閱讀技能與訓(xùn)練1

1、閱讀技能與訓(xùn)練運(yùn)城學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系 王 梅1. 閱讀的定義n閱讀首先是“閱”的視覺活動(dòng)，即眼睛注視文字符號(hào)這一感官動(dòng)作；閱讀同時(shí)是“讀”這一理解文字符號(hào)的心理解碼過程，是一種把語(yǔ)言符號(hào)通過心理認(rèn)知轉(zhuǎn)換成意義符號(hào)的理解過程。n閱讀是一個(gè)綜合生理、心理、認(rèn)知、背景知識(shí)、技能、策略等因素的復(fù)雜過程。2. 閱讀的生理和心理機(jī)制n視覺器官感知 視幅（recognition span）訓(xùn)練；意群： Successful improvement of your reading depends on your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice

2、.2. 閱讀的生理和心理機(jī)制n神經(jīng)生理過程n心理解碼過程 單詞快速識(shí)別能力； 意群閱讀能力； 各種知識(shí)的積累2. 閱讀的生理和心理機(jī)制n言語(yǔ)理解過程 詞匯；句子；篇章n綜合能力運(yùn)用 讀者運(yùn)用各種閱讀技能和微技能共同完 成解碼的過程； 語(yǔ)音；語(yǔ)調(diào)；詞匯；語(yǔ)法；語(yǔ)篇；語(yǔ) 用；修辭；背景知識(shí)3. 閱讀理解的層次n字面理解 掌握文章字面意思，如辨認(rèn)詞義、識(shí) 別文章大意、了解事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間、 地點(diǎn)、順序等細(xì)節(jié)。 a.了解相關(guān)背景知識(shí)； b. 培養(yǎng)組塊識(shí)讀的能力、復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句分析 識(shí)讀能力；篇章結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)讀能力3. 閱讀理解的層次n推斷性理解 深層理解；憑借背景知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、讀物中的線索，分析作者的態(tài)度、立場(chǎng)、觀點(diǎn)

3、，推斷出作者的“言外之意”、“弦外之音”3. 閱讀理解的層次n評(píng)價(jià)性理解 閱讀的最高層次，在了解文字形式和 內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步對(duì)文章的性質(zhì)、 價(jià)值、準(zhǔn)確性、真實(shí)性、結(jié)論的可靠 性、建議的可行性做自己的分析與評(píng)價(jià)。4. 不良閱讀習(xí)慣及糾正方法n逐字閱讀n聲讀和潛在聲讀n譯讀和潛在譯讀n頻繁回視n擺頭閱讀4. 不良閱讀習(xí)慣及糾正方法n明確閱讀目的 閱讀目的：弄清文章傳達(dá)的思想和信息；不是被動(dòng)重復(fù)作者的話n閱讀材料由淺至深n擴(kuò)展視幅n采用速示器限時(shí)閱讀5. 閱讀技巧（1）預(yù)測(cè)n利用題目和標(biāo)題預(yù)測(cè)n利用書的目錄預(yù)測(cè)n利用主題段預(yù)測(cè)文章主題n利用主題句預(yù)測(cè)段落主題n利用銜接詞或信號(hào)詞預(yù)測(cè)5. 閱讀技巧

4、（2）篇章理解n識(shí)別段落主旨大意 a. 段首主題句 b.段尾主題句 c. 段中主題句 d. 前后呼應(yīng)主題句 e. 隱含的主題思想5. 閱讀技巧（2）篇章理解n識(shí)別具體信息排列方式 a. 簡(jiǎn)單列舉 b. 按照重要性排列 c. 按照時(shí)間順序排列 d.按照空間位置排列 e.按照操作過程排列5. 閱讀技巧（2）篇章理解n識(shí)別具體信息排列方式 f. 分類 g. 概念/定義 h. 例證 i. 比較-對(duì)照 j. 原因-結(jié)果 k. 提出問題-解決問題5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 簡(jiǎn)單句(simple sentence)：從句子結(jié)構(gòu)上看，如果句子只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子各個(gè)成分都只由單詞或短語(yǔ)表示，它就

5、是簡(jiǎn)單句。兩個(gè)或多個(gè)主語(yǔ)共一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，兩個(gè)或多個(gè)謂語(yǔ)共一個(gè)主語(yǔ)也屬于簡(jiǎn)單句。e.g. He and his son are both teachers. They walked and talked along the river.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 并列句(compound sentence)：如果句子包含有兩個(gè)或更多互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，就是并列句；并列句中的分句通常用一個(gè)并列連詞來(lái)連接，有時(shí)也可不用連詞，而用一個(gè)逗號(hào)或分號(hào)分開。e.g. He made a promise, but didnt keep it. (轉(zhuǎn)折)I must go now, for my sister

