世界化石能源使用情況（課堂PPT）

1、1FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the worldscommercial energyCOALOILNATURAL GAS23420 richest countries consume: 50% of coal 80% of natural gas 65% of oil56U.S. energy consumptionM a c in to s h P IC Tim a g e fo rm a tis n o t s u p p o rte d9%7COALFossilized, condensedcarbon-rich fuel10 X reserves of oil/gas, l

2、ast 200 years at present rate89Coal minesSurface (strip) mine,Western U.S.Underground (shaft) mine,Eastern U.S.10Coal cheaper,but pollutingMuch Eastern U.S. coal hashigh-sulfur content,more expensive to mineMuch Western U.S. coal haslow-sulfur content,cheaper to mineBut mining in semi-arid Westmore

3、damaging to land.11Heat value of coal typesAnthracite BituminousSubbituminousLignite51% of U.S. use in coal12Energy lost from coal10% lost ontransmission lines(stray voltage) 65% lost in power plants13Effects on health Black Lung Disease (miners) Respiratory illnesses (public)14Effects on land Coal

4、sludge releases Hardpan at strip mines Mountaintop removal Huge water use Slurry pipelines15Effects on air Greenhouse gases 3/4 sulfur dioxide 1/3 nitrogen oxides 1/2 carbon dioxide Toxics Mercury Uranium16Acid rain17Acidity of rain pH of 6.0 Kills insects, crabs pH 5.0 Kills fish, trees18Sources of

5、 Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain Tall stacks deposit fartherM acintosh P IC Tim age form atis not supported19Coal scrubbers2021The future? Hydrogen fuel cells22NATURAL GASMethane, otherGases in bedrock2324Advantages of natural gas Cleaner to burn Half as much CO2

6、as coal More efficient 10% energy lost 60-year supply at current rates 25Disadvantages of natural gas Difficult to transport Pipelines Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted Methane bed drilling pollutes 26OIL (PETROLEUM)Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarb

7、ons2728Oil Consumption by Sector (1998)M acintosh PICTim age form atis not supported29303132333435Proven oil reserves 465 billion barrels consumed 1 trillion barrels left 22 billion consumed a year 45 years to go! Party now!36180022002600Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800, 2200, and 2600 Bi

8、llion BarrelsMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supported37Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993)Macintosh PICTimage formatis not supported38World Crude Oil ProductionMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supported39World Crude Oil Prices(economic crises in oil stat

9、es)M acin to sh P IC Tim ag e fo rm atis n o t su p p o rted40Global trends in oil Growing use in China (+10%/year) Japan, Europe depend on Mideast New reserves around Caspian Sea Nearly size of Saudi Arabia Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses 41Kuwait oil well fires, 19914243Persia

10、n Gulfand Caspian Sea4445Oil & natural gas pipelines4647U.S. trends in oil Diverse sources (not Mideast) Venezuela, Nigeria, etc. Opening domestic sources Alaska controversy Polluting technologies? Oil shale extraction Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)48Exxon Valdez, Alaska 198949Attempts tocontain

11、spill50Clean-up efforts51Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged5253Oil in Ecuador Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer 70% of exports Drilling in Amazon rainforest54Opposition to oil companies Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands Displacement of Indians, deforestation Oil leaks

12、 into rivers larger than Valdez spill55Ecuador Indian occupationsTexaco withdrew 1992,Arco met demandsLawsuit againstTexaco inU.S. courts, 199956Oil in Nigeria Largest producer in Africa, mainlyIn Niger DeltaNigeria had militarygovernments in 1990s57Environmental problemsin Niger Delta regionHomeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groupsGas flaring hazards Oil spills in mangrove swamp58Ogoni environmental protests 59Oil companies collude with military Many Ogoni killed by militaryOgoni leaderDr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995Shell Oil pays,transports soldiers60Nigerian women protest, 2002 Pr