城空城地下空間工程專業(yè)英語復習資料

1、城空1601專業(yè)英語復習資料Structuralengineering（結構工程）Waterresourcesengineering（水資源工程）Geotechnicalengineering（巖土工程）Environmentalengineering（環(huán)境工程）Transportationengineering（運輸工程）Pipelineengineering（管道工程）Constructionengineering（建筑工程）Communityandurbanplanning（社區(qū)和城市規(guī)戈U）Photogrametry,surveying,andmapping（攝影測量、勘測和制圖）En

2、gineeringmanagement（工程管理）Engineeringteaching（工程教學）Civilengineering,theoldestoftheengineeringspecialties,istheplanning,design,construction,andmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccordingtoscientificprinciples,fromirrigationanddrainagesystemstorocket-launchingfaci

3、lities.土木工程，最老的工程專業(yè)，是建筑環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設計、施工和管理。這個環(huán)境包括從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設施的所有根據(jù)科學原理建造的結構物。Civilengineersbuildroads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,powerplants,waterandsewagesystems,hospitals,schools,masstransit,andotherpublicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietyandlargepopulationconcentrations土木工程師修建道路、橋梁、隧道、大壩、港口、發(fā)電站、水

4、系統(tǒng)和污水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院、學校、公共交通系統(tǒng)，以及現(xiàn)代化社會和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共設施。Theyalsobuildprivatelyownedfacilitiessuchasairports,railroads,pipelines,skyscrapers,andotherlargestructuresdesignedforindustrial,commercial,orresidentialuse.他們也修建私人擁有的設施，如機場、鐵路、管線、高樓大廈，和為工業(yè)、商業(yè)、民用設計的其他大型建筑。ThewordcivilderivesfromtheLatinforcitizen.“土木”

5、這個詞是從拉丁語“citizen”派生而來。In1782,EnglishmanJohnSmeatonusedthetermtodifferentiatehisnonmilitaryengineeringworkfromthatofthemilitaryengineerswhopredominatedatthetime.1782年，英國人JohnSmeaton用這個術語來區(qū)分他的非軍事工程項目和當時占統(tǒng)治地位的軍事工程師的工程項目。Sincethen,thetermcivilengineeringhasoftenbeenusedtorefertoengineerswhobuildpublicfa

6、cilities,althoughthefieldismuchbroader.從那以后，土木工程這個術語已經(jīng)被用來指那些修建公共設施的工程師們，盡管這個領域比以前更廣。Scope范圍Becauseitissobroad,civilengineeringissubdividedintoanumberoftechnicalspecialties因為土木工程的范圍太廣，所以它被細分為許多技術專業(yè)。Dependingonthetypeofproject,theskillsofmanykindsofcivilengineerspecialistsmaybeneeded.根據(jù)工程的類型，就需要土木工程師專

7、家的各種技能。Whenaprojectbegins,thesiteissurveyedandmappedbycivilengineerswholocateutilityplacement-water,sewer,andpowerlines.當一項工程開始時，土木工程師要勘測現(xiàn)場并繪圖，他們還要確定水管、污水管道和電線的實用布置。Geotechnicalspecialistsperformsoilexperimentstodetermineiftheearthcanbeartheweightoftheproject.巖土工程專家要做土工試驗以確定該土是否能承受這項工程的重量。Environmen

8、talspecialistsstudytheproject'impactonthelocalarea:thepotentialforairandgroundwaterpollution,theproject'simpactonlocalanimalandplantlife,andhowtheprojectcanbedesignedtomeetgovernmentrequirementsaimedatprotectingtheenvironment.環(huán)境專家要研究工程對當?shù)貐^(qū)域的影響：潛在的空氣污染和地下水污染，工程對當?shù)貏又参锏挠绊?，以及工程怎樣設計才能滿足政府對保護環(huán)境的要求

