2019-2020年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)科普知識閱讀理解II

1、2019-2020 年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)科普知識閱讀理解（3）（II）科普知識（閱讀理解）由（xx 四川，E）改編Plantsarefloweringfasterthanscientistspredicted（預(yù)測）inreactiontoclimatechange,whichcouldhavelongdamagingeffectsonfoodchainsandecosystems.Globalwarmingishavingagreateffectonhundredsofplantandanimalspeciesaroundtheworld,changingsomelivingpatterns,

2、scientistssay.Increasedcarbondioxide（CO2）intheairfromburningcoalandoilcanhaveaneffectonhowplantsproduceoxygen,whilehighertemperaturesandchangeablerainfallpatternscanchangetheirpatternsofgrowth.aPredictingspeciesreactiontoclimatechangeisamajorchallengeinecology,“saidtheresearchersofseveralU.S.univers

3、ities.Theysaidplantshadbeenthekeyobjectofstudybecausetheirreactiontoclimatechangecouldhaveaneffectonfoodchainsandecosystemservices.Thestudy,publishedontheNaturewebsite,usesthefindingsfromplantlifecyclestudiesandexperimentsacrossfourcontinentsand1,634species.Itfoundthatsomeexperimentshadunderestimate

4、d（低估）thespeedoffloweringby8.5timesandleafingby4times.“Acrossallspecies,theexperimentsunder-predictedthespeedoftheadvanceforbothleafingandfloweringthatresultsfromtemperatureincreases,“thestudysaid.Thedesignoffutureexperimentsmayneedtobeimprovedtobetterpredicthowplantswillreacttoclimatechange,itsaid.P

5、lantsarenecessaryforlifeontheEarth.Theyarethebaseofthefoodchain,usingphotosynthesis（光合作用）toproducesugarfromcarbondioxideandwater.Theyletoutoxygenwhichisneededbynearlyeveryorganismontheplanet.Scientistsbelievetheworldsaveragetemperaturehasrisenbyabout0.8Csince1900,andnearly0.2Ceverytenyearssince1979.

6、Sofar,effortstocutemissions（NE 放）ofplanet-warminggreenhousegasesarenotseenasenoughtopreventtheEarthheatingupbeyond2Cthiscenturyapointscientistssaywillbringthedangerofachangeableclimateinwhichweatherextremesaremon,leadingtodrought,floods,cropfailuresandrisingsealevels.1 .Whatisthekeyinformationtheaut

7、horwantstogiveinParagraph1?()A.Plantsreactiontoweathercouldhavedamagingeffectsonecosystems.B.Theincreasingspeedoffloweringisbeyondscientistsexpectation.C.Climatechangeleadstothechangeoffoodproductionpatterns.D.Foodchainshavebeenseriouslydamagedbecauseofweather.2 .Wecanlearnfromthestudypublishedonthe

8、Naturewebsitethat.A.plantsfloweringis8.5timesfasterthanleafingB.thereare1,634plantspeciesonthefourcontinentsC.scientistsshouldimprovethedesignoftheexperimentsD.theexperimentsfailedtopredicthowplantsreacttoclimatechange3.Scientistspayspecialattentiontothestudyofplantsbecause.A.theycanprovetheclimatec

9、hangeclearlyB.theyareveryimportantinthefoodchainsC.theyplayaleadingroleinreducingglobalwarmingD.theyaregrowingandfloweringmuchfasterthanbefore4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphsabouttheworldstemperature?()A.Ithasrisennearly0.2Csince1979.B.Itschangewillleadtoweatherextremes.C.Itis0.8Chigherin

10、1979thanthatof1900.D.Itneedstobecontrolledwithin2Cinthiscentury.語篇解讀：本文為說明文，題材為科普知識類。溫室效應(yīng)已經(jīng)影響了植物的生長類型，由于植物在食物鏈和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中有著重要影響，科學(xué)家們正致力于研究其生長變化。答案及剖析：1.B 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段 Plantsarefloweringfasterthanscientistspredicted(預(yù)測)inreactiontoclimatechange.可知本題應(yīng)選擇 B 項。2.C 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第五段最后一句話 Itfoundthatsomeexperimentsh

