翻譯規(guī)則簡介

1、翻譯及商務(wù)翻譯簡介翻譯及商務(wù)翻譯簡介一、教學(xué)目的：了解基本的翻譯理論、原則和方法二、教學(xué)過程：1. 翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵2. 中外著名翻譯家的理論3. 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與實(shí)例4.翻譯過程理解和表達(dá)5. 翻譯對譯者的要求ll1.翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵：（翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵：（Definition and Connotation）lTranslation is an art/ science/craft?l粽子粽子 ？l端午節(jié)（農(nóng)歷端午節(jié)（農(nóng)歷5 5月月5 5日）是中國古老的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，日）是中國古老的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，l The Dragon Boat Festival, the 5th day of the 5th lun

2、ar month 2 2）東施效顰）東施效顰? ?3 3）亞洲四小龍的經(jīng)濟(jì)去年出現(xiàn)了疲軟）亞洲四小龍的經(jīng)濟(jì)去年出現(xiàn)了疲軟lWhat is Translation?Conversion of meaning from one language to another language.The art of reproducing the authors exact idea by means of another language from the original.The act of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natura

3、l equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. (Nida)長春大學(xué)光華學(xué)院 陳春田翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出不同翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的代表人物：l亞歷山大弗雷澤泰特勒l尤金奈達(dá)l嚴(yán)復(fù)l魯迅l傅雷l錢鐘書l許淵沖l張培基2.1國外翻譯家的理論：國外翻譯家的理論： （influential translation principles）lTranslation: a language activity; a rendering from one lan

4、guage into another.lTranslation is a science.lTranslation is an art.lTranslation is a skill.lTranslation is communicating.lTranslation is a purposeful activity. (Christiane Nord)l“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language messa

5、ge, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ” (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)l“所謂翻譯，是指在譯語中用最切近而又自然的對等語再現(xiàn)所謂翻譯，是指在譯語中用最切近而又自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息，首先在語義上，其次是文體上。原語的信息，首先在語義上，其次是文體上。” 奈奈達(dá)達(dá)l泰特勒( Tytler)（英國）：翻譯三原則：（1）要將原作的意思全部轉(zhuǎn)移到譯文上來；（2）譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)具備原作的風(fēng)

6、格和文體；（3）譯文和原作要同樣的流暢。l(1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.l(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.l(3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 2.2 中國幾位翻譯家的理論（中國幾位翻譯家的理論（i

7、nfluential translation principles）嚴(yán)復(fù)：信達(dá)雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似spiritual conformity, Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.

8、 強(qiáng)調(diào)原作神韻再現(xiàn)。錢鐘書：化境sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translators smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.劉重德：信、達(dá)、切faithfulness / expressiveness / closeness.l2. 翻譯理論簡介翻譯理論簡介l Yan Fus CriterialYan Fus “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of

9、the original content or thought.lHis “expressiveness” demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense.lSo the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable. But his “elegance” is unadoptable because it refers to the use of clas

10、sical Chinese before that Han Dynasty. Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary, old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately.l許淵沖：詩歌翻譯的三原則“三美”（意美、音美、形美），“三化”（等化、淺化、深化）l傅雷：以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣

11、，所求的不在形似而在神似神似。l錢鐘書：文學(xué)翻譯的最高理想可以說是“化”，把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既能不因語文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入與“化境化境”。長春大學(xué)光華學(xué)院 陳春田翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 張培基在英漢翻譯教程中提出忠實(shí)、通順的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 忠實(shí)：忠實(shí)于原作的內(nèi)容，保持原作的風(fēng)格 通順：譯文語言必須通順易懂，符合規(guī)范。中國翻譯史上的論爭中國翻譯史上的論爭魯迅：寧信而不順-rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的：引入英文句式的表達(dá)法梁實(shí)秋、趙景深：寧順而不信-rather to be smooth tha