9、。Transportationspecialistsdeterminewhatkindoffacilitiesareneededtoeasetheburdenonlocalroadsandothertransportationnetworksthatwillresultfromthecompletedproject.運輸專家要確定需用什么類型的設施來減輕由完工的工程產(chǎn)生的荷載對當?shù)氐缆泛推渌\輸網(wǎng)帶來的壓力。Meanwhile,structuralspecialistsusepreliminarydatatomakedetaileddesignsplans,andspecificationsf

10、ortheproject.同時，結構專家用初始資料來做工程的詳細設計，規(guī)劃和說明書。Supervisingandcoordinatingtheworkofthesecivilengineerspecialists,frombeginningtoendoftheproject,aretheconstructionmanagementspecialists.從工程開始到結束，施工管理專家監(jiān)督和協(xié)調這些土木工程專家們工作。Basedoninformationsuppliedbytheother'specialists,constructionmanagementcivilengineerse

11、stimatequantitiesandcostsofmaterialsandlabor,scheduleallwork,ordermaterialsandequipmentforthejob,hirecontractorsandsubcontractors,andperformothersupervisoryworktoensuretheprojectiscompletedontimeandasspecified.根據(jù)其他專家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程師要估計材料和勞動力的數(shù)量和成本，安排所有的工作，訂購工作所需的材料和設備，雇承包商和轉包人，以及做其他的監(jiān)督管理工作以確保工程能按照說明按

12、時完工。Throughoutanygivenproject,civilengineersmakeextensiveuseofcomputers對于任何給定的工程，土木工程師都能廣泛地利用計算機。Computersareusedtodesigntheproject'svariouselements(computei-aideddesign,orCAD)andtomanageit.計算機被用來設計工程的各個部分并進行管理。Computersareanecessityforthemoderncivilengineerbecausetheypermittheengineertoefficien

13、tlyhandlethelargequantitiesofdataneededindeterminingthebestwaytoconstructaproject計算機對于現(xiàn)代土木工程師而言是必不可少的，因為它們可使工程師高效地處理大量數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)是在確定最優(yōu)施工方案時所需要的。Inthisspeciality,civilengineersplananddesignstructuresofalltypes,includingbridges,dams,powerplants,supportsforequipment,specialstructuresforoffshoreprojects,th

14、eUnitedStatesspaceprogram,transmissiontowers,giantastronomicalandradiotelescopes,andmanyotherkindsofprojects.在這個專業(yè)里面，土木工程師規(guī)劃和設計所有類型的結構，包括橋梁、大壩、電站、設備的支撐、近海工程的特殊結構、美國的太空計劃、發(fā)射塔、巨型天文望遠鏡和無線電望遠鏡，以及許多其他工程。Usingcomputers,structuralengineersdeterminetheforcesastructuremustresist:itsownweight,windandhurricane

15、forces,temperaturechangesthatexpandorcontractconstructionmaterials,andearthquakes.結構工程師用計算機確定結構必須抵抗的力：自重、風力、引起建筑材料膨脹或收縮的溫度變化以及地震力。Theyalsodeterminethecombinationofappropriatematerials:steel,concrete,plastic,stone,asphalt,brick,aluminum,orotherconstructionmaterials.他們還確定適當?shù)牟牧辖M合：鋼材、混凝土、塑料、石料、瀝青、磚、鋁或其他

16、的建筑材料。BuildingandArchitecture建筑物和建筑學Thepurposeofabuildingistoprovideashelterfortheperformanceofhumanactivities.一座建筑物的作用是為人類活動的進行提供一個躲避處。Thisartincludes,inadditiontobuildings,allthecivilengineeringstructuressuchasdams,canals,tunnels,aqueducts,andbridges.除了建筑物，這藝術還包括所有的土木工程結構物，比如大壩、運河、隧道、溝渠和橋梁。Because

17、itissobroad,civilengineeringissubdividedintoanumberoftechnicalspecialties.因為土木工程的范圍太廣，所以它被細分為許多技術專業(yè)。Environmentalspecialistsstudytheproject'simphectocaltarea:thepotentialforairandgroundwaterpollution,theproject'simpactonlocalanimalandplantlifeandhowtheprojectcanbedesignedtomeetgovernmentrequ

