句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤

1、句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤Sentence Structure Problems英語(yǔ)句子是受?chē)?yán)格的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則制約的，在寫(xiě)作中如果違背這些規(guī)則，那么寫(xiě)出的句子就會(huì)使人無(wú)法理解，或引起歧義。要想避免發(fā)生這些情況，在寫(xiě)作時(shí)就必須處理好句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。我們對(duì)常犯的寫(xiě)作錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行了歸納。殘缺句、接排句、誤置修飾語(yǔ)和懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是句子結(jié)構(gòu)中最常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。我將對(duì)這些問(wèn)題逐一進(jìn)行分析，以幫助大家弄清寫(xiě)作中出現(xiàn)這些問(wèn)題的原因，并掌握糾正錯(cuò)誤的方法殘缺句(Sentence Fragments)所謂殘缺句，顧名思義，就是指不能獨(dú)立成句的一個(gè)不完整的句子片斷。盡管殘缺句在形式上像句子一樣是以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭，并在結(jié)尾處帶有標(biāo)點(diǎn)，

2、然而在邏輯上并不能單獨(dú)表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思,僅是一組詞而已。請(qǐng)看下列句子：Fragment Wondering what his son was going to doRevised Sentence MrSmith had been wondering what his son was going to doFragment Some errors in writing are seriousFor example， fragments and runon sentencesRevised Sentences Some errors in writing are serious，for exa

3、mple， fragments and runon sentencesOR Some errors in writing are serious，among which are fragments and run-on sentences雖然句子的殘缺以各種形式出現(xiàn)，但最常見(jiàn)的形式是被分隔開(kāi)的從句和以各種形式拆開(kāi)的短語(yǔ)，如句號(hào)錯(cuò)誤(period fault)。Fragments Having driven across the desertWe enjoyed the cool weather He enjoys flowers and shrubsWhich help screen his

4、yard from the streetRevised Sentences Having driven across the desert， we enjoyed the cool weather He enjoys flowers and shrubs，which help screen his yard from the street0R He enjoys flowers and shrubsThey help screen his yard from the street在寫(xiě)作中要經(jīng)常檢查句子的殘缺問(wèn)題，特別要注意那些以從屬連詞或短語(yǔ)等開(kāi)頭的句子，這些詞都是“危險(xiǎn)詞”。要確定以這些詞開(kāi)

5、始的每個(gè)從句，都應(yīng)附屬于一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。 避免殘缺句的最好辦法是注意區(qū)別句子和句子的一部分。我們知道句子的最基本特點(diǎn)是在語(yǔ)法和邏輯上是一個(gè)完整的意義表達(dá)單位。它至少具有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞的非限定形式不能在句中作為謂語(yǔ)單獨(dú)使用，除非是在如Where to go tonight?簡(jiǎn)短的問(wèn)句中。因此在寫(xiě)句子時(shí)要特別注意。改寫(xiě)殘缺句主要有以下兩種方法： 1將句中用的句號(hào)變成逗號(hào)，或把分隔開(kāi)的短語(yǔ)或從句同它所屬 的句子合并成一個(gè)能表達(dá)完整意思的句子。例如：FragmentsSince there is a lack of interestThere is a great lack of informa

6、tion You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragmentsBecause they are considered serious mistakes in writing I look forward to holidaysFor example, Thanksgiving andChristmasRevised Sentences Since there is a lack of interest，there is a great lack of information.You should make a deter

7、mined effort to avoid sentence fragments because they are considered serious mistakes in writing I look forward to holidays，for example，Thanksgiving and Christmas2）把殘缺句擴(kuò)展到主句中，或通過(guò)添加或減少某些成分。把殘缺 改寫(xiě)為獨(dú)立、完整的句子。例如：Fragments I am interested only in the properties of citrus fruitSuch aslemons，oranges，and gra

8、pefruit Having no money and being lonely in the big city. It was difficult to decide. which choice to makeTo return to school or to accept the jobRevised Sentences I am interested only in the properties of citrus fruit. Examples are lemons，oranges，and grapefruit Having no money and being lonely in t

9、he big city，the womencommitted suicide It was difficult to decide whether to return to school or to acceptthe jobDirections：Try to revise the following fragments in one or more thanone way 1Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to going to school 2The table was covered with fresh veg

10、etablesSuch as lettuce， carrots，spinach，and squash 3Joe tries to call home once a weekTo be in touch with his family 4. He made a point of entering each misspelled word in a notebook. Which he kept for that purpose. 5. It was a wonderful week. Fishing and swimming every day and dancing every night.R