11、adunderestimated(低估)thespeedofflowering.以及第七段Thedesignoffutureexperimentsmayneedtobeimprovedtobetterpredict.可知本題應(yīng)選擇 C 項。3.B 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第四段最后一句Theysaidplantshadbeenthekeyobjectofstudybecausetheirreactiontoclimatechangecouldhaveaneffectonfoodchains.由此可知本題選擇 B 項。4.D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段.beyond2thiscentury-apoin

12、tscientistssaywillbringthedangerofachangeableclimate.leadingtodrought,floods.可知必須將上升溫度控制在 2c 以內(nèi)才可能不會出現(xiàn)危險狀況，故選擇 D 項?！鹃L難句子分析】toeutemiiJLfofplanet:-warrains定咨fadingdr口ugliLHcjadsfailuresandrisingEoa1即：elf定號句到目前為止，為減少導(dǎo)致全球變暖的溫室氣體排放的努力還不足以阻止地球在本世紀(jì)氣溫上升不超出 2c科學(xué)家認(rèn)為這個數(shù)據(jù)會帶來氣候變化的危險，在這樣的氣彳 g 變化中，極端天氣會經(jīng)常發(fā)生，會導(dǎo)致干旱、

13、洪澇、莊稼歉收和海平面上升。.閱讀理解。閱讀下列短文，從給的四個選項（A、B、C 和 D）中，選出最佳選項?！緓x 山東省濰坊市五校聯(lián)合高三下學(xué)期期中考試】Attimesmymomhasbeenunfortableseeingthesequalitiesinme.Forexample,whenIwas12,IwenttoPuertoRicoallbymyselftostaywithmygrandmotherforthesummer.Mymomwasextremelynervousaboutit.ShekepttellingmehowthingsweredifferentinPuertoRico

14、,toalwaysputonsunscreen,nottowanderawayfrommygrandmother,andotherwarnings.Shehelpedmepackanddidnotleavetheairportuntilshesawmyplanetakeoff.Butdespiteherworries,sheletmegoonmyown.AsImovedintomyteens,shecontinuedtogivemespacetogrowandlearn,evenwhenitmighthavebeendifficultforher.WhenIreachedmysenioryea

15、r,Idecidedtomoveawayforcollege.OnceagainIfoundthatLnhi匚hvJEatkeremtremesireconunan.至果上考Idifferedfrommypeers:WhilemanyofthemwantedtostayclosetohomeIcouldntwaittobeoutintheworldonmyown.Whilemymommaynothavebeenhappyatthethoughtofmygoingaway,shewassupportiveandexcitedforme.OnebigthingIrealizedduringmyse

16、nioryear,asmymomgrantedmemorefreedomwasthatsheactuallybelievesinmeandtrustsme.Thatmeansalot.MostofmylifeandespeciallywhenIwaslittle，themainpersonItriedtoimpressinmyschoolworkorotherthingswasmymother.Iknewsheexpectednothingbutthebestfromme.Sometimesitwashardtoliveuptoherstandards;gettingasingleBonmyr

17、eportcardwouldmakemefeelbadbecauseIknewshewantedmetohaveallAs.Iknowthatherhighstandardshavehelpedmestayfocusedonwhatsimportant,likeeducation,andmademewhoIam.Iamthankfulforhersupportandinvolvementinmylife.MostofallIrespecther.SheisthestrongestwomanIknowandthatswhyIhaveturnedoutsostrongandindependent.