18、irementsaimedatprotecting/theenvironment.環(huán)境專家要研究工程對當?shù)貐^(qū)域的影響：潛在的空氣污染和地下水污染，工程對當?shù)貏又参锏挠绊?，以及工程怎樣設計才能滿足政府對保護環(huán)境的要求。Architectureistheartofbuilding.建筑學是建筑的藝術。Conversely,abadplanresultsininconvenience,waste,andvisualconfusion.相反，壞的設計方案所產(chǎn)生的結果是不方便、浪費和視覺上的混亂。Virtuallyallarchitectureisconcernedwiththeenclosureofs

19、paceforhumanuse.實質上整個建筑學都與供人使用的圍合空間有關。Thepreciseactivitiestobehousedinanyspecificbuilding-rangingfromanassemblylineinafactorytoalivingroominahome-shoulddictatethesizeandshapeoftheseveralareaswithin.建筑物內部一些空間的大小和形狀是由那些將要容納在該建筑物（如從工廠的裝配線到住宅中的起居室）里的確切活動所規(guī)定。Thesespacesalsomustbearrangedinsomelogicalrela

20、tiontoeachother這些空間的排列還應有合理的關系。Furthermore,themovementofhumanbeingswithinthebuilding-acirculationinarchitecturalparlance-requireshalls,stairs,orelevatorswhosesizeisgovernedbytheexpectedloadoftraffic.另外，人在建筑物中的走動（在建筑學的說法中叫“流通”）需要有走廊、樓梯或電梯，其尺寸受預期交通負荷的支配。Theplanofastructure,alwaysthefirstconsiderationo

21、fanarchitect,istheresolutionofthesedifferentpurposesintoanorganizationofspacesthatwillfulfilltheintentofthebuilding.建筑物的結構平面圖，總是建筑師的第一考慮，它把對建筑物的各種要求安排成體現(xiàn)建筑意圖的空間組合。ComponentsofABuilding建筑物的組成部分Materialsandstructuralformsarecombinedtomakeupthevariouspartsofabuilding,includingtheload-carryingframe,skin

22、,floors,andpartitions.材料和結構形式被組合在一起形成了建筑物的不同部分。包括承重的框架、外墻、樓板層、以及隔墻。Thesuperstructureisthatpartofabuildingaboveground,andthesubstructureandfoundation,isthatpartofabuildingbelowground.上部結構是建筑物在地面上的部分，而下部結構以及基礎是建筑物的地下部分。Theskyscraper,owesitsexistencetotwodevelopmentsofthe19thcenturysteelskeletonconstru

23、ctionandthepassengerelevator.摩天大樓的出現(xiàn)得益于19世紀的兩大發(fā)展：鋼骨架建筑和載人電梯。(鋼結構：steelstructure/steelconstruction)Untilthelate19thcentury,theexteriorwallsofabuildingwereusedasbearingwallstosupportthefloors.直到19世紀晚期，建筑物外墻被用作支承樓板的承重墻。Skeletonconstruction,consistingofsteelbeamsandcolumns,wasfirstusedin1889.框架建筑，由鋼梁和柱組

24、成，最早運用于1889年。Thewallelements,whichareusedtocoverthestructureandaresupportedbyit,arebuiltofavarietyofmaterials:brick,precastconcrete,stone,opaqueglass,plastics,steel,andaluminum.實墻用于結構的維護以及承重，可以用各種各樣的材料：醇，預制混凝土，石頭,不透明物玻璃，塑料，鋼和鋁。Woodisusedmainlyinhouseconstruction;itisnotgenerallyusedforcommercial,ind

