研究生英語第二單元后半部分

1、English Reading and Translation2Sports in Society Unit 2 5. For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game. Similarly, those who know little about

2、 the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless. To be continued .Without dangerous jumps, nave spectators get bored. They like athletes who project exciting or controve

3、rsial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them.

4、 6. When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation. In fact, the people

5、in sport may even refer to games or matches as “show-time”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. To be continued .This dose not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectato

6、r who dont know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.7. As the need to please nave audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injuries, playi

7、ng with pain and courage. Some athletes, however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports. For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included

8、 in skating programs. To be continued .These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement. However, some skaters seems to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and

9、 generate revenues. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.8. Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports. When spor

10、ts begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players. In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport. These conditions come under the control of general ma

11、nagers, team owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and agents.9. The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these peopl

12、e, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues. This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved. To be continued .The power to affect these decisions is ground

13、ed in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports. Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being. Similarly, those who are more entertained by triple and quadruple

14、jumps (Para. 5)1) one: 拉丁前綴拉丁前綴 uni-: unique 獨一無二的獨一無二的 uniform 制服制服 希臘前綴希臘前綴 mono-：monologue 獨白獨白 e.g.: unisexual, unicycle; momomania, monoplane2) two: 拉丁前綴拉丁前綴 bi- ：bilingual 雙語的雙語的 bilateral 雙邊雙邊 希臘前綴希臘前綴 di- ：dioxide 二氧化物二氧化物 disyllable 雙音節(jié)雙音節(jié)詞詞 e.g.:biform; binaural; dichromatic; dichloride. M

15、ore to do3) three: 拉丁拉丁/ /希臘前綴希臘前綴 tri- ：e.g. triangle 三角形三角形 tricycle 三輪車三輪車4) four: 拉丁前綴拉丁前綴 quadr-：e.g. quadrangle 四邊形四邊形 quadruple 四倍四倍 希臘前綴希臘前綴 tetra- ：e.g. tetragon 四邊形四邊形 tetrahedron 四面體四面體 5) five: 拉丁前綴拉丁前綴 quint- ：e.g. quintuple 五倍五倍 quintet 五重奏五重奏 希臘前綴希臘前綴 pent- ：e.g. pentagon 五角大樓五角大樓 pen

16、tathlon 五項全能五項全能routine n.1) the usual order in which you do things, or the things you regularly do 常規(guī)常規(guī)e.g. Officials at the exchange said yesterday that its current investigation was a matter of routine. 交易所的官員昨日表明，目前的調(diào)查只是例行公事。交易所的官員昨日表明，目前的調(diào)查只是例行公事。2) a set of movements, jokes etc that form part

17、of a performance 舞蹈等表演的成套動作舞蹈等表演的成套動作 e.g. a dance routine 一套舞蹈動作一套舞蹈動作 e.g. free routines , technical routinesMore to doroutine adj. e.g. 常規(guī)手術(shù)常規(guī)手術(shù) _ _ 定期保養(yǎng)定期保養(yǎng)_ 例行手續(xù)例行手續(xù) _ routine: adj. In accord with established procedure; regular; ordinaryroutine operationroutine maintenanceroutine procedureThey

18、like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas(Para 5)project: v. to make other people have a particular idea about you; to present or promote a particular view of imagee.g. Kirk doesnt realize how arrogant an image he projects. Lang is trying to project himself as a progressive politi

19、cian.More to dopersona, personal, personnel1.Its said that his visit is purely _.2.All the managerial _ at the factory are hired on contract.persona: The role that one assumes or displays in public or society; ones public image or personality, as distinguished from the inner self 表面形象表面形象；the charac

20、ters in a dramatic or literary work 人物角色人物角色personnel: the body of persons employed by or active in an organization, business, or service 人員人員,全體人員全體人員,人事部人事部personnelpersonalMore to do They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dr

21、amatic expression leading to dramatic results.他們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得激動人心或有爭議性的運動員。他們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得激動人心或有爭議性的運動員。 他他們往往根據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來評價們往往根據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來評價比賽。比賽。Comprehension CheckCan you find in the essay a proof to the statement in Paragraph 6 “a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orient

22、ation to a heroic orientation”? What does the author mean?Example: triple and quadruple jumps instead of routines carefully choreographed and practiced in figure skating. Answer: Mass audience prefer to watch athletes surpass their physical limits, no matter what the personal cost is.This does not m

23、ean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that . (Para 6)take a back seat to : to have less influence or importance e.g. His desire to see Rome had to take a back seat when he discovered his son was ill in England. e.g. 在我們買新花瓶

