已經(jīng)完成還是延續(xù)到說話時刻并可能繼續(xù)下去，都與現(xiàn)在時間有聯(lián)系。如果與現(xiàn)在時間沒有聯(lián)系，那就要用一般過去時或過去進行體。比較： His sister has been an invalid all her life.(含義是：她現(xiàn)在還活著) His sister was an invalid all her life.(含義是：她現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)死了) He

11、has lived in China for ten years.(含義是：他可能還住在中國，也可能剛剛離開中國。) He lived in China for ten years.(含義是：他現(xiàn)在已不在中國。) 同樣地，如果用了與現(xiàn)在時間沒有聯(lián)系的確定的過去時間狀語，也要用一般過去時或過去進行體。比較： Ive been all over Africa. I went all over Africa in 1965. 12.2 過去完成體和過去完成進行體過去完成體和過去完成進行體 1.過去完成體的用法過去完成體的用法過去完成體(由had+-ed分詞構(gòu)成)的主要用法，同現(xiàn)在完成體一樣，也有兩個

12、，即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法，不同的是，過去完成體把時間推移到了過去某一時間之前，與現(xiàn)在時間不發(fā)生聯(lián)系。過去完成體的“已完成”用法表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束。例如： Tom flew home, but his father had already died. I had written the article when they came. He knew he had met her before.過去完成體的“未完成”用法表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，而且到那時還未結(jié)束，仍有繼續(xù)下去的可能性。例如： By six oc

13、lock they had worked twelve hours. She said that she had made much progress since she came here. In 1960, Id known him for ten years; I met him for the first time in 1950. 2.過去完成進行體的用法過去完成進行體的用法 過去完成進行體(由had been+-ing分詞構(gòu)成)的主要用法與現(xiàn)在完成進行體的“未完成”用法相仿，只是時間推移到了過去。例如： Id been working for some time when he c

14、alled. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 有時過去完成進行體和過去完成體可以互換使用。比較： Id been working for three hours when he called. Id worked for three hours when he called. 在兩者均可的情況下，口語中傾向于用過去完成進行體。 3.在由在由when/before/after/until等引導的分句中等引導的分句中 過去完成體的用法過去完成體的用法when, after, before, until等

15、連詞的互換使用： When I reached the station, the train had already left. I reached the station after the train had left. I didnt reach the station until (after) the train had left. The train had left before I reached the station.上述諸例中的兩個先后動作，通常一個用一般過去時表示，另一個用過去完成體表示。由于before,after本身已體現(xiàn)先后性，有時也能用兩個一般過去時表示。比較：

16、 The train (had) left before I reached the station. 也可以在以before引導的時間狀語分句中用過去完成體，以表示動作的未實現(xiàn)或未完成。例如： He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat. (在我還沒有脫下大衣時，他給了我飲料） 能同時使用兩個過去完成體的場合極少，下面帶有由by the time引導的時間狀語分句的句子是少數(shù)例子中的一個： By the time I (had) recovered from the shock he had disappeared. 但多半還是一

17、個用一般過去時，另一個用過去完成體。例如： We had got everything ready by the time they arrived. 4.過去完成體的想象性用法過去完成體的想象性用法 過去完成體在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中可用于表示與過去時態(tài)相反的主觀設想：a)用于if, if only, as if引導的條件分句： If Bernard had walked faster everything would have been all right. I felt as if I had known her all my life. If only you had told me before

18、.b)用于I wish, Id rather等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的that-分句： I wish I had said that I couldnt come. I would rather you had told her the truth.c)用于expect, think, intend, mean (-intend), want, suppose等動詞表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖： I had hoped that we would be able to leave tomorrow, but its beginning to look difficult. I had intended

19、 to make a cake, but I ran out of time. 12.3關(guān)于完成體用法的幾點補充說明關(guān)于完成體用法的幾點補充說明1、完成體與since-分句帶現(xiàn)在完成體的主句常與since-詞組或since-分句連用，表示自從某一時點以來一直存在著某種事態(tài)。例如：He has taught us English since 2006.在一定上下文中，since還可以作副詞出現(xiàn)在句尾：He wrote me last month，but I havent heard from him since.在這里，since=since last month,指的還是一個時點。正因為sin

20、ce-分句常常只指一個時點，所以分句常用非持續(xù)性動詞的一般過去時。例如：The design has completely changed since we began to use this kind of machine.在since-分句中有時也可用持續(xù)性動詞或靜態(tài)動詞的一般過去時，表示自從某一時點以來一直存在著某種狀態(tài)。例如：The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.注意since 與過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時動詞連用時的區(qū)別： We have known each other since we were at college.

21、（說話時，“我們”已經(jīng)不在上大學了） We have known each other since we have been at college. （說話時，我們還在上大學）課外延伸延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作，這種動作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如：study, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay，smoke等。 延續(xù)性動詞表示的動作不但可以延續(xù)，而且可以產(chǎn)生持久的影響,又叫非點動詞。常見的這類動詞有：be，have，keep，know，study，lie，

22、live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay，wait，walk，watch等。延續(xù)性動詞的用法很廣，但常見于現(xiàn)在完成時中的句子中，且常與for，how，long，since等引導的表示一段時間的狀語或狀語從句連用。終止性動詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動作，這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy,die等。 它可用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),但由于動作是瞬時間完成的所以不能與for或since引出的時間狀語

23、連用，又叫點動詞.英語中常見的非延續(xù)性動詞在完成時態(tài)中可改為相應的表示延續(xù)性的動詞或短語,這時可與表示一段時間的的狀語連用.2、完成體與have got/have got to(美國英語用gotten)： Ive just got a new dictonary.Ive already gotten my books. 但是，在口語中，特別在英國英語中，have/has got 還有另一種用法，就是相當于have/has作有來解釋，完成體僅是一種形式，不能作get的現(xiàn)在完成體來解釋。例如：Ive got a knife(=I have a knife).另外，在一定的上下文中，have/has

24、 got to作必須來解釋，相當于半個助動詞have/has to.例如：Weve got to do it now.(We have to do it now)have/has got to 的否定形式是havent/hasnt got to:He hasnt got to do it.(He doesnt have to do it.)had got=had, hadnt got =hadnt, had got to=had to以及hadnt got to=didnt have to 的用法，在直接引語中少見。3、完成體在It is the first time +that-分句中的使用

25、在It is/was/will be the first time+that-分句結(jié)構(gòu)中，當主句動詞為is/will be時，that-分句動詞一律用現(xiàn)在完成體;引導詞that可以省略。例如：Its the first time Ive been there.Dont forget,itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.當主句動詞為was時，that-分句動詞通常用過去完成時，間或也可以用一般過去時;如果有明確的時間狀語，而說話時這個時間尚未成為過去，偶爾還可以用現(xiàn)在完成體。例如：It was the first time shed been

26、at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoy it.在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句的主語還可用this,this evening,yesterday等;這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其它序數(shù)詞，time還可由其它名詞代替，that-分句中動詞形式同上。例如：This is the tenth time (that) This evening will be the first time(that) Yesterday was the second time(that)Its the first month (that)第13講 將來時間的表示法將來時間的表示法1.表

27、示表示 將來時間的多種結(jié)構(gòu)將來時間的多種結(jié)構(gòu)1) will/shall+不定式 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的主要意義，一是表示“預見”。例如： You will feel better after taking this medicine. Hell be here in half an hour. Do you think itll rain? 二是表示“意圖”。例如： Ill do it, if you like. As the railway is not yet open to traffic, we shall go by boat. I promise to pay him back in time

