托福作文詞匯、句型、修辭、教師版(共59頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上一語言和修辭 如果說寫作的初級(jí)階段還只是要求語法結(jié)構(gòu)沒有錯(cuò)誤，用詞基本正確，而寫作的更高要求則不只是看你能否表達(dá)思想，而是要看你能否表達(dá)得更生動(dòng)、耐讀、有效、地道。 大學(xué)英語第五冊(cè)的第一課是寫給學(xué)英語的高年級(jí)學(xué)生看的。作者Fowler在文章中寫道：在學(xué)生掌握了基本語法和基本詞匯后，如何進(jìn)一步提高英語水平，寫出好文章?其中一條就是看你對(duì)一個(gè)意思有多少種表達(dá)。表達(dá)的方式越多，你的英語水平就越高，英語文章就越顯得生動(dòng)、耐讀。 顯然，追求表達(dá)的變化(Variety)是五段作文所要求的。具體說來，表達(dá)的變化主要指詞的變化和句子的變化以及修辭手段的運(yùn)用。詞匯變化1多種表達(dá) 盡管許

2、多大學(xué)生學(xué)完四級(jí)英語后基本掌握了4000個(gè)以上的詞匯，但只這是認(rèn)知、識(shí)別而言，而就產(chǎn)出交流來說，就少得多了。一遇到要表達(dá)“許多”“大量”的意思，就只會(huì)用“many”，“a lot of”，一碰到要寫“越來越多”，就馬上用more and more。比如：“More and more people who become more and more rich can buy more and more TV sets”這種用詞單調(diào)的句子在學(xué)生習(xí)作中隨處可見。實(shí)際上英語中表示“許多”、“大量”、“大多數(shù)”意思的有相當(dāng)多的詞匯和短語： a) Greatness is built upon tremen

3、dous amount of study, practice and devotion. b) A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this. c) The companies often run into conflicts-a multitude of little things that escalate into big battles. d) Her function

4、is to pass on to students that vast store of knowledge she has acquired. e) But in the evening the overwhelming majority of the public prefers to stay at home to watch a movie rather than go out. f) A sizable percentage of the pioneers were self-disciplined people, but they were almost as intolerant

5、 of others' views.g) China must face the problem of building upwards to accommodate aconsiderable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.h) Large segments of the population of many developing countries areeconomically powerless. i) Many across this country are aware of this effect,

6、 and a considerable portion of them are hoping a marked reduction in the video violence. j) An organization, for instance, recently examined a very large number of men working in a construction site. k) Thus the bulk of the language acquisition of the high school graduate takes place informally firs

7、t in the home. 再如：“好學(xué)生”，大多數(shù)學(xué)生就是用good students。而英語中表示“好學(xué)生”的有很多：top students，smart students，gifted students，superior students，excellent students，outstanding students 此外，表示“學(xué)生”也不一定都用students，可用school boys and girls或college populations等等。 問題不在于這個(gè)表達(dá)比那個(gè)表達(dá)更好，而在于變化，也就是說，在一篇文章中盡可能用不同的詞來表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思。我們來看下面一些詞語變化的實(shí)

8、際應(yīng)用。1) The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help in combating the notion that it is undemocratic to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls. Again, when a good independent school in Memphis recently closed, some thoughtful citizens urged that

9、 it be taken over by the public school system and used for boys and girls of high ability, that it have entrance requirements and given an advanced program of studies to superior students who were interested and able to take it. -Seymour St. John: The Fifth Freedom好學(xué)校: a great high school, a good in

10、dependent school高級(jí)課程: a special program of studies, an advanced program of studies好學(xué)生: outstanding boys and girls, boys and girls of high ability, superior students2) Hard work isn't the whole story either. Some of these high-achieving students actually put in fewer hours than their lower-scorin

11、g classmates. The students at the top of the class get there by mastering a few basic techniques that others can easily learn. Here, according to education experts and students themselves, are the secrets of A students. -Edwin Kiester: Secrets of A Students成績(jī)優(yōu)秀學(xué)生: high-achieving students, The studen

12、ts at the top of the class, A students3) Is the sole aim of most Americans to make money and possess luxuries which could be called excessive? The majority of Americans would certainly deny this, though most feel proud to amass wealth and possessions through hard work. -The American Character大多數(shù)美國(guó)人:

13、 most Americans, The majority of Americans積聚財(cái)富: make money and possess luxuries, amass wealth and possessions 4) Indeed, as one imagine the underground world to become increasingly elaborate, one can visualize much of the food supply eventually deriving from hydroponics growth in artificially illumi