25、ustrial,orpublicbuildingsbecauseofthefirehazard.木材主要用于住宅類建筑，商業(yè)、工業(yè)或其它公共建筑，考慮到火災的危險性不常使用。SoilsandFoundations土體和基礎Allbuildingsaresupportedontheground;andthereforethenatureofthesoilbecomesanextremelyimportantconsiderationinthedesignofanybuilding.所有的建筑物都支撐在地面上，因此，土體的性質成為任何建筑設計中極為重要的考慮因素。Thedesignofafound

26、ationdependsonmanysoilfactors,suchastypeofsoil,soilstratification,thicknessofsoillayersandtheircompaction,andgroundwaterconditions.基礎的設計取決于許多土體因素，比如土體類型、土體分層、土層厚度以及它們的密實性和地下水條件。Soilsrarelyhaveasinglecomposition;theygenerallyaremixturesinlayersofvaryingthickness.土體很少有一個單一的成分。它們通常是不同厚度土層的混合物。Structure

27、sorotherconstructedworksaresupportedontheearthbyfoundations.結構或其他已完成的建設工程是由基礎支撐在地面上。Thefoundationforanearth-filldamwouldbethenaturalsoilorrockonwhichthedamisplaced.填土大壩的基礎是天然土壤或巖石，大壩就放于其上。Concretefootingsorpilesandpilecapsareoftenreferredtoasfoundationswithoutincludingthesoilorrockonwhichorinwhichth

28、eyareplaced.混凝土底座或樁和樁帽通常被稱為基礎，不包括它們被放于其上或其中的土壤或巖石。Foundationsthatareinstalledmaybeeithersoil-bearingorrock-bearing.設置的基礎可能是土壤承重也可能是巖石承重。Thereactionsofthesoilorrocktotheimposedloadsgenerallydeterminedhowwellthefoundationsystemfunctions.土壤或巖石對外加荷載的反應通常決定了基礎體系功能有多好。Indesigningtheinstalledportions,thede

29、signermustdeterminethesafepressurewhichcanbeusedonthesoilorrockandtheamountoftotalsettlementanddifferentialsettlementwhichthestructurecanwithstand.在設計安裝部分的過程中，設計者必須確定被用于土壤或巖石上的安全壓力和總的沉降量以及結構能抵抗的不均勻沉降。Theinstalledpartsofthefoundationsystemmaybefootings,matfoundations,slabfoundations,andcaissonsorpile

30、sjallofwhichareusedtotransferloadfromasuperstructureintotheearth.Theseparts,whichtransmitloadfromthesuperstructuretotheearth,arecalledthesubstructure.J基礎體系的安裝部分可能是底座、筏基、平板基礎、沉箱基礎或樁基礎，所有的這些都是被用來轉移上部結構的荷載到地表上。這些傳遞上部結構的荷載到地表上的部分被稱為下部結構。(differentialsettlement,matfoundation,slabfoundation,caisson,supers

31、tructure,substructure均斜體放大，需注意)Footingsorspreadfoundationsareusedtospreadtheloadsfromcolumnsorwallstotheunderlyingsoilorrock.底座或擴大基礎被用來擴散從柱或墻傳來的荷載到下臥層或巖石。Normally,footingsareconstructedofreinforcedconcrete.However,undersomecircumstancestheymaybeconstructedofplainconcreteormasonry.通常，底座是用鋼筋混凝土修建的。然而，

32、在某些條件下，它們可能是用素混凝土或磚石建造。Matsfoundedseveralmetersbelowthegroundsurface,whencombinedwithexternalwalls,aretermedfloatingfoundations.被建在地表以下幾米的板，當和外墻連在一起時，就被稱為浮筏基礎。Groundwaterisamajorprobleminconnectionwiththedesignandinstallationoffoundationswhereasubstructureistobeplacedbelowthegroundwaterlevel.下部結構將被放

