考研英語新題型八大體系破解講義

1、填空式閱讀 (新題型) 部分7選5 排序匹配三種備選題型從命題形式看命題原理 - 一篇填空式閱讀的文章也是由兩大信息板塊組成的： 已知信息 -（原文在空缺之外的沒有被挖掉的信息）未知（待選信息） -（就是后面的待選選項中的信息，而這些信息實際上也不是未知的，也是考生通過閱讀可以把握的信息，所以稱為待選信息更合適）這個題型也是在考生對這兩個信息板塊之間互動關(guān)系的把握測試點分析 判斷和把握兩個信息板塊之間“相近性”的能力 判斷和把握兩個信息板塊之間“銜接性”的能力做題大原則 就近原則、銜接原則最終的評判原則： 連貫性 把握了銜接原則 一致性 把握了就近原則推薦的解題步驟根據(jù)填空式閱讀的命題形式，建

2、議考生按照以下步驟來解題： 先閱讀原文文章的首段； 閱讀后面的備選選項； 再閱讀原文的信息，進行解題； 最后，通讀全文；解題方法的基本設(shè)計思路 - “由點入面、以點串面“破解新題型的八大解題方法體系：方法1：復現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)定位法方法2：上下文邏輯關(guān)系定位法方法3：總分/分總結(jié)構(gòu)法方法4：舉例定位法方法5：時間、地點、數(shù)字、人名等客觀線索銜接關(guān)系定位法方法6：排比結(jié)構(gòu)銜接法方法7：無關(guān)詞排除法方法8：代詞指代關(guān)系定位法大綱樣題解析Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41

3、-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mamm

4、als. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died milli

5、ons of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. 42_ Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of an

6、imals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting. 43 There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the

7、sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 44_ Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, e

8、ach representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. 45_ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals q

9、uickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many

10、different kinds are known.BNevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes,

11、first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians

12、gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.DThe best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.EThe earliest animals whose rema

13、ins have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.FWhen an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell,

14、may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.GMany factors can influence how

15、 fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.41題分析 邏輯關(guān)系定位法 / 復現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)定位法42題分析 復現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)定位法43題分析 復現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)定位法44題分析 舉例定位法 出題方式一： 被例子所指的信息 例子信息 設(shè)定在原文信息中 設(shè)定在待選信息中 出題方式二： 被例子所

16、指的信息 例子信息 設(shè)定在待選信息中 設(shè)定在原文信息中例題：The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it wont stay American. no matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, its soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several

17、 theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.One theory is that is has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. 41 They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more com

18、mon one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “the spirit of America.” 42_The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usua

19、lly quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 43_ Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own.Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen ar

20、e clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time. When T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors

21、, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. 44_.The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was on

22、ce thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock “n” roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histori

23、es. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being “l(fā)ow-class,” and then as “a danger to our nations youth.” 45_ And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.A As a result, its American origins and roots are often quic

24、kly forgotten. “happy birthday to you,” for instance ,is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak , is not remembered.B But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television, programs are so popular in themselves.C American in origin, informal c

25、lothing has become the worlds first truly universal style.D The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962.E American food has become popular around the world too.F This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful. G It is hardly

26、 surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of the culture.45題分析 - 時間、地點、數(shù)字、人名等客觀線索銜接關(guān)系定位法例題：2006年考研英語PART B 部分41題On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During

27、 several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issu

28、ed to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".(41) _. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to

29、one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it k

30、new he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williamss got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williamss gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote t

31、o him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety

32、or well-being.(42) _.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun. and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williamss suit charges tha

33、t the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l(fā)ure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) _.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and unco

34、ntrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) _. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) _.Forty-fou

35、r states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on - you might say addicted to - revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsw

36、eek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Webs most profitable business.AAlthough no such evidence was presented, the casinos marketing department continued to pep

37、per him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.BIt is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?CBy the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he woul

38、d quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.DGambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.

39、EDavid Williamss suit should trouble this gambling nation. But dont bet on it.FIt is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.GThe anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of o

40、nline gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2005年考研英語新題型真題分析 41、42題Canadas premiers (the leaders of provincial government ), if they have any breath left after complaining

41、 about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs.Theyre all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs.41.What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on

42、health careto say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institut

43、ion.42.But “national” doesnt have to mean that “National” could mean interprovincial provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province or a seri

44、es of hospitals within a province negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Bas

45、ic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43.A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating office for Health technology assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Und

46、er it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included Predictably and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billi

47、ons with few, if any strings attached. Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.44.Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanows report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about d

48、rugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45.So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in

49、their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.A: Quebecs resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebecs Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from

50、 14.3percent to 26.8per cent!B: Or they could read Mr.Kirbys report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. ”C: What does “notional” mean? Roy Romanow and Sena

51、tor Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.D: The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.E: According to the Canadian Institute for Health Informat

52、ion, prescription drug costs have risen. Since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending .Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatment. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.F: So, if the provi

53、nces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save a dministrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.G: Of course, the pharmaceutic

54、al companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldnt like a nati

55、onal agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.排比結(jié)構(gòu)銜接法例題分析：43、45題English has become the worlds number one language in the 20th century. In every country where English is not the native language，especially in the Third World，people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilitie

56、s，if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries. 41 . 42_. Nonetheless，a world full of different languages will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education，trade and even politics continues. 43 T

57、he Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies，only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction（English）as we

58、ll as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English，they are already knowledgeable. 44 All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages i