英語學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)

1、英語學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)采購部鈑內(nèi)組： 廖建華 2016.07.01目錄目錄一、詞匯一、詞匯二、閱讀二、閱讀三、聽力與口語三、聽力與口語艾賓浩斯記憶遺忘規(guī)律艾賓浩斯記憶遺忘規(guī)律一、詞匯（“無意義”獨立性詞匯）時間間隔時間間隔記憶量記憶量剛剛記憶完畢100.00%20分鐘后58.20%1小時后44.20%8-9小時后35.80%1天后33.70%2天后27.80%6天后25.40%1個月后21.10%艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線記憶法艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線記憶法一、詞匯（“無意義”獨立性詞匯）一、詞匯（“有意義”關(guān)聯(lián)性詞匯）詞根、詞綴（英語的詞根、詞綴（英語的“偏旁部首偏旁部首”）詞根詞根Hap：機會，幸運Happy：高興，

2、幸福前綴前綴un：不，無形容詞前表否定后綴后綴ness：構(gòu)成抽象名詞不變詞義變詞性unhappiness一、詞匯（“有意義”關(guān)聯(lián)性詞匯）詞根、詞綴（英語的詞根、詞綴（英語的“偏旁部首偏旁部首”）bar 阻礙阻礙barricade 路障barrel 桶barrier 關(guān)卡barrage 火力網(wǎng)barring 除之外barrister 訴訟律師embarrass 使尷尬embargo 禁止貿(mào)易debar 限制unbar 取消障礙disbar 取消律師資格em 使em 進入de 強調(diào)un 否定dis 取消i + cade + el i + er + age + ing + i + st 站 + er

3、人一、詞匯（“有意義”關(guān)聯(lián)性詞匯）詞根、詞綴（英語的詞根、詞綴（英語的“偏旁部首偏旁部首”）eg1. representativere - “回來” ；pre - “向前” ；sent -“發(fā)出去、派出去” ；a -“連接件”(隔離兩個輔音字母t)；tive - “人” 。re-pre-sent-a-tive，就是“回來-向前-派出去-的人”，即“回來征求大家的意見后又被派出去替大家講話的人” - “代表代表” eg2. psychologypsy=sci，-“知道”；cho - “心” ；lo -“說” ；gy - “學(xué)” ；logy -“學(xué)說”。psy-cho-logy就是“知道心的學(xué)說”

4、- “心理學(xué)心理學(xué)”一、詞匯（“有意義”關(guān)聯(lián)性詞匯）詞根、詞綴（英語的詞根、詞綴（英語的“偏旁部首偏旁部首”）eg3. proliferatepro -“向前”、“多”；lifer=fer -“生命”、“帶來”；ate - 表動詞。pro-lifer-ate 就是“帶來很多生命” -“繁殖繁殖”（激增激增）eg4. epitomizeepitome 梗概,縮影epi -“在后面”；tome 卷冊 -“（一卷書后的）梗概”（tom切,割+e一卷一卷被切開）；ize -表動詞。epitomize -“摘要，概括，成為摘要，概括，成為的縮影的縮影”二、閱讀閱讀：閱讀： 接觸英語、吸收語言材料，獲得感

5、性認識的主要途徑?！熬V舉目張綱舉目張”主動帶被動主動帶被動閱讀閱讀聽力聽力口語口語寫作寫作二、閱讀引例：引例： And for reasons I wont get into today, I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as“ broken”; and what I imagine to be her translation of he

6、r Chinese, her internal language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure. I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show: her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.斷句（意群）：斷句（意群）：（1）And fo

7、r reasons I wont get into today,（2）I began to write stories （3）using all the Englishes I grew up with: （4）the English she used with me, （5）which for lack of a better term might be described as “broken”,（6） and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal language,（7）and for that

8、 I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure.（8） I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show: （9） her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.二、閱讀And for reasons I wont get into today, I began to write st

9、ories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as“ broken”; and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chin