14、nated areas underground. -Isaac Asimov想象：imagine, visualize5) The press and television keep showing us the faults of the public figures, until we lose faith and start looking for defects in any person who seems worthy of respect. In a neighbor or a statesman, we try to discover the weaknesses or ugl

15、y motives that are surely hiding behind his noble actions. -A Changing Scene缺點(diǎn): faults, defects, weaknesses6) Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the "What do I do with myself today?" question, even though there may be no financial cares. Large numbers of people regularly get

16、 headaches and other ill-nesses on weekends when they don't have their jobs to go to, and must fend for themselves. It has been observed that unemployment, quite a- side from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when j

17、obless. -Lonard R. Sayles問題: problems, question, trouble經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù): financial cares, financial pressures許多: many, enormous, large numbers of人: people, individuals失業(yè): unemployment, jobless7) A senior executive's instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most

18、important skill he or she can use to direct technologies, product and service offerings, indeed, all elements of a company's strategic posture. People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded. Without it, their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less

19、 successful. But many top- level managers, particularly those at industrial companies, consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff.現(xiàn)代英漢翻譯操作高級(jí)經(jīng)理: senior executive, top-level managers公司企業(yè): companies, ventures, enterprises.能力: capacity, skill, ability8) The personal computer re

20、volution happened and it has affected millions of lives. It has led us to places we had barely imagined. We are all beginning another great journey. We aren't sure where this one will lead us either, but again I am certain this revolution will touch even more lives and take us all farther. The b

21、enefits and problems arising from this upcoming communications revolution will be much greater than those brought about by the PC revolution.-Bill Gates影響: affect, touch把我們帶到: lead us, take us引起: arising from, brought about9) What was it that enabled them to become great? Were they born with somethi

22、ng special? Or did their greatness have more to do With timing, devotion and, perhaps, an uncompromising personality?. A never surrender attitude. If great achievers share anything, it is a unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal.

23、-Michael Ryan天生: be born with, be endowed with特別的: something special, something supernormal永不屈服的精神: A never surrender attitude, an unrelenting drive to succeed偉人: become great, great achievers10) As a child, Einstein became fascinated with the way magnets are drawn to metal. "He couldn't st

24、op thinking about this stuff", Simonton pointed out. "He became obsessed with problems in physics by the time he was 16, and he never stopped working out them. -Michael Ryan迷住: became fascinated with, became obsessed with思考研究: think about, work out11) Children are entitled to special consi

25、deration for two reasons: helplessness and innocence. They have not yet acquired either the faculty of reason or the wisdom of experience. Consequently, they are defenseless and blameless. That's why we grant them special protection. In an emergency, it is our duty to save them first because the

26、y, helpless, have put their lives in our hands. And in wartime, they are supposed to be protected by special immunity because they can have threatened or offended no one. -Charles Kmuthammer受特別保護(hù): be entitled to special consideration, grant them special protection, protected by special immunity無助: h

27、elplessness, defenseless, have put their lives in our hands無辜: innocence, blameless, threatened or offended no one12) A typical example of this ability is the case of a woman who claims that her intuition prevented each of her five children from serious mishaps. Another interesting illustration of t

28、his six sense involves the famous escape artist.新英語教程第六冊(cè)舉例: example of, illustration of直覺: intuition, six sense13) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have ahad effect on nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a highspeed would do great injury to delicate lungs. The

29、 sudden plunging ofa train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush intofull daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight.損害: have a bad effect on, do great injury to, cause great damage to沖進(jìn): plunge, rush14) When parents urge their children to study hard and get good grades,the

30、children know that the payoff will not be social acceptance by theirschoolmates. The rewards are not consistent with values taught at home.回報(bào): payoff, rewards15) Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in the presentation of the result, you should also review it for basic grammatical and

31、 mechanical accuracy.檢查: check, review16) This new civilization brings with it new family styles; changed waysof working, loving, and living; a new economy; new political conflicts;and beyond all this an altered consciousness as well.新的: new, changed, altered17) Asian parents are able to instill mor

32、e motivation in their children.But how they imbue their offspring with this kind of motivation.灌輸: instill, imbueinstill a sense of responsibility in children給孩子灌輸責(zé)任意識(shí)be imbued with ambition滿懷雄心孩子: children, offspring18) The question of what is to be done to regulate and control exploitation of the

33、seabeds is no longer a theoretical matter. It is a problem of international concern.問題: question, matter, problem19) Nowadays, we never allow ourselves the convenience of being temporarily unavailable, even to strangers. With telephones and beepers, people make themselves instantly accessible to eve

34、ryone at all times.沒有一刻聯(lián)系不上: nevertemporarily unavailable, instantly accessible at all times每個(gè)人: even to strangers, to everyone20) Foreigners who understand the degree to which Americans are imbued with the notion that the free, self-reliant individual is the ideal kind of human being will be able t

