如何輕松解決英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題之三大從句和并列句

1、 輕松搞定英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之-主從復(fù)合句&并列句英語(yǔ)鐵規(guī)律：一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中有且只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，若有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，那么其中一個(gè)是從句或者并列句！牢記在心中考復(fù)習(xí)中句法里面研究最多少還是從句和并列句！考語(yǔ)法題一般也是靠引導(dǎo)詞用哪一個(gè)或者并列連詞用哪一個(gè)。名詞性從句（賓語(yǔ)從句）和定語(yǔ)從句可以根據(jù)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)基本的判斷用哪一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞，狀語(yǔ)從句和并列句則需要根據(jù)整句話的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)判斷。初步判斷是哪一種從句也需要用到判定句子的成分的方法，所以學(xué)習(xí)從句之前先得知道一個(gè)句子的成分！什么是主干部分，什么是修飾部分！句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)：【主干結(jié)構(gòu)：漢英基本相同】五大基本句型：主謂 I come.主謂賓 I love

2、you.主謂賓賓 I give you my heart.主謂賓補(bǔ) You make me happy.主系表 You were my everything.I come. 我來(lái)。I love you. 我愛你。I give you my heart. 我給你我的心。You make me happy. 你讓我幸福。You are my everything. 你是我的一切。英語(yǔ)句子 = 主干 （主賓表） + 修飾 （定語(yǔ)&狀語(yǔ)）句子成分除謂語(yǔ)之外，都可以用從句來(lái)代替。所有從句都是從句=引導(dǎo)詞+陳述語(yǔ)序干掉從句后， 看句子成分： （完不完整，說(shuō)的是主干部分） 1、主句不完整，從句不完整

3、 名從（連接代詞） 2、主句不完整，從句完整 名從（連詞）（連接副詞） 3、主句完整， 從句不完整 定從（關(guān)系代詞） 4、主句完整， 從句完整 定從（關(guān)系副詞）（不怎么考） 狀語(yǔ)從句l l名詞性從句名詞性從句用從句替代名詞 （這里我們就講代替名詞做賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)從句）§ I know a secret. 我是名詞§ I know that Lilei has a special kungfu. 我是從句§ I heard that you has a secret .§ (I heard) that you found a girl 名詞性從句§

4、(I heard) that your dreams came true. “名從”的本質(zhì)是什么？§ 名從是一個(gè)句子§ 名從是一件事兒§ 名從是一個(gè)名詞兒§ 名從就是用一個(gè)句子§ 表示一件事兒§ 再把它變成一個(gè)名詞兒 名從之歌事兒（句子）èèèèèèè名詞 （名詞性從句）確定的事兒 that 不確定的事兒 whether/if問(wèn)題 特殊疑問(wèn)詞 when where why how Who whom which what （一）名從=確定的事兒§ 造句方法：

5、直接在句子前面加that§ 翻譯方法：不看that，直接翻譯(that Anna teaches English)(that Anna has a special Kungfu)Iknow. Anna has a special kungfu. （that）The radio says_ it will rain tomorrow. 收音機(jī)報(bào)道說(shuō)明天要下雨。Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí)，that不能省略。）I know nothi

6、ng about him except that he is from the south.（that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。）（二）名從=不確定的事兒§ 造句方法：直接在句子前面加whether/if§ 翻譯方法：是否/ 與否(whether/if Anna has a special Kungfu).(whether/if it will rain tomorrow)I wonder _ you have told the news to Li Lei. 我想知道你是否已經(jīng)告訴李雷這個(gè)消息了。whether/if PK技巧在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用wh

7、ether。在whether. or not 的固定搭配中只能用whether。在介詞后，只能用whether。賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用whether。用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，只能用whether。è總結(jié)：如果是不確定的事兒就用whetherEveryone in the village is very friendly. It doesnt matter _ you have lived there for a short or a long time. It doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossing-bot

8、h roads lead to the park. It doesnt matter _ you pay by cash or credit card in the store.（三）名從=問(wèn)題§ (when where why how / who whom which what) 連接副詞 連接代詞【注意】當(dāng)從句部分缺名詞時(shí)，用連接代詞； 當(dāng)從句部分不缺名詞的時(shí)候，用連接副詞。(What I think of) is unsure. 我想念什么不確定。(When I think of you) is unsure.我何時(shí)想你不確定造句方法：§ Step1：先把中文直譯成英

9、語(yǔ)§ Step2：把疑問(wèn)詞提前when where why how who whom whichwhatIdont knowWhat kind of Kungfu does Anna have? （what）1.when你什么時(shí)候來(lái)。à You when come. à (when you come)2.where§ 他去了哪兒。à He went where. à (where he went)3.why§ 你為什么學(xué)英語(yǔ)。à You why learn English. à (why you lear