33、置到地下水位下的基礎中，地下水是與其設計和施工有關的一個重要的問題。高層建筑Althoughtherehavebeenmanyadvancementsinbuildingconstructiontechnologyingeneral,spectacularachievementshavebeenmadeinthedesignandconstructionofultrahigh-risebuildings.總的來說，建筑施工技術已經(jīng)有了許多進步，但是在超高層建筑的設計和施工中也取得了驚人的成就。Theearlydevelopmentofhigh-risebuildingsbeganwithstr

34、ucturalsteelframing.高層建筑的早期發(fā)展始于鋼結構框架。Reinforcedconcreteandstressed-skintubesystemshavesincebeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedinanumberofstructuresforbothresidentialandcommercialpurposes.從那以后，鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒體體系就被競相經(jīng)濟地用在了許多民用和商用結構中。SoilMechanics土力學Soilmechanicsisconcernedwiththeuseofthelawsofmechanicsandh

35、ydraulicsinengineeringproblemsrelatedtosoils.土力學是在與土壤有關的工程問題中涉及到力學和水力學原理運用的一門學科。Soilisanaturalaggregateofmineralgrains,withorwithoutorganicconstituents,formedbythechemicalandmechanicalweatheringofrock土壤是礦物粒的一種自然集合體，有的有有機成份，有的沒有，這是通過巖石的化學和物理風化作用形成的。Gradually,theinvestigationoffailuresofretainingwalls

36、,foundations,embankments,pavements,andotherstructuresresultedinabodyofknowledgeconcerningthenatureofsoilsandtheirbehavioursufficienttogiverisetosoilmechanicsasabranchofengineeringscience.漸漸地，對擋土墻、基礎、堤壩、道路和其他結構物破壞的調查得到了大量的關于土壤性質和它們的性能的知識，這足夠使得土力學作為一門工程科學的分支。Thepropertiesofsoilsthatdeterminetheirsuita

37、bilityforengineeringuseincludeinternalfriction,cohesion,compressibility,elasticity,permeability,andcapillarity.決定土壤適合工程應用的性能包括內摩擦力、內聚力、壓縮性、彈性、滲透性和毛細管作用。（friction:n.摩擦、摩擦力；compressibility:n.壓縮性、壓縮系數(shù)、壓縮率）Cohesiveforcesaremarkedlyaffectedbytheamountofmoisturepresent.內聚力被存在的水分含量顯著的影響著。Environmentalengin

38、eering環(huán)境工程Environmentalengineeringisabranchofengineeringthatisconcernedwithpollutionbythestructures,machines,systems,andprocessesthatareinvolvedinhumanactivities.環(huán)境工程是和結構、機械、系統(tǒng)，以及涉及到人類活動的過程所產(chǎn)生的污染有關的一個工程學的分支。Inthisbranchofengineering,civilengineersdesign,build,andsupervisesystemstoprovidesafedrinking

39、waterandtopreventandcontrolpollutionofwatersupplies,bothonthesurfaceandunderground.在工程的這個分支里，土木工程師設計、修建和監(jiān)督各個系統(tǒng)以提供安全的飲用水，防止和控制地表水和地下水供應的污染。Theyalsodesign,build,andsuperviseprojectstocontroloreliminatepollutionofthelandandair他們也設計、修建和監(jiān)督各項工程以控制或消除土地和空氣污染。Theseengineersbuildwaterandwastewatertreatmentpl

40、ants,anddesignairscrubbersandotherdevicestominimizeoreliminateairpollutioncausedbyindustrialprocesses,incineration,orothersmokeproducingactivities.這些工程師修建水廠和污水處理廠，設計空氣凈化器和其他設備以減少或消除由工業(yè)加工、焚燒或其他一些產(chǎn)生煙霧的行為導致的空氣污染。Theyalsoworktocontroltoxicandhazardouswastesthroughtheconstructionofspecialdumpsitesorthene

41、utralizingoftoxicandhazardoussubstances.他們也采取措施，通過修建專門的垃圾場或者進行有毒和有害物質的無害化處理來控制有毒有害廢棄物。Inaddition,theengineersdesignandmanagesanitarylandfillstopreventpollutionofsurroundingland.此外，工程師們對垃圾填埋進行設計和處理以防止周圍土地的污染。Geotechnicalengineering巖土工程Civilengineerswhospecializeinthisfieldanalyzethepropertiesofsoilsa

