英美概況英國(guó)政體

1、2022-5-81Chapter NinePolitical System of Britain2022-5-82ContentsvConstitutional MonarchyvBritish ParliamentvBritish Government vBritish Judicial Body2022-5-83Constitutional MonarchyvWhat is Constitutional Monarchy?vDevelopment of Constitutional MonarchyvThe Right and Role of the MonarchvElizabeth I

2、I and Her Royal Family2022-5-84 The power of the monarch is limited by the countrys constitution, the legal authority is given to parliament, and the executive authority to the government.2022-5-85Anglo-Saxons kings the Great Council (410-1066)Norman kingsWithout the Great Council (1066-1215) Magana

3、 Charta (1215)Limitation of the Kings powerfirst parliament of nobles(1264)evolution of constitutionGlorious Revolution(1688)More powerful of the parliamentWeakening of the Monarch2022-5-86The Right of the MonarchKing or QueenHead of legislature, executive, judiciaryHead of StateCommander-in-chief o

4、f all armed forcesAppointment of OfficialsHead of the Church of England and Scotland2022-5-87The Role of the Monarch The monarch is the personal embodiment of the British government and a of British unity, representing the continuity of the whole political system. So the stability of the British gov

5、ernment owes much to the monarchy. symbol2022-5-88Succession of the MonarchAct of SettlementSon has precedence over daughters.Daughters take the precedence over the brother of the monarchy.2022-5-89the eldest son wife of the eldest sonthe eldest daughterhusband of the queen Prince of WalesPrincess o

6、f WalesRoyal PrincessDuke of Edinburgh2022-5-810Queen Elizabeth II Her title in the United Kingdom is Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 伊莉

7、莎白二世，她的全稱是“伊麗莎白二世天佑大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)以及她的其他所屬領(lǐng)土女王、英聯(lián)邦元首、英國(guó)國(guó)教首領(lǐng)”2022-5-8112022-5-812Buckingham Palace2022-5-8132022-5-8142022-5-8142022-5-8152022-5-816The Royal Family2022-5-817Queen ElizabethQueen ElizabethThe Prince Philip, The Prince Philip, Duke of EdinburghDuke of EdinburghPrince CharlesPrince Charle

8、sPrince AndrewPrince AndrewPrince EdwardPrince EdwardPrincess AnnePrincess AnnePrince WilliamPrince William Prince HarryPrince HarryThe Royal Family2022-5-818Queen Elizabeth IIvbeing Crowned in 1952 vone of the longest-reigning monarchs in British historyvwidely respected for the way in which she pe

9、rforms her duties2022-5-819Married in 19472022-5-820Prince Charlesvheir to the thronevPrince of WalesvPrincess Diana (1981)vPrincess Camilla (2005)2022-5-8212022-5-822Princess AnnevPrincess Royalvwidely respected for her charity work2022-5-823Prince AndrewPrince Edward2022-5-824Prince William2022-5-

10、825Prince Harry2022-5-8262022-5-827British Parliamentvthe centre of the political system in the UKvthe supreme legislative bodyvThe Government is drawn from and answerable to it2022-5-828House of Lordsthe monarchHouse of CommonsLegislative bodyThe Upper HouseThe Lower House2022-5-829Westminster Pala

11、ce: the House of Parliament2022-5-8302022-5-831The House of Lords2022-5-8322022-5-833Members of the House of Lords The Lords Spiritual (神職貴族神職貴族)The Lords Temporal(世俗貴族世俗貴族)over 1,000 non elected membersTwo Archbishops of the Church of England24 bishopsHereditary peersLife peersLord Chancellor（御前大臣（

12、御前大臣 ）2022-5-834The hereditary peersDuke (公爵公爵)Marquis (侯爵侯爵)Earl (伯爵伯爵)Viscount (子爵子爵)Baron (男爵男爵)The life peersa reward for public service2022-5-835Functions of the House of Lordsvto examine and revise bills from the House of Commonsv as the supreme court of justice and the highest court of appeal