10、n English)4.how§ 他怎么回的家。 à He how went home à (how he went home)5.who§ 誰(shuí)動(dòng)了我的奶酪。à who moved my cheese. à (who moved my cheese)6.whom§ 你想和誰(shuí)一起去。à you want to go with whom.à (whom you want to go with)7.which§ 你想要哪個(gè) à You want whichà (which you

11、want)8.what§ 你想說(shuō)什么 àYou want to say what.à (what you want to say)l 附加：(1)句中“疑問(wèn)詞to do sth.”構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)。此句是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，可轉(zhuǎn)化為含賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句：Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? 不定式與疑問(wèn)詞who，which，when，where，how，what等連用，常用于tell，show，know，teach，learn，explain，remember等后面作賓語(yǔ)。I didn't k

12、now what to say.我不知道說(shuō)什么?！耙蓡?wèn)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)也可在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。How to get there is a question.怎么去那里是個(gè)問(wèn)題。The problem is which to choose.問(wèn)題是選擇哪一個(gè)。重要！名從解題技巧1、從句缺名詞：用“連代”（注意：90%是what）2、從句不缺名詞：用“連詞”或”連副”；3、確定的事兒：用that4、表“是否/與否”或跟or/or not搭配：用whether/if5、特殊情況時(shí)，從句不缺名詞也用what/which： what problems / which fruitwhichwhat可以在從

13、句中“修飾”名詞§ 你想要哪個(gè)蛋糕。à You want which cakeà (which cake you want)§ 你最喜歡哪種水果。à you like best what kind of fruit.à (what kind of fruit you like best)【賓語(yǔ)從句注意點(diǎn)】. 1.語(yǔ)序要陳述句語(yǔ)序2.時(shí)態(tài)的變化1當(dāng)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)，從句根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。Xiaoming wants to know what time you got up this morning.小明

14、想知道今天早晨你是幾點(diǎn)起床的。2當(dāng)主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)，從句要用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。We asked what Jean was doing then.我們問(wèn)Jean那時(shí)正在做什么。3當(dāng)從句表述的是客觀真理或普遍規(guī)律時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句要使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Lisa asked whether light _ faster than sound.麗薩問(wèn)光的傳播速度是否比聲音快。Polly said no news is good news.波利說(shuō)沒有消息就是好消息?！揪毩?xí)】我知道 他認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)人。我知道 他不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)人我不知道 他認(rèn)不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)人。我不知道 他認(rèn)識(shí)什么人。He knew_ he should s

15、tudy hard.他知道他應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。Can you tell me _ class you are in？您能告訴我，您在哪一班嗎？He asked me _ he could come in.他問(wèn)我他是否能進(jìn)來(lái)。I doubt _ he will succeed.I dont know_you can help me. I wonder_hes writing to me about.Ill tell you _ I asked you to come. 把下列句子變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句原句：He is an honest man.。從句：I said he was an honest man.

16、（連詞that可?。┪艺f(shuō)他是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。原句：Does he study hard？從句：I wonder if（whether）he studies hard.我不知道他是否認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。原句：Will they win？他們會(huì)贏嗎？從句：I asked if（whether） they would win. 我問(wèn)他們是否會(huì)贏。原句：Who is he？他是誰(shuí)？從句：Do you know who he is？你知道他是誰(shuí)嗎？原句：What does he want？他要什么？從句：I don't know what he wants.我不知道他要什么。原句：Who went ther

17、e？（特殊疑問(wèn)句）誰(shuí)去那里呢？從句：I wonder who went there. 我不知道誰(shuí)去那里。原句：When did he leave？他何時(shí)離開的？從句：I know when he left.我知道他是什么時(shí)候離開的。原句：Where will he arrive？他將會(huì)到哪里呢？從句：He asked me where he would arrive. 他問(wèn)我他將會(huì)到哪里。l 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞，把名詞“定住”I dont like lazy people.I dont like people who never keep their word. 先行詞 關(guān)系詞先行詞：被定

18、從修飾的名詞，常出現(xiàn)在定從前面，故稱為“先行詞”關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中充當(dāng)先行詞的“替身”【關(guān)系代詞】who whom which that whose è做句子主干部分，除了whose 修飾名詞 I dont like people who never keep their word.【關(guān)系副詞】when where why è做句子修飾成分，狀語(yǔ)I will never forget the day when I met you.【總結(jié)】從句缺名詞時(shí)用關(guān)代，不缺名詞用關(guān)副*特別注意！定從的世界里沒有what和how！注意：近年的中考題目中只涉及who, whic