12、n faithful 目的：可讀性強(qiáng)，便于交流。l l忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確、通順流暢和風(fēng)格得體可以說是所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的共核，三者的次序不可顛倒。忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確指譯文必須忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容，把原文內(nèi)容完整準(zhǔn)確地轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)出來。譯者不能隨意歪曲、增刪、遺漏、篡改原文的內(nèi)容。通順流暢指譯文要充分發(fā)揮譯入語的語言優(yōu)勢，譯文語言必須標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范、通俗易懂、符合譯入語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，不存在死譯、硬譯、生搬硬套、文理不通的現(xiàn)象。風(fēng)格得體指譯文應(yīng)盡量忠實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)原文的文體特征和寫作風(fēng)格。3. Basic criteria for translation and business translationlCriteria for translation:

13、 lCriteria for translation are the gauge for translation practice as well as the standard for judging whether a translation is good or bad. Different people suggest different criteria for translation, but they could be summed up as “Faithfulness” (忠實(shí);信)and “Expressiveness/Smoothness”(通順;達(dá)). General

14、criteria (p7)lFaithful / Accuracy 忠實(shí)/準(zhǔn)確lSmoothness / being readable通順l l3. 翻譯理論與實(shí)例翻譯理論與實(shí)例Faithfulnessl(1) Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.l譯1：因?yàn)楹喯胭嶅X，所以才不努力工作。l譯2：簡并不是因?yàn)橄胭嶅X才努力工作的。l lNot becauseNot becausel I dont like teaching just because my parents are both teachers. 我喜歡教書，并

15、不僅僅因?yàn)楦改付际抢蠋?。lThe engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished. 引擎并不是因?yàn)槿剂虾谋M而停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。lDont scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因?yàn)闀r(shí)間緊而敷衍塞責(zé)。lIn that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. 我們在那個(gè)城市從未因?yàn)槭仟q太人而遭受歧視。lI didnt buy that car because it was very inexpensive

16、. 我買那輛車，并非因?yàn)樗鼙阋?。lI didnt buy that car because it was very expensive. 因?yàn)槟禽v車很貴，所以我沒有買。lPure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft. 純鐵因太軟而不用于工業(yè)。l3. 翻譯理論與實(shí)例翻譯理論與實(shí)例Faithfulnessl(2) He was on his way to China again.l譯1：他又風(fēng)塵仆仆地踏上去中國的旅程。l譯2：他又踏上去中國的旅程。l(3) He sold hard-to-get items.l譯1：他行賄受賄，

17、兜售緊俏商品。l譯2：他出售緊俏商品。（2：31）l lSteel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.l鋼鐵制品常常涂上油漆以免生銹。 ( In English, “coat” as a verb means “paint or cover sth. with paint”, so it is only natural to put it into “涂上油漆”, rather than merely using a single verb “涂”. )Faithfulness & Accuracy 忠實(shí)忠實(shí)/準(zhǔn)確

18、準(zhǔn)確l倫敦到岸價(jià)每打倫敦到岸價(jià)每打100英鎊英鎊. 100 per dozen CIF London.l請報(bào)下列商品倫敦船上交貨之最低價(jià)請報(bào)下列商品倫敦船上交貨之最低價(jià).lIt would be appreciated if you would let us know by return your lowest possible price for the following goods FOB London.lFOB (free on board)為價(jià)格術(shù)語為價(jià)格術(shù)語,意思為意思為”離岸價(jià)格或船上離岸價(jià)格或船上交貨價(jià)交貨價(jià)). 50% by L/C at sight and the bala

19、nce D/P at sight. 50%用即期信用證支付用即期信用證支付,其余的用即期付款交單其余的用即期付款交單.What is Faithfulness?l1) Faithfulness first of all means fidelity to the content/substance of the source text. The target text should convey the content of the source text completely and accurately. Distortion or random addition and deletion

20、 of any kind is not permitted.l2) It also means faithfulness to the source style. That is, the translator should not harm or change the style of the source text; neither should s/he substitute his own style for the style of the source text.Faithfulness & Accuracy 忠實(shí)忠實(shí)/準(zhǔn)確準(zhǔn)確l鑒于鑒于我們之間長久愉快的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系，本公司將酌情考慮