18、1.WhentheauthordecidedtogotoPuertoRico,hismother.A. wantedtogowithhimB. worriedabouthissafetyC. didntallowhimtodosoD. askedhisgrandmotherforadvice2.Theauthordecidedtomoveawayforcollegeto.A. bedifferentfromhispeersB. keepawayfromhismotherC. beindependentintheoutsideworldD. makehismotherunhappy3.Wecan

19、learnfromthethirdparagraphthattheauthorsmother.A. hadahighexpectationofhimB. wastoostrictwithhimC. usedtoexpectnothingfromhimD. caredlittleabouthislearning4.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthor.A. isquitegratefulforhismotherstrustB. stilldoesntquiteunderstandhismothersattitudeC. doesntlikehis

20、mothersinvolvementinhislifeD. wishestohavemorefreedomfromhismother5.Inthepassage,theauthormainlywantstotellus.A. hislongwaytobeingindependentB. hisgoodrelationshipwithhismotherC. theimportanceofamotherstrustandsupportD. hismothersdeeploveforhim語篇解讀作者做每一次決定時，母親都會給予信任和支持，使作者最終變得強(qiáng)大、獨立。1 .解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從文章第

21、一段母親的諸多叮囑和警告可知，母親為作者的安全擔(dān)O答案：B2 .解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句中的Icouldntwaittobeoutintheworldonmyown”可知，作者是想在外獨立。答案：C3 .解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從文章第三段中的Iknewsheexpectednothingbutthebestfromme.”可知，母親對作者期望很高。答案：A4 .解析：考查推理判斷。從文章最后一段最后三句話可知，作者對母親給予自己的信任十分感激。答案：A5 .解析：考查推理判斷。綜合全文可知，母親的信任和支持使作者能夠獨立而強(qiáng)大，因此可知，本文的主要目的是說明母親對孩子信任和支持

22、的重要性。答案：Co閱讀理解。閱讀下列短文，從給的四個選項(A、B、C 和 D)中，選出最佳選項?！緓x 山東省泰安市高三第一輪復(fù)習(xí)質(zhì)量檢測】MorethanoneinfourchildrenaliveinBritaintodaywillcelebratetheir100thbirthday,officialfiguresshowed.Thespecialfiguresshowahugesocialchange,withtodayschildrenlikelytosurvivefarlongerthantheirparentsorgrandparents.Ofthe12.4millionchi

23、ldrenaged16andunder,3.3million(27%)willbeesomeonewhoisahundredyearsoldorolder.Inaclassof30children,eightcanlivetobe100.Andtherestofthechildrenarelikelytogettoanoldage,eventhoughtheywillnotmakeittothreefigures.Expertswarnedthatchildrenmayliveto100,butthattheywillnotgettheirstatepensionuntiltheyare70o

24、rbeyond.Thestatepensionageisrisingto66forbothmenandwomenby2020,andtheGovernmenthaswarneditwillcontinuetorise.LaithKhalaf,apensionexpert,said,“Livingtoanoldageisluckyifyoucanaffordit,butanuisanceifyoucant.Thosewithoutenoughsavingswillbedependingonthestatepensionwhichwillbechanged.”Italsoincreasesthep

25、ossibilityofmillionsofpeoplesurvivinguntiltheir100thbirthdaywithapoorqualityoflifebecauseofpoorhealthandlittlemoney.Millionsofolderpeoplehavenopensions,nosavingsandnoplansabouthowtheyaregoingtopayfortheirretirementotherthantocarryonworking.Iftheolderpopulationdemandsmoreresources,thentheyhavetoefrom

26、theirownwealthorthegovernment.Laithsaid,“Millionsofpeoplewillbespendingoverathirdoftheirlivesinretirement.Itishightimethatwereformedthestatepensionsystem.Wewanttomakeitfairforfuturegeneration.”1.Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthat.A. todayschildrenprobablylivelongerthantheirparentsB. fewofBritishchi

27、ldrenareexpectedtolivetoanoldageC. morethan30%ofchildrenaged16canlivetobe100D. 20%ofBritishchildrenwillcelebratetheir100thbirthday2.Theunderlinedword“nuisanceinParagraph2probablymeans.A. somebodywhoisdisabledB. somebodywhoisdishonestC. somethingthatcausestroubleD. somethingthatisincorrect3.Whatkindo