35、o understand many aspects of American behavior and thinking Having one's own bedroom, even as an infant, inculcates in a person the notion that she is entitled to a place of her own where she can be by herself.灌輸思想: imbue sb. with the notion, inculcate in sb. the notioninculcate an idea in sb. 把

36、一個(gè)想法反復(fù)灌輸給某人2基本表達(dá) 除了以上這些詞的表達(dá)外，在涉及當(dāng)代社會(huì)問題、科技發(fā)展和校園生活的說明文或議論文的寫作中，掌握一些基本表達(dá)法對(duì)于詞匯的變化是很有意義的。如：越來越：be increasingly + adj，be on the rise，the growing number of人們認(rèn)為：it is generallywidely believedheldagreed that許多問題：a host ofa multitude of problems引起人們注意：claim callattract generalpublicworld attention to sth意識(shí)到：t

37、here is a growing awarenessrealization ofthat，awaken sbTo the factdanger適應(yīng)新的形勢(shì)變化：adaptadjustaccommodate oneself to new environmentchange接觸各種思想，經(jīng)歷：be exposed to new ideasexperiencesproblems接觸社會(huì)：come into frequentclose contact with the worldsociety獲得成功：achieveaccomplish success提出觀點(diǎn)，建議：advanceput forwa

38、rdcome up with argumentsideas suggestions作出努力：make tremendouspersistentsustained effort to do sthtakegreat pains to do(with workstudy)影響學(xué)習(xí)，工作：interfere with studieswork產(chǎn)生影響：haveexert a profound influence on lifepersonality，have adramaticundesirable effect on較好地駕馭生活：be a better pilot of one's lif

39、e剝奪機(jī)會(huì)權(quán)利：deprive oneself of the chancerightopportunity取代舊的方式：substitute fortake the place of the old way采取措施：take effective stepsmeasures to控制我們的環(huán)境：takegain increasing control over our own environment躲避危險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)：shyrun away from the dangerschallenge滿足要求：meetsatisfyaccommodate the demand of補(bǔ)償損失：compensate

40、formake up for the lossdamage解釋某現(xiàn)象：account forexplain the phenomenon對(duì)很好的了解：have a better understanding / appreciation of，have a new perspective on，providegain an insight into把某因素考慮進(jìn)去：take sthinto account(consideration)，give much thought to品味人生，自由，青春：savor the lifefreedomyouth培養(yǎng)對(duì)信心：developfoster one&

41、#39;s interestconfidence in經(jīng)歷變化，困難，艱險(xiǎn)：undergoexperience great changeshardshipsexperience表現(xiàn)出自信心等：project one's confidencefeelingimage生活充滿不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritationinjustice追求學(xué)習(xí)職業(yè)：pursue one's academic interestprofessional career學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)，技術(shù)：pursueacquire knowledgetechnologyskill被看作學(xué)習(xí)的

42、榜樣：be held up as an good example交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)，知識(shí)：share experienceideasproblemsknowledge發(fā)揮，起到重要作用：play an(importantactivegreat)rolepart逃學(xué)，缺課：skip schoola classa meetinga lecture知識(shí)，經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富：rich in knowledgeexperience確立，追求目標(biāo)：setpursue a goalhigher standard達(dá)到目標(biāo)：achieveaccomplishattain the goalaimobjective克服困難：overc

43、ome obstaclesdifficulty面臨危險(xiǎn)，困難：be confronted(faced)within the face of dangerdifficulty 阻礙了成功：stand in the way of SUCCESS，be an obstaclebarrier to successgrowth阻礙了發(fā)展：hamperimpedestunt the development of持傳統(tǒng)的看法：hold conventional wisdom發(fā)表看法：voiceexpress one's opinion持相反合理的觀點(diǎn)：take the oppositefresh v

44、iew揭穿某種一貫的說法：shatter the myth of求得幫助：enlist one's supporthelp縮小差別：bridgenarrowfill the gapgulf(between city and country)把成功錯(cuò)誤歸咎于：attributeowe the successfailure to對(duì)重要：be indispensableimpostorvital to施加壓力：putexert a academic pressure on重視：assignattach much importancesignificance to強(qiáng)調(diào)：placeput muc

45、h emphasisstressvalue on把注意力集中在：focusconcentrate one's attentioneffortsthoughts upon提供機(jī)會(huì)，信息：provideofferfurnish an opportunityinformation for sb抓住機(jī)會(huì)：grabseizetake the opportunity得到機(jī)會(huì)：enjoygain access to a opportunityinformation有可能：there is(littlemuch)possibilitylikelihood thatchancesthe odds are