10、ese structure. I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show: her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.譯本譯本1（out of the context）：）：而對于原因，我不會到今天，我開始寫故事，用所有的英語，我從小一起長大的：英語，她用在我身上，這對于缺乏一個更好的詞可以被描述為“破”，就是我想象是她的翻譯她的中國人，她的內(nèi)部語言，和我尋求保護的本質(zhì)，但既不是英語也不是

11、中國的結(jié)構(gòu)。譯本譯本2（in the context）：）：由于某些原因，我現(xiàn)在不再投入了。我開始寫故事時用了我會的所有英文，她用的英語在我看來，缺少好的詞條來描述如“打破的”這樣的詞，因此我會表達它的意思，但是不論英語還是漢語結(jié)構(gòu)，我想找到語言測試所不及的，它的意圖，它的感覺，它的語言的韻律和她的想法的規(guī)律。二、閱讀目錄目錄1、意群劃分、意群劃分2、推理判斷、推理判斷3、尋找段落的主題句、尋找段落的主題句4、詞義推測、詞義推測5、大量廣泛閱讀、大量廣泛閱讀二、閱讀1、意群劃分（各類閱讀法的、意群劃分（各類閱讀法的“語法語法”基礎(chǔ)）基礎(chǔ)） 意群意群可以有一個單詞、詞組或短語組成，也可以由一個從

12、句或一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成。一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)包括：（1）先行詞+定于從句；（2）名詞+同位語從句；（3）被修飾詞+后置定語；（4）動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)；（5）動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)；（6）動賓結(jié)構(gòu)等。eg.An expert on dreams may find that a struggle to climb a hill means that we are afraid of failing to reach our goal.An expert on dreams/ may find that /a struggle to climb a hill /means that/ we are afrai

13、d of/ failing to reach our goal.二、閱讀2、推理判斷、推理判斷定義：定義：通過文章所含信息之間的相互聯(lián)系，結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容的背景和自身的閱讀經(jīng)驗，進行歸納推理，做出合理判斷，從而扥出符合邏輯的正確結(jié)論。推理內(nèi)容：推理內(nèi)容：（1）文章主題（topic）（2）作者的觀點態(tài)度（opinion and attitude）（3）上下文的邏輯關(guān)系（logical relationship）知識能力儲備：知識能力儲備：（1）語法知識（2）邏輯能力（3）常識經(jīng)驗（文化背景知識） 閱讀的閱讀的“圖式圖式”理論架構(gòu)理論架構(gòu)二、閱讀2、推理判斷、推理判斷（1）文章主題（）文章主題（top

14、ic） 中心大意中心大意：標題、主題段、主題句標題標題：文章內(nèi)容的高度提煉；文體文體：依寫作目（提供或獲取信息、抒發(fā)感情、說明事實、說服他人相信或做某事）；的確定（正式/非正式、記敘、描寫、說明、議論等）（2）作者的觀點態(tài)度（）作者的觀點態(tài)度（opinion and attitude）觀點觀點：措辭（wording）、文體（style）、結(jié)構(gòu)（structure）態(tài)度態(tài)度（同意、反對、同情、理解、諷刺等） ：語義（semantics）、語氣（mood）、語調(diào)（tone） 二、閱讀2、推理判斷、推理判斷（3）上下文的邏輯關(guān)系（）上下文的邏輯關(guān)系（logical relationship）信號詞（

15、信號詞（signal words）：連接上下文表并列：and, or, in addition, beside, eitheror, neithernor, as well as表因果：so, since, as for, therefore, as a result, because, due to, owing to表比較：similarly, likewise, on the contrary, in contrast to, rather than表轉(zhuǎn)折：but, yet, although, nevertheless, ironically, 表條件：if, unless, even

16、 if, with / without / under in conditions表假設(shè)、懷疑：perhaps, maybe表強調(diào)：actually, really, by no means, by all means 表重述：namely, for example, that is, such as表總結(jié)：generally(speaking), finally, consequently, at the end of my word, above all, at last, (all)in all, in a word 二、閱讀3、尋找段落的主題句、尋找段落的主題句（1）主題句的特點）主題

17、句的特點概括性強（意）常為短句（形）其他句子解釋、支撐主題句（構(gòu)）（2）主題句的位置分布特點）主題句的位置分布特點位于段首：主要主要形式（英美人士的思維表達方式的特點：由果到因，由小到大，先概括后分解，先表態(tài)后論（英美人士的思維表達方式的特點：由果到因，由小到大，先概括后分解，先表態(tài)后論述，先總結(jié)后事例，先整體后細節(jié)。他們的思維模式為述，先總結(jié)后事例，先整體后細節(jié)。他們的思維模式為一般具體型一般具體型。）。）I strongly believe that its in the interests of my country that China should remain an active

18、and energetic power in global economic matters 在全球經(jīng)濟事務(wù)中，中國應(yīng)繼續(xù)保持一個積極而允滿活力的力量，我堅信這符合我國利益。 二、閱讀（主題句在（主題句在段首段首的示例的示例1）二、閱讀主題句在主題句在段首段首的示例的示例2 Jane and Karen have many things in common. To begin with, both girls have the same background. Jane was born and raised in the West, and so was Karen. Next, both

19、girls are interested in the same kinds of subjects in school. Jane like French, history and English. In the same way, Karen likes Spanish, history and English. Furthermore, both girls want to be teachers. Jane plans to become an elementary school teacher. But Karen wants to be a high school teacher.

20、 As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins.二、閱讀位于段中：典型段落結(jié)構(gòu)：提出問題/擺現(xiàn)象主題陳述細節(jié)/合乎邏輯的引申 The officers of most doctors today are overloaded with people who are convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them. At the first sign of pain they run to a doctor, failing to realize the pain

21、is rarely an indication or poor health. We are becoming a nation of pill-grabbers and hypochondriacs who regard the slightest ache as a searing ordeal. Instead of attacking the most common causes of pain such as tension, worry, boredom, frustration, insufficient sleep, overeating, poor diets, smokin

22、g, or excessive drinking, too many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillersaspirins, barbiturates, codeine, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other desensitizing drugs. 二、閱讀位于段末：段落典型結(jié)構(gòu)：問題1/現(xiàn)象1問題n/現(xiàn)象n總結(jié) Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good m

23、anners differ from country to country. Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners

24、that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.二、閱讀4、詞義推測、詞義推測定義定義：根據(jù)上下文或者文章的前后關(guān)系，利用定義、重述

25、、舉例、對比、舉例、構(gòu)詞法和邏輯推理等方式推斷單詞的意思。eg.(1) The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cant fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch fish.But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.Doctors sugg

26、ested that everyone should exercise every day, especially those who spend hours in sedentary activities such as reading, typing or sewing.He is very dependable, but his brother is untrustworthy.Im illiterate about such things.He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.注意：注意

27、： 專注于關(guān)鍵詞 對生詞有籠統(tǒng)的認識即可 借助語法、標點、語言符號理解文意二、閱讀5、大量、廣泛閱讀、大量、廣泛閱讀（1）數(shù)量多）數(shù)量多（2）范圍廣）范圍廣熟悉閱讀模式熟悉閱讀模式詞匯、短語、句法的強化和活學(xué)活用詞匯、短語、句法的強化和活學(xué)活用擴充背景知識擴充背景知識閱讀資料推薦：閱讀資料推薦：1、金山詞霸“悅讀”精選（雙語；內(nèi)容廣泛，緊隨熱點話題）2、 英文原版書籍分級閱讀http:/ Economist）、商業(yè)周刊（Business Week）等三、聽力與口語Find where its already happening and identify the principles that

28、works.- ModellingMeaningAttentionRelevanceMemory5 Principles7 Actionsfrom“TED”三、聽力與口語5 PrinciplesFocus on language that is relevant to you.Use the language as a tool to communicate from day 1.When you first understand the message you will unconsciously acquire the language. -Language comprehension :

