新視界大學(xué)英語綜合教程3第一單元 (1)

1、Warming uWarming up pSkimmingSkimmingDiggingDiggingCritical thinkingCritical thinkingLanguage in useLanguage in useUnfamiliar wordsUnfamiliar wordsInterpretingInterpretingTalking pointTalking point Warming up Work in pairs. Check () the personal qualities which you think apply to yourself.Warming up

2、Now check () the personal qualities which you think apply to your partner and compare your ideas about each other. Warming up Work in pairs and discuss the questions.1 Which of the personal qualities in Activity 1 are positive?Hard-working, fair, thoughtful and social are all positive. Then there ar

3、e some qualities which are positive in small amounts: respect, ambition, strong will and liking to give to others. Having too much of these, however, can be harmful.2 Which of them are negative, and why?Shyness is negative not in the sense of being bad, but it makes life harder. Envy is ugly. Argume

4、ntative people are no pleasure to be with. I am not sure about liking to be alone. If it means avoiding people, its negative, but if it means you are happy to spend time alone reading and thinking, thats rather good.Warming up3. Which personal qualities do you need to be successful in a job?Well, th

5、at depends on the job! But being hard-working is always right, and thinking carefully must always be good.I suppose we can go beyond the list here kindness and liking to give to others will bring you friends, a sense of beauty is important and being faithful to those you work with means you never ha

6、ve to feel guilty. 4. Which personal qualities do you need to be happy in life?Warming upWatch a video clip of The Pursuit of Happiness and discuss the question.Do you have any experience when you successfully handle others question or negative comment without taking it personally?Warming up Look at

7、 the title of the passage and check () the two kinds of judgment you expect to read about. 1 guilty or not guilty 2 fair or not fair 3 objective or subjective 4 an end goal or a means to something elseNow read the passage by Paul Graham and check your ideas.SkimmingBrowse the passage within 8 minute

8、s to get a rough idea about it.Answer the questions of Activity 2 and 3 on page 4.TaskTaskSkimming Choose the best summary of the passage.1. There are two types of judgment which are made about people. Most of them are not concerned about the type of person we are, but are made for some other reason

9、, such as to provide members for an organization, like a team, a company or a college. So if we are not chosen in these circumstances, we shouldnt feel hurt about it. Answer: Correct.Skimming2. It is more useful to think of someone who has to select people (for a job, for example, or for admission t

10、o a college) as a customer rather than as a judge. This is because there is never anything “personal” about selecting someone for a prize, or a team. Rather, the process of selecting people is more like a business transaction, and it is vital not to make a mistake. SkimmingAnswer: The first half agr

11、ees with the passage, but the overall emphasis is on selectors whereas the passage is addressed to young people applying for colleges and jobs. Selecting someone for a prize is actually more like the first type of judgment there might be only a seconds difference between two great athletes but that

12、second decides who wins the gold medal. In some respects the two athletes are equal, but not when it comes to the prize. On the topic of not making a mistake, of course no business wants a poor employee, but the passage argues this is unlikely as there are always a number of suitable candidates.Skim

13、ming3. We are constantly involved in judging other people. Most of the time this is not in any formal situation, such as a law court, but informally, at work or school, or even when we are looking for a partner to date. But there are two types of judgment good or bad and if we make a wrong judgment

14、we will probably regret it.Answer:The passage is not concerned with good or bad judgments, and the stress is not on the reader making judgments, but their reaction to being judged. Skimming Answer the questions. 1 What have court cases got in common with competitions?2 Why is it natural to think tha

15、t all judgments are about us as persons?The judgments we receive as children are of this type so we expect later judgments to be the same.When we hire or date someone, we are thinking less of them than of what we want, and there are a number of possibilities for us to choose from.3 Why is hiring som

16、eone like dating someone?Their aim is to judge individuals accurately.Skimming4 What does the writer hope to show by using the example of choosing a team?5 Why isnt it important if the wrong decision is made in a borderline case?The people on the borderline are basically of the same level of ability