28、flifewillpeoplelivingto100probablyface?A. Ahighqualityoflifebecauseofthedevelopmentoftechnology.B. Alowqualityoflifebecauseofbadhealthandlimitedmoney.C. Ahighqualityoflifebecauseoftheincreaseinfoodprice.D. Alowqualityoflifebecauseofthepresentgovernment.4.Whyshouldthegovernmentatpresentreformthestate

29、pensionsystem?A. Thepresentpensionsystemisntquiteuseful.B. Peoplenowadaysdontneedthepensionatall.C. Moreandmorepeopleaskthegovernmenttodoso.D. Thepresentpensionsystemisunfairforfuturegeneration.5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A. Theretirementagewillberaisedto70orbeyond.B. Thegovernmentwillprovidejobc

30、hancesfortheretired.C. Thestatepensionageformenisdifferentfromthatforwomen.D. Itwillincreasethegovernmentspressureifmorechildrenliveto100.語篇解讀官方數(shù)據(jù)表明，現(xiàn)在的英國兒童會比他們的長輩活得更久。令人擔(dān)心的是，這將會給政府帶來巨大的養(yǎng)老負(fù)擔(dān)。1 .解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第一段的第二句Thespecialfiguresshowahugesocialchange,withtodayschildrenlikelytosurvivefarlongerthan

31、theirparentsorgrandparents.可知，現(xiàn)在的英國兒童可能會比他們的長輩活得更久，故選 A。答案：A2 .解析：考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)上下文可知，畫線詞所在句表示“如果你能夠承擔(dān)養(yǎng)老的費用，長壽是一種幸運，但如果承擔(dān)不起，那就會是一種麻煩，故 nuisance=somethingthatcausestrouble,答案為C答案：C3 .解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第一句Italsoincreasesthepossibilityofmillionsofpeoplesurvivinguntiltheir100thbirthdaywithapoorqualityoflifebeca

32、useofpoorhealthandlittlemoney.”可知，活到 100 歲的人可能會面臨因身體差、資金有限而造成生活質(zhì)量降低的問題，即 B 項正確。答案：B4 .解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段的最后一句Wewanttomakeitfairforfuturegeneration.”可知，目前的養(yǎng)老金制度對于后代來說是不公平的，因此政府要改革養(yǎng)老金制度，故 D 項正確。答案：D5 .解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段的最后一句Iftheolderpopulationdemandsmoreresources,thentheyhavetoefromtheirownwealthorthegover

33、nment.”可知答案。答案：D.2019-2020 年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)科普知識閱讀理解（3）科普知識（閱讀理解）由（XX 全國 n,B）改編it.Youdonotneedtobestrong.Butyouneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind.First,youmustaskyourself,“Whereisthewindingfrom?Isitingfromaheadorbehindorfromtheside?”Youmustthinkaboutthisallthetimeontheboat.Thewin

34、ddirectiontellsyouwhattodowiththesail.Letsstartwiththewindblowingfrombehind.Thismeansthewindandtheboataregoinginthesamedirection.Thenyoumustalwayskeepthesailoutsidetheboat.Itshouldbeata90angle(角度)totheboat.Thenitwillcatchthewindbest.Ifthewindisblowingfromtheside,itisblowingacrosstheboat.Inthiscase,y

35、oumustkeepthesailhalfwayoutsidetheboat.Itshouldbeata45angletotheboat.Jtneedstobeoutfarenoughtocatchthewind,butitshouldntflap(擺動).Itshouldntlooklikeaflagonaflagpole.Ifitisflapping,itisprobablyouttoofar,andtheboatwillslowdown.Sailingintothewindisnotpossible.Ifyoutry,thesailwillflapandtheboatwillstop.Y

36、oumaywanttogointhatdirection.Itispossible,butyoucantgoinastraightline.Youmustgofirstinonedirectionandtheninanother.Thisiscalledtacking.Whenyouaretacking,youmustalwayskeepthesailinsidetheboat.1 .Whatshouldyouconsiderfirstwhilesailing?()A.Sailorsstrength.B.Wavelevels.C.Winddirections.D.Sizeofsails.2 .