28、, but he wont lend it to me. Ill go and see Tom as soon as I get to Shanghai. 在疑問句中可以用will/shall征詢聽話人的意圖： Will you be at home at seven oclock this evening? What shall I do with your mail? 上述用法都帶有說話人的主觀看法或態(tài)度在內(nèi)2) will/shall+不定式進行體/完成體這種“will/shall+不定式進行體”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“純粹”的將來，不包含“意愿”、“意圖”等情態(tài)意義，有“自然要發(fā)生”的意義。 The

29、train will be arriving at two oclock. I shall be writing to you soon. He wont be coming to the party this evening. Ill be telling you all about it when we meet again. Will you be going home next weekend?這種“will/shall+不定式進行體”結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示將來某一時刻或時段里正在進行的動作。 Ill be working in Geneva during May. What will you

30、 be doing this time tomorrow morning? 如果要表示將來某一時刻之前已完成的動作便可以用“will/shall+不定式完成體”結(jié)構(gòu)。 You will have completed the elementary English course by this time next year. Ill have finished my work by five this afternoon. Before long he will have forgotten all about it. The snow will have disappeared before t

31、he end of March. 如果要表示一個已經(jīng)開始的動作到將來某一時間仍在進行，便可用“will/shall+不定式完成進行體”結(jié)構(gòu)。 By the end of next month I shall have been working here for 20 years exactly. If it rains again tomorrow, then it will have been raining for a solid week.（solid:continutous 連續(xù)的）注意：“will+不定式進行體”，“will+不定式完成體”和“will+不定式完成進行體”這三種結(jié)構(gòu)在

32、一定語境中也可能并不表示將來，而僅僅表示說話人的揣測。 Its already six oclock. He wont be working now. 六點了，大概不會在工作。 Hurry up. They will be waiting. 快點，他們一定在等我們。 He will have received my letter by now. 這時他一定已經(jīng)收到我的信了。 You will have heard the news, so I need not repeat it. 你一定聽到消息了，所以我沒必要重復了。 They will have been having a holiday

33、 yesterday. 昨天他們大概在度假。 Youll have been wondering all this time how my invention works. 這些時候你們一定想知道我的發(fā)明是怎樣工作的 3) be going to + 不定式 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的主要意義，一是表示“意圖”，即打算在最近的將來或?qū)磉M行某事。例如： Are you going to post that letter? How long is he going to stay here? Were going to call a meeting to discuss it. Hes going to be

34、a doctor when he grows up. 用be going to表示“意圖”的用法，意圖的體現(xiàn)者通常就是句子的主語，但也可能不是。例如： The wall is going to be painted green. (= We or somebody else intend to paint the wall green.) Hes not going to cheat me again. (= I wont let him cheat me again.) “be going to + 不定式”的另一意義是表示“預見”，即現(xiàn)在已有跡象表明將要發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生某種情況。例如： I

35、feel dizzy. I think Im going to faint. Good heavens! I must hurry. Im going to be late. Look at these black cloudstheres going to be a storm. George is putting on weight. Hes going to be very fat. (見P. 153)注意： 上述“be going to+不定式”表示“意圖”的用法有時可與“will+不定式”互換 但是be going to表示的“意圖”通常是事先經(jīng)過考慮的，而“will+不定式”表示的

36、“意圖”一般是說話時臨時到想的，因此在有些語境中不可互換。 如：1)A:Why are you taking down all the pictures? B:Im going to repaper the room.2)A:What a terribly heavy box! B:Ill help you.做做看 He _(come) if you ask him. A:why do you want all the furniture out of the room? B:Because I_(shampoo) the carpet.Its impossible to do it unle

37、ss you take every thing off it first. 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的主要意義是表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，常用于位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，也可用于其它動態(tài)動詞。如： Were leaving on Friday. The President is coming to the UN this week. The plane is taking off at 5:20. Were moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow. 以上說的“安排”是指“肯定的安排”，即

38、說話時刻之前已經(jīng)決定了的安排。這種用法通常帶有表示將來的時間狀語，如果不帶時間狀語，則根據(jù)上下文表示最近即將發(fā)生的動作。例如： A: Where are you going? B: Im going for a walk. Are you coming with me? A: Yes, Im just coming. Wait for me4）be + -ing (現(xiàn)在進行體）現(xiàn)在進行體） 5) be to + 不定式不定式 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的主要用法，一是表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作： I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon. Theres to be