17、.That choices are often not made on the basis of perfectly accurate judgments of relative ability. There can be more than one good choice and often not being chosen does not mean someone is inadequate. Skimming6 Why is it important to think of a selector as a customer rather than as a judge? 7 Why s

18、hould people take rejection less personally?Unless we are unusual, there will always be plenty of candidates of the same ability as us. The selector has to make a choice but that choice does not prove anyones inferiority.It makes us see the situation in a less self-centred way. The selector is looki

19、ng for what appeals to them rather than judging our ability. It may also motivate us to sell ourselves actively.Two kinds of judgement譯文譯文Digging1 There are two different ways people judge you. Sometimes judging you correctly is the end goal. But theres a second much more common type of judgment whe

20、re it isnt. We tend to regard all judgments of us as the first type. Wed probably be happier if we realized which are and which arent.Digging2 The first type of judgment, the type where judging you is the end goal, includes court cases, grades in classes, and most competitions. Such judgments can of

21、 course be mistaken, but because the goal is to judge you correctly, theres usually some kind of appeals process. If you feel youve been misjudged, you can protest that youve been treated unfairly.譯文譯文Digging3 Nearly all the judgments made on children are of this type, so we get into the habit early

22、 in life of thinking that all judgments are.譯文譯文Digging4 But in fact there is a second much larger class of judgments where judging you is only a means to something else. These include college admissions, hiring and investment decisions, and of course the judgments made in dating. This kind of judgm

23、ent is not really about you.譯文譯文Digging5 Put yourself in the position of someone selecting players for a national team. Suppose for the sake of simplicity that this is a game with no positions, and that you have to select 20 players. There will be a few stars who clearly should make the team, and ma

24、ny players who clearly shouldnt. The only place your judgment makes a difference is in the borderline cases. Suppose you screw up and underestimate the 20th best player, causing him not to make the team, and his place to be taken by the 21st best. Youve still picked a good team. 譯文譯文DiggingIf the pl

25、ayers have the usual distribution of ability, the 21st best player will be only slightly worse than the 20th best. Probably the difference between them will be less than the measurement error.譯文譯文Digging6 The 20th best player may feel he has been misjudged. But your goal here wasnt to provide a serv

26、ice estimating peoples ability. It was to pick a team, and if the difference between the 20th and 21st best players is less than the measurement error, youve still done that optimally.譯文譯文Digging7 Its a false analogy even to use the word unfair to describe this kind of misjudgment. Its not aimed at

27、producing a correct estimate of any given individual, but at selecting a reasonably optimal set.譯文譯文Digging8 One thing that leads us astray here is that the selector seems to be in a position of power. That makes him seem like a judge. If you regard someone judging you as a customer instead of a jud

28、ge, the expectation of fairness goes away. The author of a good novel wouldnt complain that readers were unfair for preferring a potboiler with a racy cover. Stupid, perhaps, but not unfair.譯文譯文Digging9 Our early training and our self-centeredness combine to make us believe that every judgment of us

29、 is about us. In fact most arent. This is a rare case where being less self-centered will make people more confident. Once you realize how little most people judging you care about judging you accurately once you realize that because of the normal distribution of most applicant pools, it matters lea

30、st to judge accurately in precisely the cases where judgment has the most effect you wont take rejection so personally.譯文譯文Digging10 And curiously enough, taking rejection less personally may help you to get rejected less often. If you think someone judging you will work hard to judge you correctly,

31、 you can afford to be passive. But the more you realize that most judgments are greatly influenced by random, extraneous factors that most people judging you are more like a fickle novel buyer than a wise and perceptive magistrate the more you realize you can do things to influence the outcome.Diggi

32、ng11 One good place to apply this principle is in college applications. Most high school students applying to college do it with the usual childs mix of inferiority and self-centeredness: inferiority in that they assume that admissions committees must be all-seeing; self-centeredness in that they as