42、ndrocksthatsupportstructuresandaffectstructuralbehavior.專攻此領域土木工程師分析支撐結構物并影響結構性能的土壤和巖石的特性。Theyevaluateandworktominimizethepotentialsettlementofbuildingsandotherstructuresthatstemsfromthepressureoftheirweightontheearth.他們計算建筑和其他結構由于自重壓力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之減少到最小。Theseengineersalsoevaluateanddeterminehowtos

43、trengthenthestabilityofslopesandfillsandhowtoprotectstructuresagainstearthquakesandtheeffectsofgroundwater.這些工程師還估算并確定怎樣加強邊坡和填方以及怎樣保護結構免遭地震和地下水的影響。Transportationengineering運輸工程Civilengineersworkinginthisspecialtybuildfacilitiestoensuresafeandefficientmovementofbothpeopleandgoods.從事這一專業(yè)領域的土木工程師建造一些設施

44、以確保人和物的安全和高效的運輸。Theyspecializeindesigningandmaintainingalltypesoftransportationfacilities,highwaysandstreets,masstransitsystems,railroadsandairfields,portsandharbors.他們專門研究設計和維修所有類型的運輸設施，公路和街道，公共交通系統(tǒng)，鐵路和機場，港口及海港。Transportationengineersapplytechnologicalknowledgeaswellasconsiderationoftheeconomic,pol

45、itical,andsocialfactorsindesigningeachproject.運輸工程師在設計每一個工程的過程中，既要運用技術知識，也要考慮經(jīng)濟、政治和社會的因素。Theyworkcloselywithurbanplanners,sincethequalityofthecommunityisdirectlyrelatedtothequalityofthetransportationsystem.他們與城市規(guī)劃者緊密配合，因為社區(qū)的質量直接關系到運輸體系的質量。Constructionengineering建筑工程Civilengineersinthisfieldoverseeth

46、econstructionofaprojectfrombeginningtoend.此領域的土木工程師從開始到結束一直監(jiān)督工程的施工。Sometimescalledprojectengineers,theyapplybothtechnicalandmanagerialskills,includingknowledgeofconstructionmethods,planning,organizing,financing,andoperatingconstructionprojects.他們有時被稱為項目工程師，他們不僅運用技術技能，還運用管理技能，包括施工方法、規(guī)劃、組織、籌集資金和項目管理施工

47、方面的知識。Theycoordinatetheactivitiesofvirtuallyeveryoneengagedinthework:thesurveyors;workerswholayoutandconstructthetemporaryroadsandramps,excavateforthefoundation,buildtheformsandpourtheconcrete;andworkerswhobuildthesteelframework.Theseengineersalsomakeregularprogressreportstotheownersofthestructure.事

48、實上，他們協(xié)調工程中每個人的活動：勘測員、為臨時道路和斜坡定線和施工、挖基礎、建模和澆注混凝土的工人、以及綁扎鋼筋的工人。這些工程師還為建筑業(yè)主定期提供進度報告。BuildingMaterials建筑材料Materialsforbuildingmusthavecertainphysicalpropertiestobestructurallyuseful建筑材料必須具有某些對結構有用的物理性能。Primarily,theymustbeabletocarryaload,orweight,withoutchangingshapepermanently首先，它們必須能在不永久變形的情況下承受荷載或重量。Thismaterialpropertyiscalledelasticity.這種特性就被稱為彈性。Allmaterialsusedinarchitecturalstructures,suchasstoneandbrick,wood,steel,aluminum,reinforcedconcrete,andplastics,behaveelasticallywithinacertaindefinedrangeofloading.在建筑結構中使用的所有材料，如石頭和磚、木材、鋼材、鋁材、鋼筋混凝土