21、給予5%的折扣的折扣. We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% in view of our long pleasant relations.lIn such a case, Seller is bound to reimburse Buyer for any loss or damage sustained therefrom. 在此情況下,賣方負(fù)責(zé)償還買方由此所遭受的損失.Faithfulness & Accuracy 忠實(shí)忠實(shí)/準(zhǔn)確準(zhǔn)確l買方同意購買、賣方同意出售本貨物，其條款如下. The Buyer agrees

22、to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the following goods on the terms and conditions as follows.l本合同用中文和英文兩種文字寫成,一式兩份。 This contract shall be made in duplicate, both in English and Chinese .Faithfulness 忠實(shí)忠實(shí)lMosquito Bye, Bye, Bye. 蚊蟲蚊蟲殺、殺、殺殺、殺、殺！ l聰明聰明不必不必絕頂絕頂。（生發(fā)靈廣告）。（生發(fā)靈廣告）lWisenessWiseness does

23、not come from does not come from baldnessbaldness. .l不打不相識。（打字機(jī)公司廣告）不打不相識。（打字機(jī)公司廣告）lTyping is knowing.l4ord costs 5ive% le$.(Ford)l福特為您省福特為您省5%。（福特汽車）。（福特汽車）What is Smoothness?lExpressiveness/smoothness means that the translation should conform to the norms of the target language so that the target

24、text is smooth and expressive. In one word, the translator should guard against inappropriateness in wording, ungrammaticality or disorder in grammatical structure.lFaithfulness and smoothness is a kind of unity, an organic oneness. An idealized translation should convey the meaning and style of the

25、 source text in an integrated way and be smooth in expression, which is what a translator should try hard to achieve. Smoothnessl(1) She not only laughs a lot but has a heart of gold. 譯1：她不僅常常大笑，而且還有一顆黃金之心。譯2：她不僅笑口常開，而且還有一顆金子般的心。l(2) One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一個(gè)和尚挑水吃，

26、兩個(gè)和尚抬水吃，三個(gè)和尚沒水吃。l（3）我屬蛇。 I was born in the Chinese lunar year of the snake. (3:2) l l 3. 3. 翻譯理論與實(shí)例翻譯理論與實(shí)例Smoothnessl早上7點(diǎn)到9點(diǎn)賓館有早餐供應(yīng), 但需憑票就餐. Breakfast is served at the hotel from 7 to 9 oclock to those who produce tickets.lPlease be informed that all the students are to have a meeting at Room 222 in

27、 the office building at 2:00 P.M., March 10. 謹(jǐn)定于3月10日下午2點(diǎn)整在學(xué)校辦公大樓222廳召開全院學(xué)生會(huì). l l 3. 3. 翻譯理論與實(shí)例翻譯理論與實(shí)例SmoothnesslWe should be very much obliged if you could let us have full details of your latest products. 倘貴方能詳告最新產(chǎn)品的情況,我們不勝感激.lYou will find enclosed with this letter a sample of new socks.l隨函附上本公司新

28、出品的短襪樣品,請查收.lMany of these fine products are in stock ready for your order. 上述多種優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，備有現(xiàn)貨，歡迎訂購。（4：14） l Good to the last drop .滴滴香濃，意猶未盡。（麥斯威爾咖啡） Fresh-up with Seven-up. (Seven-up) 提神醒腦，喝七喜。 lFaithfulness & Accuracy & SmoothnesslTranslation Standards in Different Styles:vLiterature Translation：Faith

29、fully representing the emotion and writing style of the originalvNews Translation: Accurately translating the latest facts, using newspapers expressions and stylesvEconomy &Tourism & Technology translation: accurately using the special terms and expressionsvLegal Documents Translation: representing

30、the formal and regulated language and styleBasic procedures of translation lAs a practice and operation, translation is governed by its own laws and principles. A translator should follow the following three steps, so that s/he could convey the meaning of the source text accurately and the readers o

31、f the target text could appreciate the style and features of the source text. lThese three steps are: lunderstanding/comprehension; lrepresentation/conveyance/expression; lcheckinglTwo Essentialsl1.1.正確理解正確理解l2.2.準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)la. Lexical meaninglb. Sentence structurela. No addition of informationlb. No l