33、sume admissions committees care enough about them to dig down into their application and figure out whether theyre good or not.譯文譯文DiggingThese combine to make applicants passive in applying and hurt when theyre rejected. If college applicants realized how quick and impersonal most selection process

34、es are, theyd make more effort to sell themselves, and take the outcome less personally. 譯文譯文1. Sometimes judging you correctly is the end goal. (Line 2, Para 1)This sentence means the purpose of the exercise is to judge your ability at a skill, or your guilt or innocence; the focus is on you. end g

35、oal: final purposeDifficult sentences Difficult sentences 2. theres usually some kind of appeals process. (Line 5, Para 2) There is normally an established procedure for complaining against a mistaken judgment. Difficult sentences 3. But in fact there is a second much larger class of judgments where

36、 judging you is only a means to something else. (Line 1, Para 4)In this second type of judgment the focus is achieving a specific goal, such as creating a good team, getting the right sort of employees or selecting a years intake for a college. People must be qualified, but not all those qualified c

37、an be chosen.Difficult sentences 4. Suppose for the sake of simplicity that this is a game with no positions (Line 2, Para 5)To keep this thought experiment simple lets forget about positions, such as defender, attacker, centre, goal keeper etc. Lets think of all players as equal. a game with no pos

38、itions: It means there are no fixed positions where players stand on the field. Difficult sentences 5. The only place your judgment makes a difference is in the borderline cases. (Line 7, Para 5)borderline cases: belonging to the area which is part of both circles not excellent, nor poor but good an

39、d a potential choice Difficult sentences 6. Probably the difference between them will be less than the measurement error. (Line 15, Para 5) The difference between those being selected is so small that the selector does not need to worry about a perfectly accurate measurement of their relative abilit

40、ies. the measurement error: a term from statistics, the difference between a measured value of quantity and its true value Difficult sentences 7. Its a false analogy even to use the word unfair to describe this kind of misjudgment. (Line 1, Para 7) Its an incorrect comparison with the other sort of

41、judgment to think there is anything unfair in not being chosen for the team. The aim was not to assess any individual, but to get a good team.Difficult sentences 8. One thing that leads us astray here is that the selector seems to be in a position of power. (Line 1, Para 8)One factor which causes us

42、 to make this mistake and confuses these different types of making judgments is that the selector seems to have power over the people being chosen from. But actually he is more like a shopper choosing what suits him.Difficult sentences 9. The author of a good novel wouldnt complain that readers were

43、 unfair for preferring a potboiler with a racy cover. (Line 6, Para 8)a potboiler with a racy cover: a story without great quality but an easy read such as an average detective / romantic / action story, published with an exciting, rather sexy coverDifficult sentences 10. Stupid, perhaps, but not un

44、fair. (Line 8, Para 8)The book buyer is not judging the potboiler better than the beautifully written serious novel, but choosing what they want to read. Someone might judge that reading such a book is a stupid thing to do and a waste of time, but that is up to the readers who are selecting what the

45、y want to read, and not making a literary award. Difficult sentences 11. Our early training and our self-centeredness combine to make us believe that every judgment of us is about us. In fact most arent. (Line 1, Para 9)Here “early training” refers to the information in Paragraph 3. When we were chi

46、ldren, judging us was the end goal and we get into the habit of thinking all the judgments are. For example, we may have spent a long time producing an application and imagine someone studying it carefully and deciding whether we are good enough, whereas the truth may be it was hardly glanced at as

47、there were so many others. We were not rejected, but simply ignored. self-centeredness: seeing the world from our own perspective because we are important to ourselves, and we tend to think we are important to othersDifficult sentences 12. because of the normal distribution of most applicant pools,

48、it matters least to judge accurately in precisely the cases where judgment has the most effect (Line 8, Para 9)The selectors need little judgment to decide how to deal with the best and the worst. It is very difficult for them to decide among the majority at that peak, but as they are very similar,