19、h, that這三個(gè)關(guān)系代詞的用法。作主語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)指人who/thatwho/whom/thatwhose指物which/thatwhich/thatwhoseExample:1. I like groups that/which wear really cool clothes.2. I like the dress that / which you bought for me yesterday.3. She likes singers that/who sing the words clearly.4. The girl that / who I just talked with i

20、s my sister.試試看:用關(guān)系代詞who,which 或that填空1. She doesnt like songs _are too long.2. I like musicians _write their own lylics.3. I cant stand music _I cant hear clearly4. He is a boy _comes to school earliest.考點(diǎn)1 由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句及用法 who在從句中做主語(yǔ)(口語(yǔ)中也可做賓語(yǔ))，修飾表示_的先行詞。This is the man _ helped me.The boy _/_ we saw

21、 yesterday is Johns brother.考點(diǎn)2 由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句及用法 which在從句中做_，也可做_，或介詞的_，修飾表示_的先行詞。This is the book _/_you want.The building _/_ stands near the river is our school.The room in_ there is a machine is a workshop.(介詞后面的which不能省略)The house _/_ we live in is not large. This is the watch _/_he was looking

22、 for.考點(diǎn)3 由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句及用法，that在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)、修飾表示人或物的先行詞。作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略,不能放在介詞后面作賓語(yǔ). (that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which)The letter (that/which) I received was from my father.I cant find the letter that/which came this morning.Do you still remember the days (that/which)we spent together ?This is the man that/who helpe

23、d me.The house (that/which) we live in is not large. =The house in which we live is not large.The doctor (that/whom /who)you are looking for is in the room.不能用that 情況：介詞后面做介詞的賓語(yǔ)且不能省略，This is the book for _ you ask.這是你要的書。逗號(hào)后面 （非限制性定語(yǔ)從句） This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本

24、小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍了?？键c(diǎn)4 以下幾種情況必須由that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句1.當(dāng)先行詞是即指人又指物的并列名詞時(shí)。例如：They talked about the persons and the books that interested them.2.當(dāng)先行詞為或含有all, few, any,little, much, everything, nothing等不定代詞時(shí)。例如：All that they can do is to wait.All (that) you have to do is to practice every day 你要做的就是每天練習(xí)。There isn'

25、;t much (that) I can do. 我能做的不多。3.先行詞被all, few, little, much, everything, nothing等修飾的時(shí)候。例如：She is the only person that I like best in this class.4.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或者形容詞的最高及修飾時(shí)。例如：This is the most beautiful flower that I have ever seen. The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我上的第一堂課

26、。This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。5. 先行詞被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修飾時(shí)。The white flower is the only one that I really like. 這朵白花是我唯一真正喜歡的。This is the very book that I want to read. 這就是我想看的那本書?？偨Y(jié)that 用法： “人物絕不避人物”·人：that可以指代人·物：that可以指代物·絕：當(dāng)先行詞表

27、“絕對(duì)”意義時(shí)，用that： the only，the very，the same, the last, 序數(shù)詞，最高級(jí) ·不：當(dāng)先行詞是“不定代詞”時(shí)，用that：all, few, little, much, everything, nothing等不定代詞修飾或者是本身就是不定代詞·避：如果句子里已經(jīng)用了who/which，為避免重復(fù)，可以用that·人物：當(dāng)先行詞“即有人又有物”時(shí)，用that【關(guān)系副詞，在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因】1when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾表示時(shí)間的先行詞。I still remember the day _ I first

28、came to Beijing.我仍然記得來(lái)北京的第一天。2where 在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示地點(diǎn)。This is the factory _ I worked two years ago.這就是我兩年前工作的那個(gè)工廠。3why在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因。I know the reason _ he came late. 我知道他來(lái)晚的原因?！揪毩?xí)】1The girl _ very _(個(gè)子很高) is John's sister.2We like music _(讓我們輕松的)3He likes the places _(天氣暖和的)4The watch _ (我昨天買的) was lost

29、.5I will never forget the days _ (我們生活在一起的)6. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.7. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.8.The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary.9. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?10. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mothe

30、r tongue.11. The girl handed everything _ she had picked up in the street to the police.12. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday.13. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year.14.The man _ was here just now is a doctor.15. The boy _ lives next door has two lovely dogs. 1

31、6. Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands.17. He is the most careful boy _ I know.l 狀語(yǔ)從句：修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等的從句叫狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)它表達(dá)的意思可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、比較（或方式）和條件等類。從屬連詞引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句1時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有when, as （強(qiáng)調(diào)同時(shí)發(fā)生，沒有先后）, while （強(qiáng)調(diào)在期間，一般用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài), before, after, since, till, until, notunti