29、 not knowledge but physiological training(4) Talking takes face muscle.(5) Learn in a happy-relaxed psycho-physiological state.三、聽力與口語7 ActionsListen a lot - “brain soaking”Use your body language.Start mixing. (Language is a creative process.)Concentrate on the “core”. (3000 key words)Get a language

30、 “parent” .Works to understand what youre saying. Does not correct mistakes. Confirms understanding by using correct language. Uses words the learner knows.(6) Copy the face. (7) Direct connect to mental images. “flood”洪水；淹沒洪水；淹沒 三、聽力與口語多聽，多說，熟悉英語的語言環(huán)境；多聽，多說，熟悉英語的語言環(huán)境；多積累，多總結(jié)，并嘗試多積累，多總結(jié)，并嘗試“創(chuàng)造性創(chuàng)造性”表

31、達！表達！1、入門聽力、入門聽力中國國際廣播電臺（China Radio International）英語標準流利，內(nèi)容廣泛，但詞匯較簡單，語速適中。2、習(xí)慣聽發(fā)音地道的常速英語、習(xí)慣聽發(fā)音地道的常速英語 掌握正常會話中的同化（assimilation），減弱（reduction），連音（liaison）等發(fā)音習(xí)慣和規(guī)律。 eg. “American Accent Training” The American Speech Music P18 ；CD 1 Track 4 03:20 Variable Stress P27 ； CD 1 Track 20 Squeezed-Out Syllabl

32、es P30 ； CD 1 Track 30 Word Connections P65 ； CD 2 Track 36 三、聽力與口語3、官方材料的嚴肅性、官方材料的嚴肅性 VS 日常表達的生動性日常表達的生動性“聽得懂官方材料（正規(guī)論述文或說明文），聽不懂美?。ㄈ粘？谡Z）說啥！” WHY？ 地道口語：慣用法、流行語（俚語）以及英美文化背景知識慣用法、流行語（俚語）以及英美文化背景知識4、唱歌學(xué)英語、唱歌學(xué)英語目的：輕松愉快地練習(xí)發(fā)音（pronunciation），語調(diào)（intonation）和節(jié)奏（rhythm）。歌曲選擇：童謠 - 抒情歌曲（語言優(yōu)美，語法正規(guī)）練習(xí)方式：“歌詞朗讀+跟唱+

33、伴唱+錄音比較+糾音”5、看美劇、英文電影學(xué)英語、看美劇、英文電影學(xué)英語推薦：與日常生活比較貼近、故事情節(jié)較強的影視材料。注意：不要過度依賴字幕。6、情景再現(xiàn)練習(xí)、情景再現(xiàn)練習(xí)（輸出與鞏固，（輸出與鞏固，“說說”）“enjoy self-directing and acting” or “ You need a partner”三、聽力與口語語言表達的豐富性與創(chuàng)造性語言表達的豐富性與創(chuàng)造性eg1：call a spade a spade ( speak ones mind, put things bluntly )短語來源：短語來源： 古希臘諺語：”to call figs figs, and

34、 a tub a tub”，即“無花果就是無花果，浴盆就是浴盆”，意指直言不諱。 但是后來學(xué)者伊拉茲馬斯在寫自己的書Adagia（一本介紹希臘和拉丁諺語由來的合集）時，用”spade”這個詞代替了”tub”這個詞，從此以后，這個短語漸漸固定下來，并開始流行開來。對比： Frankly speaking, the man is a liar.Lets call a spade a spade. The man is a liar. 三、聽力與口語語言表達的豐富性與創(chuàng)造性語言表達的豐富性與創(chuàng)造性eg2： take the wind out of ones sails (Make sb completely discredited or at a disadvantage)短語來源：短語來源： 這個習(xí)慣用語的出典是故意用自己的船去擋敵船的風(fēng)。敵船上的帆吃不到風(fēng)，速度當然就會減慢。實例： T