49、it does not matter much to the selectors. Their choice can be rather arbitrary. normal distribution of most applicant pools: the bell curve, the majority of people are at or around the peak of the curveDifficult sentences 13. But the more you realize that most judgments are greatly to influence the

50、outcome. (Line 6, Para 10)Once you have understood that decisions taken about you are not all objective assessments of your qualities, but often rather accidental, with the people taking them more like shoppers than court judges, you will see that there are ways in which you can make yourself more a

51、ttractive to the people taking the decisions. (If we see them as shoppers, we can try to influence them in the same ways shops do customers.) random, extraneous factors: chance, minor, not very relevant matters, for example, buying a book because you like the name of the writerDifficult sentences 14

52、. Most high school students applying theyre good or not. (Line 3, Para 11)When students apply to college they wrongly think the decision-makers are wise, all-knowing people who will read all the letters and essays and make very careful choices, but actually they are busy people faced with a lot of a

53、pplicants of the same standard. They will choose successful candidates in a quick and simple way. dig down deep: study carefully; read and discuss at lengthjudgment 釋義釋義n. C, U an opinion that you have after thinking carefully about something 判斷；看法；評價例句例句It is still too soon to form a judgment about

54、 this. 現(xiàn)在對此作出判斷仍為時過早。 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句I respect his judgment and Ill follow any advice he gives me. 我尊重他的判斷能力，會接受他提出的任何建議。翻譯翻譯釋義釋義vt. to make a wrong judgment about a person or situation 錯誤地判斷；錯誤估計WordsWordsmisjudge例句例句The defeat showed how badly hed misjudged the mood of the electorate. 這次失敗表明他對選

55、民的情緒判斷大錯特錯。 翻譯翻譯例句例句I misjudged the turn and hit the sidewalk. 我對拐彎處判斷錯誤，駛上了人行道。 翻譯翻譯釋義釋義a. not fair or reasonable 不公平的；不合情理的例句例句Its so unfair Mary gets more money for less work! 太不公平了瑪麗干的活少，拿的錢卻多！ 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句The unfair dismissal will be properly investigated. 無理解雇一事將會得到徹底調(diào)查。 翻譯翻譯unfair sake

56、釋義釋義n. C (usu sing) (for sbs ; for the of sth) the benefit or good of someone or something 利益；好處例句例句He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health. 為了健康，他移居到海邊。 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句翻譯翻譯They tried to keep their marriage together for the sake of the children. 他們?yōu)榱藘号M力維持著婚姻關(guān)系。 真題真題Some women could ha

57、ve made a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. (Jan. 2000, CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure) 釋義釋義n. U the quality of being simple and not complicated, especially when this is attractive or useful 簡單；簡易；簡明例句例句翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句His idea

58、stood out because of its simplicity. 翻譯翻譯他的構(gòu)想因簡明而突出。Because of its simplicity, this test could be carried out easily by a family doctor. 這種測試簡單易行，家庭醫(yī)生就可以進(jìn)行操作。 simplicity 真題真題For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. (Dec. 2003, CET-4, Reading Comprehension) 釋義釋義1a. (usu

59、before noun) not clearly belonging to a particular type （類型）不確定的，含糊不清的例句例句Its a borderline condition, perhaps ready for surgery.情況不確定，大概可以做手術(shù)了。 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句 borderline candidate可上可下的候選人 翻譯翻譯borderline 釋義釋義2n. sing an imaginary point dividing one feeling or state from another, where it is hard

60、to tell the difference between the two 不明確的界限；含混不清的境況例句例句Do not cross the borderline between admiration and love.不要跨越欣賞與愛慕之間的含混界線。翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句I didnt sleep well recently, always wander at the borderline of sleep and wakefulness at night.我最近睡不好，夜里總是處于半夢半醒的狀態(tài)。翻譯翻譯borderline screw 釋義釋義v. (very in