37、WhatdoesthewordItunderlinedinParagraph4referto?()A.Theboat.B.Thewind.C.Thesail.D.Theangle.3 .Whatdoyouhavetodowhensailingagainstthewind?()A.Moveinastraightline.B.Allowthesailtoflap.C.Lowerthesail.D.Tacktheboat.4 .Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?()A.Inapopularmagazine.Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficul

38、tsport,butitisreallynothardtolearnB.Inatouristguidebook.C.Inaphysicstextbook.D.Inanofficialreport.語篇解讀：本文為科普說明文。介紹了帆船運動與風(fēng)向的關(guān)系。答案及剖析：1.C 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段尤其是最后一句可知在做帆船運動時首先應(yīng)該考慮“風(fēng)向”。2 .C 猜測詞義題。從第四段Inthiscase,youmustkeepthesailhalfwayoutsidetheboat.”可知答案。3 .D 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段中.butyoucantgoinastraightline.可知 A 項錯

39、誤。根據(jù)第四段可知C 項錯誤。根據(jù)末段Ifyoutry,thesailwillflap.”可知 B 項錯誤。4.A 推理判斷題。本文主要介紹的是帆船運動與風(fēng)向的關(guān)系，由此可推知本文應(yīng)出自雜志，而不是出自旅游指南、物理教科書，更不可能出自官方報告?！疽呻y詞匯解讀】1 .flap(away/off)v.拍打；拍擊Iflappedthefliesawaybutsoontheyflewback.我把蒼蠅趕走，但一會兒又飛回來了。2 .tackv.搶風(fēng)航行Thesailingshipwastacking.帆船一路搶風(fēng)航行。閱讀理解。閱讀下列短文，從給的四個選項(A、B、C 和 D)中，選出最佳選項?！緓

40、x 山東濟(jì)寧模擬】Analcoholbreathtest(ABT)isoftenusedbythepolicetofindoutwhetherapersonisdrunkwhiledriving.IntheUnitedStates,thelegalbloodalcohollimitis0.08%forpeopleaged21yearsorolder,whilepeopleunder21arenotallowedtodriveacarwithanylevelofalcoholintheirbody.Aapositive“testresult,aresultoverthelegallimit,al

41、lowsthepolicetoarrestthedriver.However,manypeoplewhotestedpositiveonthetesthaveclaimedthattheyonlydrankaanon-alcoholic”energydrink.CanoneoftheseenergydrinksreallycausesomeonetotestpositiveonanABT?ResearchersinMissourisetupanexperimenttofindout.First,theamountofalcoholin27differentpopularenergydrinks

42、wasmeasured.Allbutonehadanalcohollevelgreaterthan0.005%.Innineofthe27drinks,thealcohollevelwasatleast0.096%.ThescientiststheninvestigatedthepossibilitythatthesesmalllevelsofalcoholcouldbediscoveredbyanABT.TheyaskedtestsubjectstodrinkafullcanorbottleofanenergydrinkandthengaveeachsubjectanABToneminute

43、and15minutesafterthedrinkwasfinished.For11ofthe27energydrinks,theABTdidfindthepresenceofalcoholifthetestwasgivenwithinoneminuteafterthedrinkwastaken.However,alcoholcouldnotbediscoveredforanyofthedrinksifthetestwasgiven15minutesafterthedrinkwasconsumed.Thisshowsthatwhenthetestistakenplaysanimportantr

44、oleinthetestresult.Thesoonerthetestisconductedaftertheconsumptionofthesedrinks,themorelikelyapositivealcoholreadingwillbeobtained.1. Whatisthelegalalcohollevelfora20-year-olddriverintheUS?A.0.000%.B.0.005%.C.0.080%.D.0.096%.2. WhatisthepurposeoftheMissouriexperiment?A. Tointroduceanewmethodofcalcula

45、tingbloodalcohollevels.B. TodiscovertherelationbetweenenergydrinksandABTtestresults.C. Towarnpeopleofthedangersofdrinkingenergydrinks.D. TochangethecurrentlegalalcohollimitfordriversintheUnitedStates.3. TheunderlinedwordasubjectsinParagraph2refersto.A. thethingsthatarebeingdiscussedB. areasofknowled