11、evised sentences1Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to full-time class work，they have very little free time2The table was covered with fresh vegetables such as lettuce，carrots，spinach and squash3Joe tries to call home once a week to keep in touch with his family4He made a point of

12、 entering each misspelled word in a notebook，which he kept for that purpose5It was a wonderful weekWe went fishing and swimming every day and dancing every nightOR：It was a wonderful weekWe fished and swam every day and danced every night2接排句(Run-on Sentence)所謂接排句就是兩個(gè)或更多的句子混合交織在一起，而沒(méi)有正確的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)標(biāo)明它們之間關(guān)系

13、的句子。這樣的句子，意思含混不清，使讀者不能理解各部分之間的關(guān)系。接排句有兩種形式:一是融合句(fused sentence)，即在句子之間沒(méi)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和句間連接詞；另一種更為常見(jiàn)的形式是逗號(hào)連接(comma splice)，即沒(méi)有并列連詞，只用逗號(hào)代替分號(hào)和句號(hào)，把兩個(gè)完整的意思連接起來(lái).請(qǐng)看例句:Fused Sentences 1. The girls scored higher in math the boys scored higher in verbal skills2. Gestures are a means of communication for everyone they

14、are essential for the hearing-impairedComma Splices 1. Education is an elusive word, it often means different things to different people2. Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park，the park consists of two million acres of backcountry改正接排句的基本方法可根據(jù)句子之間的不同關(guān)系分為以下5種1.用句號(hào)分隔。當(dāng)長(zhǎng)

15、句或兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系不是很密切或毫無(wú) 關(guān)系時(shí)，可使用這種方法。例如：Revised Sentences The girls scored higher in mathThe boys scored higher in verbal skillsGestures are a means of communication for everyoneThey are essential for the hearing-impaired Education is an elusive wordIt often means different things to different people Hik

16、ers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone NationalParkThe park consists of two million acres of backcountry2 用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)。用分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句時(shí)，它們之間的關(guān)系 在意義和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上比起使用句號(hào)時(shí)，關(guān)系較緊密。Revised Sentences The girls scored higher in math；the boys scored higher inverbal skills Gestures are a means of communication fo

17、r everyone；theyare essential for the hearingimpaired Education is an elusive word；it often means different thingsto different people Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park；the park consists of two million acres of backcountry3使用并列連詞連接。當(dāng)接排的句子之間關(guān)系緊密，容易辨別且 合乎邏輯時(shí)，可以借助并列連詞來(lái)

18、連接，通常在這些連詞前要 加上逗號(hào)。Revised Sentences The girls scored higher in math，andbut the boys scoredhigher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone， butthey are essential for the hearingimpaired Education is an elusive word，for it often means differentthings to different people Yell

19、owstone National Park consists of two million acres ofbackcountry，and hikers would especially enjoy a vacationthere4使用連接副詞連接。根據(jù)作者的意圖和句子的需要。接排的句 子可以使用連接副詞來(lái)連接。這時(shí)，句子之間要用分號(hào)。在連接副詞的后面還要加逗號(hào)，但是一般在單音節(jié)的連詞后不加逗 號(hào)。如so，yet。thus等.Revised Sentences The girls scored higher in math；however，the boys scored higherin ve

20、rbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone; neverthe1ess，they are essential for the hearing-impaired Education is an elusive word; indeed, it often means differentthings to different people Yellowstone National Park consists of two million acres of backcountry; therefore, hikers

21、would especially enjoy a vacation there5.使用從屬連詞、關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞連接. 當(dāng)可以判斷出一個(gè)句子從邏輯上或意義上從屬于另一個(gè)句子時(shí), 可以將此接排句 改寫(xiě)成復(fù)合句。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math，while the boys scored higherin verbal skillsAlthough gestures are a means of communication for everyone，they are essential for the hearing-impaire

22、dThe power failure caused a blackout which created a lot ofproblemsHikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone NationalPark，which consists of two million acres of backcountryDirections: Revise the following run-on sentences1 Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male profes

23、sions they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths2I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town，all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival3Eric was late to work he ran all the wayRevised sentences1Women no longer need to move into the traditionally

24、 male professions，for they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths OR：Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions；they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths OR：Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professi

25、onsThey have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths OR：Because women have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths，they no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions2I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in townAll the tables were ta