6、 is waiting for me.(因果)Either come in or go out.(選擇)I bought a bike and I like it.(聯(lián)合)5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 復(fù)合句(complex sentence)：如果句子包含有兩個(gè)或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(gè)（或更多的）主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一（些）成分，就是復(fù)合句。充當(dāng)句子成分的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱為從句，常由從屬連詞引出，總是用陳述語(yǔ)序。根據(jù)從句在句子中的作用，從句分為名詞性從句（主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)從句），形容詞性從句（定語(yǔ)從句），副詞性從句（狀語(yǔ)從句）。5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 In grammar,

7、a complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. A complex sentence is often used to make clear which ideas are most important, and which ideas are subordinate. 5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解e.g. I ate the meal that you cooked.（定語(yǔ)）I think that you are right.（賓語(yǔ)）What

8、 he wants is a book. （主語(yǔ)）The question is whether we should accepttheir invitation.（表語(yǔ)）I had no idea that you were here.（同位語(yǔ)）There are plenty of sheep where I live.（狀語(yǔ)）5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 復(fù)雜句(complex-compound/compound-complex sentence)：如果一個(gè)并列句中的一個(gè)（或多個(gè)）分句中，包含有一個(gè)（或多個(gè)）從句，就是復(fù)雜句，或稱并列復(fù)合句。a sentence with at l

9、east two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (also known as subordinate clauses).5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解nI said that I had no time, but he insisted that I should go with him.nThe dog lived in the backyard, yet the cat, who knew he was superior, lived inside the house.Independent clauses:

10、 The dog lived in the backyard.The cat lived inside the house.Dependent clause: who knew he was superior.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 a. 去枝葉，找主干 A young woman from a background that was extremely prejudiced against people from other races came to this college.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 b. 斷句法 The way students are relat

11、ing to those of the opposite sex has a definite influence on their emotions, and at the same time, these young adults are learning how to give and receive affection in the adult world.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 c. 替代法 Probably nothing can make students feel lower or higher emotionally than the way they are r

12、elating to whomever they are having a romantic relationship with.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 c. 替代法 Probably nothing can make students feel happy or unhappy than how they are relating to a girl or a boy.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 d. 跳讀法 The international student, who expected to be appointed to an important government

13、al position when he returned home, had a brother who taught law at the major university of his country.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 e. 復(fù)原法：倒裝語(yǔ)序復(fù)原 Had I not killed her she would have killed me. If I had not killed her, she would have killed me.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 e. 復(fù)原法：省略成分復(fù)原 They are now real people who have dr

14、eams, hopes, and struggles, just as I do. They are now real people who have dreams, hopes, and struggles, just as I have dreams, hopes, and struggles.5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 f. 尋關(guān)聯(lián)詞辨邏輯 While students are going through an identity crisis, they are becoming independent from their parents, yet are probably s

15、till very dependent on them. 5. 閱讀技巧（3）復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的理解 g. 尋關(guān)鍵詞抓線索 Miss Dermaines mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted. “and” not “but”5. 閱讀技巧（4）猜詞悟意n根據(jù)上下文猜詞義 a. 利用定義猜 In some cultures, certain foods are taboo. Taboo is a word from the l

16、anguage of the Fiji Islands, used to describe something forbidden.5. 閱讀技巧（4）猜詞悟意n根據(jù)上下文猜詞義 b. 利用定語(yǔ)從句猜 Nearby is the race course, where the towns most famous car race is held each year.5. 閱讀技巧（4）猜詞悟意n根據(jù)上下文猜詞義 c. 利用同位語(yǔ)猜 His father is an oculist, an eye-doctor. d. 利用同義或近義詞猜 Mother was tall, fat and midd

17、le-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.5. 閱讀技巧（4）猜詞悟意n根據(jù)上下文猜詞義 e. 利用反義詞和對(duì)比關(guān)系猜 Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.5. 閱讀技巧（4）猜詞悟意n根據(jù)上下文猜詞義 f. 利用舉例猜 Today young coup

18、les who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for example, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.5. 閱讀技巧（4）猜詞悟意n根據(jù)上下文猜詞義 g. 利用邏輯推理猜 The girl began to feel homesick because she had been away from her family for years.5. 閱讀技巧（4）猜詞悟意n根據(jù)上下文猜詞義 h. 利用常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜 When a doctor performs an operation in a patient, he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.5. 閱讀技巧（4）猜詞悟意n根據(jù)構(gòu)詞知識(shí)猜詞義 a. 利用詞根知識(shí)猜 All her relatives would come back for the bi