13、 for both criminal and civil cases from the lower courts2022-5-836Weakening of the Function of the House of LordsvParliament Act of 1911vThe House of Lords could not prevent for more than two years a bill from passing into law.vThe interval was reduced to one year by a further Act passed in 1949.202

14、2-5-837The House of Commons2022-5-8382022-5-839Members of the House of CommonsvAny British man and woman aged over 18 years may be elected in parliament elections.v651 constituencies 651 MPsvA general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals. Speaker2022-5-

15、840 Functions of the House of Commons vto pass lawsvto examine government policy and administrationsvto supervise finance2022-5-841vCurrently a 30 minute session held on Wednesday after 12:00vThe Leader of the Opposition has six questions.vOther backbench opposition MPs also have the right to questi

16、on the Prime Minister.41Prime Ministers Question Time2022-5-842 The government cannot legally spend any money without the permission of the House of Commons.2022-5-843British Government British government is controlled by a parliament which has been elected by the people. The highest positions in th

17、e government are filled by members of the directly elected parliament (MPs). 2022-5-844Division of the Government Central Government Local GovernmentThe Prime MinisterThe CabinetThe Privy CouncilCivil Servants2022-5-845Central Parliament25 departmentsministerThe TreasuryThe House of officeThe Foreig

18、n and Commonwealth officeMinistry of Defense財(cái)務(wù)部財(cái)務(wù)部?jī)?nèi)務(wù)部?jī)?nèi)務(wù)部外交部外交部國(guó)防部國(guó)防部2022-5-846The Prime MinistervLeader of the majority party in ParliamentvHead of the Cabinetvthe head of the Civil ServicevThe right to suggest the dissolution of ParliamentvThe right to appoint ministersvThe ability to declare war20

19、22-5-847The CabinetvCenter of the British political systemvThe supreme decision-making body in the British governmentvThe leading core of the government where the policies and strategies are worked out and implemented2022-5-848Members of the Cabinet The Prime Minister The Lord President of the Privy

20、 Council The heads of the most important departments together with a few ministers without departmentnot fixed15-20 members2022-5-849vThe cabinet and its committees work in greatvThey meet once a week on Thursday mornings at the Prime Ministers Housesecrecy.No.10 Downing Street2022-5-850Functions of

21、 the CabinetvTo make final decisions on the policy presented to the parliamentvTo exercise the ultimate executive power on the Parliamentary policyvTo divide and adjust powers among the administrative departments2022-5-851The Privy Council (樞密院樞密院)The Kings Council( 王室評(píng)議院)Give advice to the KingForm

22、al2022-5-852Members of the Privy Council390Archbishop of CanterburySpeaker of the House of CommonsLords of Appealthe Lord Chief Justiceretired High Court Justiceshigh-ranking ambassadorsLord President2022-5-853 The Privy Council meeting are held in Buckingham Palace.2022-5-854Civil Servantsv541800 c

23、ivil servants in British governmentvCivil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. vCivil servants do not belong to any political party and a civil servant should be political neutral and confidential.vChanges of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff.2022-5-855 Loc

24、al Governmenttwo main tierscountydistrictEngland and WalesThe County CouncilThe District CouncilScotlanddistricts regions 2022-5-856EnglandEight RegionsGreater London84 Counties34 Counties32 BoroughsDistrictsCity of LondonLocal Government in England 2022-5-857British JudiciaryvConstitutional System

25、vJudiciary Organization vJury System2022-5-858British ConstitutionThere is no systematically codified document of lawStatutory LawCommon LawConventions2022-5-859Statutory law (Act of Parliament) It is the most important one referring to those that have actually been passed by Parliament.Magna Carta(

26、1215)The Bill of Right(1689)The Reform Act(1832)Reform of the parliamentary electoral system.2022-5-860Common law & ConventionsvCommon Law refers to the custom or legal precedents and interpreted in court cases by judgesvConventions are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are regarded as vital to the working of government.2022-5-861British Judiciary DivisionvTwo Levels: central courts and local courts.vIn case of the nature of cases: the civil courts and the criminal courts2022-5-