26、ken before the Dragon Boat Festival OR：I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town，but all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival OR：I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town； however，all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival OR：I called f

27、or a reservation at a famous restaurant in town；all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival OR：Although I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town，all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival3Eric was late to work，so he ran all the way or：Eric ran all the wa

28、y；otherwise，he could have been late to work or：Because Eric was late to work，he ran all the way or：Eric ran all the way because he was late to work or：Eric was late to work although he ran all the way Directions: Identify and correct serious errors(such as fragments·fused sentences and comma sp

29、lices)in each of the following1Without telling anyone，even her sister，Mary，going to the park，meeting her friends2The physics problems were just impossible，they took all day to do·3That the course was so hard we all studied day and night, with no one getting an A or a B4I knocked onat the door w

30、hen the lady came I gave her most in- gratiating smile5Why do you ask what concern is it of yours?6Getting married is easy，staying married is a different matter.7Michelle tried each of the appetizers on the tableAnd then found that，when the dinner arrived，her appetite had gone·8She didnt know w

31、hat to say to his announcement，she was not at a complete loss for words，eitherRevised sentences1Without telling anyone，not even her sister，Mary went to the park to meet her friends2The physics problems were just impossible；therefore，they tookall day to do3The course was so hard that we all studied d

32、ay and night，with noone getting an A or a B4I knocked onat the doorWhen the lady came，I gave her most ingratiating smile5Why do you ask? What concern is it of yours?6Getting married is easy；staying married is a different matter OR：Getting married is easy，but staying married is a different matter OR：

33、Although getting married is easy，staying married is a different matter7Michelle tried each of the appetizers on the tableShe then found that，when the dinner arrived，her appetite had gone8She didnt know what to say to his announcement，nor was she ata complete loss for words，either.OR：She was neither

34、ready with a response nor at a complete loss for words3. 誤置修飾語(yǔ)（Misplaced Modifiers）在寫(xiě)作中，為了使句子生動(dòng)和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修飾語(yǔ)。按照英語(yǔ)構(gòu)句規(guī)則，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句必須盡可能地靠近所修飾的成分。如果忽視了這個(gè)規(guī)則，在修飾語(yǔ)和其所修飾的中心詞之間不恰當(dāng)?shù)貖A進(jìn)了其他成分，就可能造成句子意思混淆，產(chǎn)生歧義。請(qǐng)看下面句子： Misplaced Modifiers He sold the old car to the man with leather seats Please give the

35、book to the boy with the blue cover That cat belongs to my neighbor with five kittensRevised Sentences He sold the old car with leather seats to the man Please give the book with the blue cover to the boy That cat with five kittens belongs to my neighbor如果一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)既可以修飾其前面的詞也可修飾其后面的詞，這樣的修飾語(yǔ)稱(chēng)為歧義修飾語(yǔ)(squin

36、ting modifier)。歧義修飾語(yǔ)會(huì)使讀者對(duì)其修飾目的感到困惑不解。所以，應(yīng)該把易產(chǎn)生歧義的修飾語(yǔ)放在它所惟一修飾的詞的前面。例如： The equipment without the accessories sold the best(Differ- ent types of equipment were available，some with and some without the accessories) The equipment sold the best without the accessories(One type of equipment was available，

37、and the accessories were optional)Squinting Modifiers We agreed on the next day to make the adjustments· Students who practice writing often will benefitRevised Sentences We agreed to make the adjustments on the next day· (We agreed that on the next day we would make the adjustments)- Or O

38、n the next day，we agreed to make the adjustments (On the next day，we agreed that we would make the adjust- ments) Students who often practice writing will benefit Students who practice writing will often benefit 所以，在寫(xiě)作中我們要特別注意副詞的位置，要把它們放在使讀者對(duì)句子的意義更清楚的地方。請(qǐng)分析下面這個(gè)句子： He only suggested three rules for u

39、s to follow 除非我們?cè)谶@里確實(shí)是指“He only suggested them；he didntinsist on them”，否則only這個(gè)詞就應(yīng)放在它所修飾的詞前面： He suggested only three rules for US to follow 要注意句子會(huì)隨著only位置的改變而改變其意義。Directions：Identify the misplaced word or words in each sentenceThen rewrite the sentences and make the meaning clear 1Our team didnt e

40、ven score once 2 . She is teaching a seminar this term on market economy at the Osaka International University. 3The city almost spent twenty million dollars on the new stadium 4Tony bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission 5The suburbs nearly had five inches of rain 6We co