46、 that展開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)：compete againstwith sbfor the prizepositioncontrolthe mastery of開展運(yùn)動(dòng)：conduct(carry onundertakeinitiatelaunchwage)a(vigorousnation-widepublicityadvertising)campaign(foragainst)對(duì)我很有沒有什么意義：make muchlittle sense to me帶來無窮的幸福，滿足：be a source of happiness satisfactioncontentmentpridecomplaint獻(xiàn)身于：

47、devotededicatecommit oneself to a causecareer大不(沒啥兩樣)一樣：make much(1ittleno)difference真正重要的是：what really matterscounts is改變生活旅程：changealter the course of life建立在大量的學(xué)習(xí)，實(shí)踐上：built on tremendous amount of study practice進(jìn)行調(diào)查，執(zhí)行任務(wù)：conductcarry out an studytaskexperiment辭去工作學(xué)習(xí)：leavequit one's jobworksch

48、ool參加考試競(jìng)賽等：enter(for)the examinationcontest，race參加活動(dòng)，討論：take partparticipatebe engaged in sportsactivities discussion影響思想，態(tài)度，事件的形成：shape one's thinkingattitude進(jìn)入大學(xué)，社會(huì)，家庭，勞力市場(chǎng)，職業(yè)：enter a schoolcollegesocietythe work forceprofessionals實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想愿望：realizefulfillachieve one's dream(hopes wishdesir

49、e減輕壓力，緊張：reducealleviaterelieve the stresspressuretension提高社會(huì)地位：enhanceimproveupgrade social statuspositionstanding rise to the position of leadership提高技術(shù)，能力：sharpen(increaseimproveenhanceboost)one's skillability加快，促進(jìn)發(fā)展：acceleratefacilitateadvanceenhanceboostthe development of隨著生活節(jié)奏的加快：with the

50、quickening pacerhythmtempo of modern lifesociety開闊眼界，興趣：broaden one's interestoutlook，expand(broadenenlarge)one's mental horizons有助于了解，發(fā)展，宣傳，解決：contribute muchlittlegreatlyto a better understanding ofthe popularity ofthe growth ofthe solution of有助于解決問題：go a long way to(towards)solving the pr

51、oblem迷戀名利分?jǐn)?shù)：be obsessedpreoccupied with gradesfamefortune把時(shí)間花，浪費(fèi)在：spendwaste time doing sth., put in hoursdoing sth利用機(jī)會(huì)，技術(shù)：make(fullbetter)use oftake advantage of opportunitytime，tapharness technology potentialskillstalent把知識(shí)，經(jīng)驗(yàn)運(yùn)用到：applyput the theoryknowledgeexperienceto practicedaily lifegood use取

52、得進(jìn)步：make much progressstridesgains in充分發(fā)揮潛力，能力：develop one's abilitypotential to the full，give full play to one's ability充滿激情，渴望：have a burning desirea great passion for句型變化 就句子而言，能夠運(yùn)用較復(fù)雜，且形式不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)思想是一篇文章老練成熟的標(biāo)志。而目前一般大學(xué)生寫作中出現(xiàn)的普遍問題是句子結(jié)構(gòu)單一。比如： English becomes mole importantAll of us know t

53、he factOur society is mole open to the worldBut it is difficult to learnI have learned English for seven yearsBut I still can not command it wellBecause English is different from ChineseAnd we haven't an environment 整篇文章成了簡(jiǎn)單句的堆積。這種作文只能是中學(xué)生的英語水平，語法基本沒問題，但句子支離破碎，語義缺少連貫，句型沒有變化。請(qǐng)看修改過后的文章。 It is well

54、 known that English has become increasingly important，especially to a society more open to the outside world. It is difficult, however, to have a better command of it-although I have leaned English for 7 years-because of its complete difference from Chinese and of the lack of an English-speaking env

55、ironment. 同樣的意思，文章的質(zhì)量就完全不一樣：句型復(fù)雜有變化，語義連貫有層次。 再比較下面的句子，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)b句式不僅僅復(fù)雜，而且表達(dá)要生動(dòng)、有力得多。1) a. Many liberal arts graduates are unwilling to accept work outside their major interest. If so they will have difficulty finding employment. b. Unless they are willing to accept work outside their major interests, ma

56、ny liberal arts graduates will have difficult finding employment.2) a. Tuition fees and room-and-board charges are all soaring, but getting their children into college continues to be the goal of millions of Chinese people. They think higher education will bring them a good job. b. Despite soaring tuition fees and room-and-board charges, getting their children into college continues to be the goal of millions of Chinese people who think higher education will bring them a good job.3) a. Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are encouraged by their pe