32、oss of informationlc. No distortion of information Comprehension before representation (先理解先理解, 后后動(dòng)筆動(dòng)筆)lWhat is comprehension? This is the first step. It is to grasp the original thoughts and opinions, aims and purposes of the source writer, which is one of the indispensable processes of translation

33、.lTranslation involves two major processes: comprehension and representation, that is, to understand the thought, gist and purpose of the source text before representing it in the target language.Understanding （two languages) lA book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last to

34、o long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 一本書好比你的鄰居；如果是好書，讀書時(shí)間再長也不嫌長；如果不是好書，越早丟開越好。cannottoocannottoo（怎么（怎么也不足以）也不足以）lYou You cannotcannot praise the play praise the play tootoo highly. highly. 你你怎么稱贊怎么稱贊這出戲也不過分。這出戲也不過分。lI shall never be able to stress too much I shall never be able to str

35、ess too much for your kindness.for your kindness. 不管我怎么感謝你，都不足以報(bào)恩。不管我怎么感謝你，都不足以報(bào)恩。lYou cannot be too careful in proofreading.You cannot be too careful in proofreading. 校對時(shí)，越仔細(xì)越好。校對時(shí)，越仔細(xì)越好。l 第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 翻譯的過程翻譯的過程understanding, representationUnderstanding （the language itself , syntactic structure, hidden

36、 meanings, contextual meanings, idiomatic usage )1. It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated.譯文譯文1：這會(huì)使你更加認(rèn)識到，你的杰出事業(yè)是如此廣泛：這會(huì)使你更加認(rèn)識到，你的杰出事業(yè)是如此廣泛地受到人們的尊敬和贊賞。地受到人們的尊敬和贊賞。 譯文譯文2：當(dāng)你認(rèn)識到你的杰出事業(yè)是如此廣泛地受到人們：當(dāng)你認(rèn)識到你的杰出事業(yè)是如此廣泛地受到人們的尊敬和贊賞時(shí)，你就會(huì)更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。的尊敬和贊賞時(shí)，你

37、就會(huì)更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。 分析：在上面這個(gè)句子中，不定式短語分析：在上面這個(gè)句子中，不定式短語to know thatappreciated是是句子的主語，由先行詞句子的主語，由先行詞it作代表。作代表。l【例例2】John is now with his parents in New York City；it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.譯文譯文1：約翰現(xiàn)同父母住在紐約市；他不擔(dān)任樂隊(duì)指揮：約翰現(xiàn)同父母住在紐約市；他不擔(dān)任樂隊(duì)指揮已三年了。已三年了。譯文譯文2：約翰現(xiàn)同父母住在紐約市；他不擔(dān)任樂隊(duì)指揮：約翰現(xiàn)同父母住在紐約市；他不擔(dān)任

38、樂隊(duì)指揮已三年了。已三年了。分析：該句中的分析：該句中的since一詞是關(guān)鍵。一詞是關(guān)鍵。since從句中的從句中的was是指一種是指一種狀態(tài)結(jié)束。如不理解這一慣用法，很可能誤譯為狀態(tài)結(jié)束。如不理解這一慣用法，很可能誤譯為lWe have been missing them since they left here. 自從他們離開這里，我們就一直很想念他們。 lIt has been years since she has written a successful novel. 她很多年沒有寫出成功的小說了. (若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是終止性的過去時(shí)，則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從動(dòng)作開

39、始的那一時(shí)刻起”。 )lJohn is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher. 約翰現(xiàn)在和父母一起住在紐約，他不當(dāng)教師已經(jīng)三年了。 l-How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?l-It is has been four years since I lived there 你離開（沒住在）上海多久了？ 我已經(jīng)有四年不住在那里了。 （若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)時(shí)，則從句表示的時(shí)間是

40、“從那持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時(shí)算起”。） l【例例1】It is good for him to do that.分析：這個(gè)句子可以有兩種意思：分析：這個(gè)句子可以有兩種意思：(1)這樣做對他有好處。這樣做對他有好處。(2)他這樣做是件好事。他這樣做是件好事。l要做出選擇，必須從上下文來推理，看哪一種譯法更合乎邏輯。要做出選擇，必須從上下文來推理，看哪一種譯法更合乎邏輯。l【例例2】I loved you more than Aunt Cathy.分析：該句如果沒有上下文，則可能有兩種解釋：分析：該句如果沒有上下文，則可能有兩種解釋：(1)I loved you more than I loved