46、gestudiedinschoolC. theparticipantsinanexperimentD. thepeoplewhobelongtoacountry4. WhichofthefollowingaffectstheABTtestresultmostforenergydrinkconsumers?A.Theageofthepersonwhotakesthetest.B. Theplacewherethetestisgiven.C. Theequipmentthatthetestuses.D. Thetimewhenthetestistaken.5. Whichofthefollowin

47、gistrueaccordingtothepassage?A. Adriverwhosebloodalcohollevelisfoundtobe0.1%willbearrested.B. NoenergydrinksreallycauseanyonetotestpositiveonanABT.C. Fewpopularenergydrinkscontainalcoholinthem.D. ThosetakinganABT15minutesafterdrinkingalcoholcannotbefoundout.語篇解讀本文是一篇科研報告。主要研究了能量飲料和測試血液中酒精濃度之間的關(guān)系。1 .

48、解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句IntheUnitedStates,thelegalbloodalcohollimitis0.08%forpeopleaged21yearsorolder,whilepeopleunder21arenotallowedtodriveacarwithanylevelofalcoholintheirbody.“可知，答案 A符合文意。答案：A2 .解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段倒數(shù)第二句：CanoneoftheseenergydrinksreallycausesomeonetotestpositiveonanABT?ResearchersinMissouri

49、setupanexperimenttofindout.可知，答案 B 符合文意。答案：B3 .解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)語境可知，文章中畫線句子的意思是：他們要求參加測試的實驗者喝下一滿聽或一瓶能量飲料，然后在一分鐘和十五分鐘后對其 ABT 進(jìn)行測試。由此可推知，此處的 subject 是指參與實驗的人。答案：C4 .解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的thetestwasgivenwithinoneminute.15minutes.Thisshowsthatwhenthetestistakenplaysanimportantroleinthetestresult.Thesoonerthetes

50、tisconductedaftertheconsumptionofthesedrinks,themorelikelyapositivealcoholreadingwillbeobtained.”可知，在飲用功能性飲料多久之后進(jìn)行測試會影響測試效果。答案：D5 .解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段可知，合法的血液酒精濃度最高值應(yīng)該是 0.08%,如果超過這個濃度，司機(jī)就會被警察逮捕。由此可推知，答案 A 符合文意。答案：A.閱讀理解。閱讀下列短文，從給的四個選項（A、B、C 和 D）中，選出最佳選項?！緓x 山東省濰坊市高考模擬考試】Successisoftenmeasuredbytheabili

51、tytoovereadversity.But,itisoftenthebeliefofothersthatgivesusthecouragetotry.J.K.Rowling,authoroftheHarryPotterbookseries,beganwritingattheageof6.1 nherbiography,sherememberswithgreatfondnesswhenhergoodfriendSeanwhomshemetinsecondaryschool,becamethefirstpersontoencourageherandhelpbuildtheconfidenceth

52、atonedayshewouldbeaverygoodwriter.“HewasthefirstpersonwithwhomIreallydiscussedmyseriousambitiontobeawriter.HewasalsotheonlypersonwhothoughtIwasboundtobeasuccessatitwhichmeantmuchmoretomethanIevertoldhimatthetime.”Despitemanysetbacks，Rowlingperseveredinherwriting，particularlyfantasystories.Butitwasnt

53、until1990thatshefirstconceivedtheideaaboutHarryPotter.Assherecalls,itwasonalongtrainjourneyfromLondontoManchesterthattheideaofHarryPottersimplyfellintoherhead.Tomyimmensefrustration（沮喪），Ididnthaveafunctioningpenwithme,andIwastooshytoaskanybodyifIcouldborrowone.Ithink，nowthatthiswasprobablyagoodthing，becauseIsimplysatandthought，forfour（delayedtrain）hours，andallthedetailsbubbledupinmybrain,andthisscrawny,black-haired,bespectacled（戴眼鏡的