太陽系以外的行星學習教案

1、會計學1太陽系以外太陽系以外(ywi)的行星的行星第一頁，共27頁。 Total: 209 discovered to-date. Statistics: Gas giant planets, like Jupiter & Saturn, exist around 12% of stars (Marcy et al. 2005); Lower-mass planets (Super-Earths, 3 known to-date) are significantly more common (Rivera et al. 2005; Beaulieu et al. 2006). No E

2、arth-like planets yet第1頁/共27頁第二頁，共27頁。after Gould et al. (2006)First Super-Earth discovered GJ 876d:- Mass 7.5 EarthsAlso HD 69830b:- Mass 10 EarthsNASA Kepler mission: Radii in this rangeM = MercuryV = VenusE = Earth, etc.第2頁/共27頁第三頁，共27頁。第3頁/共27頁第四頁，共27頁。 Type and size of condensate is important P

3、ossibly large reflected light in the optical Thermal emission in the infraredSeager & Sasselov 2000第4頁/共27頁第五頁，共27頁。Seager & Sasselov (2000)Macintosh PICTimage formatis not supported第5頁/共27頁第六頁，共27頁。M a c in to s h P IC Tim a g e fo rm a tis n o t s u p p o rte dWavelength (nm)Occulted Area

4、(%)Seager & Sasselov (2000)第6頁/共27頁第七頁，共27頁。Macintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedM a c in to s h P IC Tim a g e fo rm a tis n o t s u p p o rte dH = kT/gmH scale height sl extinction cross section L path lengthHow large is the planet atmospheresignal? It depends on theatmosphere annulus / s

5、tar areaM a c i n t o s h P I C Ti m a g e f o r m a ti s n o t s u p p o r t e d第7頁/共27頁第八頁，共27頁。Brown (2001)第8頁/共27頁第九頁，共27頁。Charbonneau et al. (2002)第9頁/共27頁第十頁，共27頁。adMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedRpStarPlanetEarthM a c in to s h P IC Tim a g e fo rm a tis n o t s u p p o rte dReflec

6、ted Lightp is albedo第10頁/共27頁第十一頁，共27頁。nPredicted Albedos:Sudarsky et al. 2000Picture of class IV planet generated using Celestia Software第11頁/共27頁第十二頁，共27頁。 Micromagnitude variability from planet phase changes Space-based: MOST (2005), COROT (2007), Kepler (2008) D m=2.5 (Rp/D)22/3/p(sin() + (p-)co

7、s()M a c i n t o s h P I C Ti ma g e f o r ma ti s n o t s u p p o r t e dSeager et al. 2000第12頁/共27頁第十三頁，共27頁。Scattered Light Need to consider: phase function multiple scattering第13頁/共27頁第十四頁，共27頁。Scattered Light Changes with Phase M acintosh P IC Tim age form atis not supportedSeager, Whitney, &am

8、p; Sasselov 200051 Peg 550 nm第14頁/共27頁第十五頁，共27頁。Mission q Microvariability and Oscillations of STars / Microvariabilit et Oscillations STellaireq First space satellite dedicated to stellar seismology q Small optical telescope & ultraprecise photometer q goal: few ppm = few micromag Canadian Spac

9、e Agency (CSA)第15頁/共27頁第十六頁，共27頁。q circular polar orbitq altitude h = 820 km q period P = 101 minq inclination q Sun-synchronousq stays over terminatorq CVZ 54 wide q -18 Decl. +36q stars visible for up to 8 wksq Ground station networkq Toronto, Vancouver, Vienna MOSTorbit normal vectorto SunCVZ = C

10、ontinuous Viewing ZoneOrbit 第16頁/共27頁第十七頁，共27頁。PhaseRelative FluxEclipseTransit第17頁/共27頁第十八頁，共27頁。45 days mag 2004 data : 14 days, 4 orbital cycles 2005 data : 45 days, 12 orbital cyclesduty cycle : 90%473 896 observations3 mmag point-to-point precision2005 observations, 40 minute binned data第18頁/共2

11、7頁第十九頁，共27頁。Msunnperiod : 3.52. days see Knutson et al. 2006Geometric AlbedoRadius (Jupiter)1,2,3 sigmaerror contoursRowe et al. (in prep)第19頁/共27頁第二十頁，共27頁。0.1 mag0.02 mag0.8 mmag第20頁/共27頁第二十一頁，共27頁。MOST bandpassGeometric Albedo HD 209458b is darker than Jupiter Rule out class V planet with bright

12、reflection silicon cloudsMarley et al. 1999第21頁/共27頁第二十二頁，共27頁。New upperlimit on AgRowe et al.(2006)(Rowe et al. 2007)第22頁/共27頁第二十三頁，共27頁。2004 1 sigma limit or - 2005 3 sigma limitSpitzer LimitDifferent atmospheresblackbodymodelRowe et al. 2006Rowe et al. (in prep)best fitEquilibrium Temperature第23頁

13、/共27頁第二十四頁，共27頁。Proposed NASA Mission Nulling coronograph Can image Jupiter-like planets in Earth-like orbits第24頁/共27頁第二十五頁，共27頁。 Could observe changing cloud cover and atmospheric conditions on gas giant planets with highly eccentric orbits, like HD 168443. Very exciting unique opportunity to study rates for photochemistry & forcing.第25頁/共27頁第二十六頁，共27頁。Some of the Hot Ju