41、Aunt Cathy.(2)I loved you more than Aunt Cathy loved you.同樣，要做出選擇，必須依據(jù)上下文才能確定。同樣，要做出選擇，必須依據(jù)上下文才能確定。l 4. 4.理解與表達(dá)理解與表達(dá)understanding, representationlUnderstanding （cultures)l亞洲“四小龍”l例如中國人喜歡龍，西方人卻認(rèn)為龍是邪惡的代名詞。因此，亞洲“四小龍”譯為“four Asian tigers”l需要注意的是，商標(biāo)詞的翻譯需要譯者注意譯名在中是否有不好的聯(lián)想。如：中國電池商標(biāo)白象，如果翻譯成”White Elephant”就

42、不合適，因?yàn)橛⒄Z中”White Elephant”的意思是沒有用的東西。ltarget languagel1）”孔雀“牌彩色電視機(jī)l2）”白象“牌電池l3）”鳳凰“牌自行車l譯文：1）”Peacock” Color TVl 2) “White Elephant” Batteryl 3) “Phoenix” Bicyclel評：1. 在中國文化中，”孔雀“是“美”的化身，所以中國有許多商標(biāo)都以“孔雀“為名。如”孔雀“牌手表。在英語文化中， ”孔雀“沒有吉祥之意，反而帶有貶義，指“洋洋自得，炫耀”之意。（5：196），有建議用”Kingbird”l2. ”白象“漢語中無不好的意思，英語中“Whit

43、e Elephant” 是“大而無用之物，累贅”之意。l3. ”鳳凰“漢語中被譽(yù)為“百鳥之王”，象征著“吉祥，富貴”，常被比作出類拔萃的人，如：”山窩窩里飛出了金鳳凰“。在英美文化中， “Phoenix” 指的是”兇猛的怪物“。（5：195）l 第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 翻譯的過程翻譯的過程understanding, representationUnderstanding （the cultural background) It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk.星期五發(fā)薪日到了，他們馬上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。*星期五Friday為英國的發(fā)

44、薪日。如不解釋，譯入語讀者就不會(huì)明白英國人為什么要在這一天上街去大吃大喝。 ）understanding, representationUnderstanding （the cultural background) 她一大早起床，進(jìn)城，見到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. (Public father should be father in law.)Understanding （the cultural background)三個(gè)臭皮匠，頂個(gè)諸葛亮Many heads are better

45、than one.今年高考他有名落孫山了. This year he failed again in the entrance examinations for college students.l 第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 翻譯的過程翻譯的過程understanding, representationUnderstanding （the cultural background) 1) Mr. Wang is my man Friday. 小王是我的得力干將和助手 (“Man Friday”的意思就是“得力、忠誠的助手”。這個(gè)說法源自小說魯濱遜漂流記。Friday原本是個(gè)被其他部落俘虜?shù)囊叭耍霍敒I遜救了

46、出來。由于是星期五救的，于是起名叫Friday。從此，F(xiàn)riday就成了魯濱遜忠實(shí)的仆人。而“man Friday”后來就演變成了得力助手的代名詞。如果助手是女性，就叫“girl Friday”。此外，得力助手還可以叫做 “right-hand man”。)看下面例句：He is the man Friday of police. （他是警方的得力助手。）l 第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 翻譯的過程翻譯的過程understanding, representationUnderstanding （the cultural background) 2) John is now with his parents i

47、n New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster. 約翰同父母住在紐約市;他不擔(dān)任樂隊(duì)指揮已三年了. 3) John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 約翰為人可靠,他既忠誠又正直.l 4. 4.理解與表達(dá)理解與表達(dá)understanding, representationlUnderstanding （the professional knowledge)l Industrial averages were up. 工業(yè)股票的平均價(jià)