41、uld see the football stadium driving across the bridge 7I almost had a dozen job interviews after I sent out my resume 8There were strong calls for an immediate ceasefire in the UNSecurity Council9. The exchange students we met for coffee occasionally questioned us about our latest slang.10. I put t

42、he chair in the middle of the room that I had recently purchased.Revised sentences1Our team didnt score even once.2This term she is teaching a seminar on market economy at theOsaka International University3The city spent almost twenty million dollars on the new stadium4Tony bought an old car with a

43、faulty transmission from a crookeddealer5The suburbs had nearly five inches of rain.6Driving across the bridge，we could see the football stadium.7I had almost a dozen job interviews after I sent out my resume.8There were strong calls in the UN Security Council for an immediate ceasefire9The exchange

44、 students we occasionally met for coffee questioned us about our latest slang OR：The exchange students we met for coffee questioned us occasionally about our latest slang.1OI put the chair that I had recently purchased in the middle of the room4懸垂修飾語(yǔ)(Dangling Modifiers)懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是與句子的主語(yǔ)不能構(gòu)成邏輯關(guān)系的修飾語(yǔ)。懸垂修飾語(yǔ)

45、可以出現(xiàn)在句中的任意位置，但大多位于句首。請(qǐng)看下面例句：Dangling Modifiers By going to the various sorority houses on campus and meetinghundreds of new girls，my conversation，manners，and poisebecame more polished To write the proposal，research must be done 兩句中斜體的修飾語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不存在邏輯關(guān)系。在第一句中，當(dāng)作者想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為“I”是句子的主語(yǔ)，并打算對(duì)自己做個(gè)描述。但是由于用了“my con

46、versation”做句子的主語(yǔ)就破壞了句子中的邏輯關(guān)系而引起荒謬可笑的解釋?zhuān)篒t was her conversationthat visited the sorority houses動(dòng)詞的非限定性短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致，否則就會(huì)形成懸垂性修飾語(yǔ)。如果把句子的主語(yǔ)改成“I”，就可改成一個(gè)令人滿(mǎn)意的句子了。同樣，在第二句中，動(dòng)詞不定式在邏輯上不能修飾句子的主語(yǔ)，theresearchRevised Sentences By going to the various sorority houses on campus and meetinghundreds of new

47、 girls，I polished my conversation，manners，and poise To write the proposal, the professor must first do some re- search2懸垂動(dòng)名詞(Dangling Gerund)Dangling Modifiers By installing a birdbaththe birds were given a source of water After finishing the research，the paper was easy to writeRevised Sentences By

48、installing a birdbath，we gave the birds a source of water After finishing the research，I found that the paper was easy to write3懸垂動(dòng)詞不定式(Dangling Infinitive)Dangling Modifiers To ski properly，a course of instruction is necessary To write well，good books must be readRevised SentencesTo ski properly，a

49、beginner should take a course of instruction.To write well, I must read good books.4懸垂省略從句(Dangling Elliptical Clause)Dangling Modifier While climbing the hill，the rain began to fall· When only a small boy，my father took me with him to Chicago·Revised Sentences While climbing the hill，she

50、felt the rain beginning to fall· When I was only a small boy，my father took me with him to Chicago常用的修改懸垂性修飾語(yǔ)的方法有： 1.找出句子中隱含的主語(yǔ)，對(duì)所修飾的短語(yǔ)提供行為者(actor) (承擔(dān)動(dòng)作行為的人或物).Dangling Modifiers At the age of six my uncle bought my first pet，a goldfish. While leaving the house，the phone rang· Using this

51、drug，many undesirable side effects are experiencedRevised Sentences At the age of six, I received my first pet, a goldfish from my uncle While leaving the house, I heard the phone ring· Using this drug，patients experience many undesirable side effects2.補(bǔ)足懸垂短語(yǔ)或省略從句必要的成分，擴(kuò)展其成為一個(gè)完整的 從句，由行為者做主語(yǔ). Re

52、vised Sentences When I was six，my uncle bought me my first pet，a goldfish· As I was leaving the house，the phone rang.Many undesirable side effects are experienced when this drug is used.Directions：Please revise the following sentences with dangling modifiers1Thumbing through the magazine，her ey

53、es automatically noticed the cosmetic ads2To please the visitors，a cross talk was performed 3On entering the teachers office，a terrestrial globe caught his attention ；4Though only seventeen，the army accepted his application5From attending professional meetings，important lessons can be learned6With fifty pages left to re