24、的時候，價格要讓位于質(zhì)量。在我們買新花瓶的時候，價格要讓位于質(zhì)量。 Price will have to take a back seat to quality when we buy a new vase.More to doThis does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who dont know enough to apprec

25、iate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.這并不意味著美學(xué)傾向不復(fù)存在了，但這確實意味著與這并不意味著美學(xué)傾向不復(fù)存在了，但這確實意味著與英雄主義行為相比，它們常常退居其后。英雄主義行為英雄主義行為相比，它們常常退居其后。英雄主義行為吸引著那些沒有足夠的知識欣賞運動或比賽的策略和技吸引著那些沒有足夠的知識欣賞運動或比賽的策略和技術(shù)的觀眾術(shù)的觀眾As the need to please nave audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic o

26、rientations. （Para 7)取悅無知觀眾的需求越強烈，就越會強調(diào)英雄主義取向取悅無知觀眾的需求越強烈，就越會強調(diào)英雄主義取向。As the need to please nave audiences grows, increasingly more emphasis is placed on heroic orientations of athletes. , some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in s

27、kating programs.call for: to ask strongly and publicly for sth to happen in order to change a situation. . 呼吁呼吁e.g. Kelly introduced a bill calling for nationwide health insurance.e.g. The proposal calls for greater supervision of the financial system.Free to talkDo you support that the number of tr

28、iple jumps included in skating programs should be restricted? Why or why not? Share your opinion with the class.These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, (Para 7) ethic: (n.) a general idea or belief that influences peoples behavior and attitudes 倫理，道

29、德體系倫理，道德體系e.g. People still believe in the traditional work ethic and we are fortunate they do. ethnic: adj. relating to or characteristic of a human group having racial, religious, linguistic, and certain other traits in common種族的種族的, , 部落的部落的, , 民族的民族的; ;某文化群體的某文化群體的, , 具有民具有民族特色的族特色的, , 異國風(fēng)味的異國風(fēng)味

30、的 e.g. ethnic minoritiesAncestors of the Zhuang ethnic group had a frog as a totem.More to doethical: (adj.) 1) relating to principles of what is right and wrong 有關(guān)道德的有關(guān)道德的e.g. The use of animals in scientific tests raises difficult ethical questions2) morally correct 合乎道德的合乎道德的 e.g. It would not be

31、 ethical for me, as a doctor, to talk to you about my patients.More to do ethic ethical ethnic 1)Only 19 percent of the respondents gave lawyers high marks for maintaining honest and _ standards.2) To me, so much of it comes back to the work _ and commitment.3) Employers cannot discriminate on the b

32、asis of racial or _ background.ethicalethicethnicThese conditions come uner the control of general managers, and publicity staff (Para 8)publicity: n.1)the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc. 公眾的注意公眾的注意 e.g. Standards in education have received much publicity ov

33、er the last few years.e.g. The publicity for the book was poor and sales were low.2) the business of making sure that people know about a new product, film etc or what a particular famous person is doing 宣傳，廣告宣傳，廣告since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people. (Para 9)coord

34、inate: v. to organize people or things so that they work together well. 協(xié)調(diào)協(xié)調(diào)e.g. The red cross is coordinating relief aid to the refugees.e.g. Japanese officials meanwhile said they were working with China and South Korea to set up a forum to coordinate financial market supervision.日本官員同時表示日本官員同時表示,

35、 ,他們正與中國和韓國合作他們正與中國和韓國合作, ,建立一個建立一個協(xié)調(diào)金融市場監(jiān)督的論壇。協(xié)調(diào)金融市場監(jiān)督的論壇。 The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources,(Para 9)be grounded in: to be based on sthe.g. The group is committed to environmental policies that are grounded in science.Professor Yang is well grounded in sociol

36、ogy.e.g.如果是一封抗議信，這個抗議要講道理，不是憑感情。如果是一封抗議信，這個抗議要講道理，不是憑感情。 If it is a letter of protest, the protest should be grounded in reason, not emotion. . athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision making processes (Para 9) cut out of: to stop sb/sth from being part of sthe.g. The s

37、pokesman announced that the news was cut out of whole cloth. e.g.她四個孫輩中有兩人完全被排除在了遺囑之外。她四個孫輩中有兩人完全被排除在了遺囑之外。Two of her four grandchildren were cut out of her will entirely. What are the changes in sports that are associated with commercialization?A. Changes in the format and goals of sports. Sports have _ their basic format and goals. e.g. _ _maintainedThe basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before.More to doWhat are the changes in sports that are associated with comm