48、格在上漲.Average is of two kinds; General Average and Particular Average. 海損有兩種,一種是共同海損,另一種是單獨(dú)海損.average為股票用語時(shí),指(若干種股票的)”平均價(jià)格”; average為保險(xiǎn)術(shù)語時(shí),指”海損或費(fèi)用”.l我們將為此批貨物購買保險(xiǎn)我們將為此批貨物購買保險(xiǎn).lWe shall cover insurance on the goods.l我們將對此貨投保綜合險(xiǎn)和戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)我們將對此貨投保綜合險(xiǎn)和戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn).lWe shall cover the goods against All Risks and War Risk

49、. / We shall cover All Risks and War Risk for the goods.lPlease send us the insurance policy together with your receipt for the premiums paid as soon as possible.l請盡快寄保單及已支付的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)收據(jù)請盡快寄保單及已支付的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)收據(jù). l 4. 4. 翻譯的過程翻譯的過程Understanding (Exercises) 4) I might have got more for those shares if I had kept it

50、a little longer, but Ive made a profit on them (2:9). 5) The price of vegetables has rocketed recently (2:10). 6) Owing to the falling off of orders, the firm is having to sack a number of its employees (2:12). 7) My father and I have never seen eye to eye where business is concerned. (2:12). 8) You

51、 said that it is out of question, but it seems to me that it is out of the question (2:20).l4. 4. 翻譯的過程翻譯的過程Understanding (Answers) 4) 那些股票若再晚一點(diǎn)賣掉，我或許賺得更多；不過，我是賺了。 5) 近來蔬菜價(jià)格出現(xiàn)暴漲。 6) 由于訂貨減少，公司正要裁減一批雇員。 7) 在生意問題上，我和父親從未有過共識。 8）他說不成問題，但在我看來，卻是根本不可能。Representation / reproductionFree / Liberal translatio

52、n 1) Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必?fù)?dān)心太早不必自尋煩惱 (如果按原文字面直譯為“到了橋邊才過橋”，未免不倫不類。) 2)Ruth was upsetting the other children，so I showed her the door.譯文：魯絲一直在擾亂別的孩子，我就把他攆了出去。 3) Do you see any green in my eye? 你以為我是好欺騙的嗎？l三個(gè)臭皮匠，頂個(gè)諸葛亮Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge liang the

53、mastermind. Many heads are better than one.The wisdom of the masse exceed that of the wisest individual .Practicel你的表不對。l說曹操，曹操就到。lHe is one of the literary fat cat.lHe is wearing two hats. No wonder he is so busy.lA woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle.lDont ask him for he is typica

54、lly hen-pecked.lDr. Walker has a touch of the Hongkong dog and will be here a little bit late. lHe is now as happy as a cow. lDo you have a sweet tooth?lI wish I were in Johns shoes. He just won a free trip to Europe.l Consumer goods are also abundant of good quality and variety.4.3 Checking lAs the

55、 final step in translation, checking refers to translators meticulous examination of the translation against the source text after the completion of the translation. Though a final step, it is crucial and indispensable. lChecking is particularly important for business translation, for business docum

56、ents or business activities necessarily involve peoples names, place names, trade marks (names of products), numbers and figures, and business technical terms (e.g. “commercial” as an noun means “TV advertisement”). 4.4 The difficulties involved in translation 4.1.1 Difficulties in comprehensionlThe

57、 source text is often in a foreign language, which often takes more trouble for the translator to comprehend than his native language. lMore often than not, the moral(寓意) of the source text is vague, which might have resulted from the authors improper expression or been intended by the source text w

58、riter for some specific purpose.lUnfamiliarity with the background information might also constitute obstacles in comprehension, as the source text author and the translator are often in different times. 4.4 The difficulties involved in translationl4.4.2 The translator has to take the factors of the

59、 target text readers into consideration, and accordingly take some necessary measures for the T T to be readable, for T T readers are different from the source text readers in education, culture, interests and intelligence. One of the measures is annotation (translators notes). 4.4 The difficulties

60、involved in translationl4.4.3 SL is different from TL in ways of expression, which requires the translator to dig into the source text and digest it, and then try to be free from the influence and restraints of ST. That is, the translator should, based on accurate comprehension, represent the source