32、l， as soon as 。I'll ring you as soon as I reach Beijing. 我一到北京就給你打電話。They didn't stop until they finished the work.他們直到完成工作才停下來(lái)。When he comes back, I'll give you a call.他回來(lái)時(shí)，我會(huì)給你打電話的。2原因狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有because, since, as, forI didn't go, because I was afraid. 我沒去，因?yàn)槲液ε隆ince you are free to

33、day, you'd better take a good rest.既然你今天有空，你最好好好休息。比較：because, since, as和for 1）because語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 號(hào)，則可以用for來(lái)代替。但如果不是說(shuō)明直接原

34、因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.3條件狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有if, unless, as/so long as 只要If it rains, I'll go by car.如果下雨，我就乘小汽車去。You cannot succeed unless you work hard.如果你不努力，你是不會(huì)成功的。è可以和祈使句+and 簡(jiǎn)單句轉(zhuǎn)換 （一般簡(jiǎn)單句為將來(lái)時(shí)或者情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）Use your head,

35、 and youll find a way= if you use your head, youll find a way4結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有sothat, suchthat。 It was raining so hard that we couldn't see the road.雨下得如此大，以至于我們看不見路。注意點(diǎn)：1.) such+adj +名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞such +a+adj+名單so+adjso+adj+a+名單such+a+形容詞+名詞+that，可以改寫成：so+形容詞+a+名詞+that2.) 在such+形容詞+名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞+that結(jié)構(gòu)中，形容

36、詞如果是many/few或much/little時(shí)，用so不用such，即：so+many/few+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+that，so+much/little+不可數(shù)名詞+thatè注意和not enough to do 和 tooto的轉(zhuǎn)換He is so weak that he cant climb the mountainèè5讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有though/although (雖然), even though/if (盡管), “no matter疑問(wèn)詞”=疑問(wèn)詞+ever，as （雖然）。Even though/if you say so, I do n

37、ot believe it. 即使你這么說(shuō)，我也不信。6目的狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有so that, in order that。I need to get up early so that I can catch the early bus. 我需要早起，以便趕上早班車。如果從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)相同：可以用in order to do 或者so as to do 7方式狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有as if, as though （好像）, as （ 按照）。The child talked to us as if he were a grown up. 那個(gè)孩子跟我們談起話來(lái)像個(gè)成年人似的。I will d

38、o it as you tell me.8地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有where, wherever。Wherever he goes, he always brings his pet dog.無(wú)論他去哪里，他總是帶著他的寵物狗。9比較狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞有than, asas, not as/soas。Carol speaks English as well as you do. 卡羅爾英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得和你一樣好。è狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句和從句之間的時(shí)態(tài)一致問(wèn)題一般分為下列兩種情況：(1)主現(xiàn)從現(xiàn)： 若主句是祈使句或主句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，那么從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。B

39、e careful when you cross the road. 過(guò)馬路時(shí)要小心。The traffic must stop when the lights _. 當(dāng)紅燈亮?xí)r，車輛必須停下來(lái)。(2)主將從現(xiàn)： 主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，而從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。I will visit my good friend when I _ time. 當(dāng)我有空時(shí)，我將去看望我的好友。If she _ here tomorrow, I will go to the park with her. 如果明天她來(lái)這里，我將和她一起去公園。（統(tǒng)稱：主將從現(xiàn)，主祈從現(xiàn)，主情從現(xiàn)）(3)賓語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。I do

40、n't know if(是否) he will come. If(如果) he comes, I will tell him about the accident. 我不知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)。如果他來(lái)的話，我將告訴他這起事故。I don't know when(什么時(shí)候) he will come tomorrow. When(當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候)he comes, I will tell him about the news. 我不知道他明天什么時(shí)候來(lái)。當(dāng)他來(lái)時(shí)，我將告訴他這個(gè)消息。(4)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)： 若主從句都是在敘述過(guò)去的事情，則主從句可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。My mother wa

41、s cooking when I got home yesterday. 昨天我到家時(shí)媽媽正在做飯。連詞：連詞是連接字、短語(yǔ)、從句與句子的詞，是虛詞，因此它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分。連詞主要分為兩大類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來(lái)連接并列關(guān)系的詞、詞組或分句。 從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句并列連詞用來(lái)連接平行的詞、詞組或從句。常見的并列連詞1表示平行或?qū)Φ汝P(guān)系and和，而且，就, both.and.兩者都neither.nor.既不也不not only.but(also).不但而且as well as 不僅.而且即是也是Hold on to your dream，and one day it may just come true.堅(jiān)持你的夢(mèng)想，總有一天它會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。He likes drawing and I like dancing. 他喜歡畫畫，我喜歡跳舞。 _ his father _ his mother _ watching TV. 他的父母都喜歡看電視。_ you _ I _ wrong. 你和我都沒有錯(cuò)。Tom as w