39、 an investigation. Where are we to stay tonight? 常見于報紙和廣播，用以宣布官方的計劃或決定。例如： The Queen is to visit Japan next year. The Prime Minister is to speak on television tonight. 二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如： You are to stand here. Do you understand? Tell her shes not to be back late. 6)一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時 這一結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于表示根據(jù)規(guī)定、時間表預計要發(fā)生

40、的動作或事態(tài)。常見于條件或時間狀語分句，表示將來時間。例如： If she comes, well tell her. Ill give it to you after I return. It wont be long before the rain stops. Wait here till the meeting is over. 在主句中一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時間通常指按照時間表或既定日程一定會發(fā)生的將來事態(tài)。例如： Hes in all day Sunday. She retires next month. Tomorrow is Saturday. The term starts on

41、 23rd August. Next Christmas falls on a Thursday. 7 7）補充）補充 be about to do: 1) 表示即將發(fā)生的動作，在時間上指最近的將來。如： We are about to start. 我們就要出發(fā)了。 The new school year is about to begin. 新學年開學在即。 2) 在含有be about to do的句子中，不能再加時間狀語。如： Wrong: The medical team is about to start immediately. Right: The medical team i

42、s about to start. 醫(yī)療隊就要出發(fā)了做做看Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage_avoid.A:is to be B:can be C:will beD:has been 2) I suppose that when I come back in ten years time all these old house _ _down. A:will have been pulledB:will have pulledC:will be pulling D:

43、will be pulled3) Pick me up at 8 oclock.I _my bath by then.A: may haveB:will be havingC:can have hadD:will have had 2. 過去將來時間表示法過去將來時間表示法 1) would + 不定式 用“would + 不定式”表示過去將來時間通常帶有表示過去將來時間的狀語，而且多見從屬分句。例如： He said he would come back the next day. We never imagined that he would become a doctor. A: She

44、 washed the car, didnt she? B: No, she forgot. But she said shed wash it tomorrow. 如果要表示在過去將來某一時間正在進行的動作，可用“would + 不定式進行體”。例如： He never imagined that some day he would be living away from his motherland. He told his friend that this time next year he would be studying at Stanford. 如果表示在過去將來某時以前業(yè)已發(fā)生

45、的事態(tài)，可用“would + 不定式完成體”。例如： The delegation would have arrived by 4:00 that afternoon. He said he would have finished his thesis by the end of next month. 如果要表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到過去將來某時的動作或事態(tài)，可用“would + 不定式完成進行體”。例如： He said that by the end of May she would have been studying medicine for three years. By six

46、 oclock that afternoon, they would have been cleaning the house for five hours. 2) was/were going to + 不定式 用“was/were going to + 不定式”表示過去將來，也通常帶有過去將來時間的狀語。例如: He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired. He was going to play tennis that afternoon. 用“was/were going to + 不定式”表示的動作

47、或事態(tài)也可以是沒有實現(xiàn)的意圖。例如： Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained. I was going to finish my article last night but my friend arrived so I didnt have time. 3) was/were to + 不定式不定式 用“was/were to + 不定式”表示過去將來，通常指按過去的計劃、安排在某個過去將來時間發(fā)生的事態(tài)。例如： As I was to leave the next day, I went to bed early

48、 on Thursday evening. They were not to get away with it if they continued to violate the law. 此外用“was/were to + 不定式”也可以表示以后不可避免要發(fā)生的事件。例如： They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again. He received a blow on the head. It didnt worry him at the time, but it was to be very troublesome later. 4)過去進行體和一般過去時過去進行體和一般過去時 用過去進行體表示過去將來通常指按過去的計劃、安排即將在某一過去時間發(fā)生的事態(tài)。例如： He said they we