自學(xué)考試-英語(一)-教材(共166頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上A. How to be a successful language learner? 怎樣成為一名成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!” “學(xué)習(xí)一門語言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到?！盡ost adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. 大多數(shù)正在學(xué)習(xí)第二語言的成年人會不同意這種說法。For them, learning a language is a very diffi

2、cult task. 對他們來說，學(xué)習(xí)一門語言是非常困難的事情。They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 他們需要數(shù)百小時的學(xué)習(xí)與練習(xí)，即使這樣也不能保證每個成年語言學(xué)習(xí)者都能學(xué)好。Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 語言學(xué)習(xí)不同于其他學(xué)習(xí)。Some people who are very intell

3、igent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. 許多人很聰明，在自己的領(lǐng)域很成功，但他們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難學(xué)好一門語言。Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields. 相反，一些人學(xué)習(xí)語言很成功，但卻發(fā)現(xiàn)很難在其他領(lǐng)域有所成就。Language teachers often offer advice to lang

4、uage learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.” 語言教師常常向語言學(xué)習(xí)者提出建議：“要用新的語言盡量多閱讀”“ Practice speaking the language every day. 每天練習(xí)說這種語言”“Live with people who speak the language. 與說這種語言的人住在一起”“Dont translate-try to think in the new language. 不要翻譯盡量用這種新的語言去思考”“ Learn as a child would learn;

5、play with the language. 要像孩子學(xué)語言一樣去學(xué)習(xí)新語言，放松地去學(xué)習(xí)語言。”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. 然而，成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者是怎樣做的呢 語言學(xué)習(xí)研究表明，成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者在許多方面都有相似之處。First of all, successful language learners are independent lea

6、rners. 首先，成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者獨立學(xué)習(xí)。They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. 他們不依賴書本和老師，而且能找到自己學(xué)習(xí)語言的方法。Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. 他們不是等待老師來解釋，而是自己盡力去找到語言的句式和規(guī)則。They are good gu

7、essers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. 他們尋找線索并由自己得出結(jié)論，從而做出正確的猜測。When they guess wrong, they guess again. 如果猜錯，他們就再猜一遍。They try to learn from their mistakes.他們都努力從錯誤中學(xué)習(xí)。Successful language learning is active learning. 成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)是一種主動的學(xué)習(xí)。Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a

8、 chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. 因此，成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者不是坐等時機而是主動尋找機會來使用語言。They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. 他們找到（說）這種語言的人進行練習(xí)，出錯時請這些人糾正。They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what t

9、hey hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. 他們不失時機地進行交流，不怕重復(fù)所聽到的話，也不怕說出離奇的話，他們不在乎出錯，并樂于反復(fù)嘗試。When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. 當交流困難時，他們可以接受不確切或不完整的信息。It is more important for them to learn to think in t

10、he language than to know the meaning of every word. 對他們來說，更重要的是學(xué)習(xí)用這種語言思考，而不是知道每個詞的意思。Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. 最后，成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者學(xué)習(xí)目的明確。They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. 他們想學(xué)習(xí)一門語言是因為他們對這門語言以及說這種語

11、言的人感興趣。It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. 他們有必要學(xué)習(xí)這門語言去和那些人交流并向他們學(xué)習(xí)。They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)常練習(xí)使用這種語言很容易，因為他們想利用這種語言來學(xué)習(xí)。What kind of language learn

12、er are you? 你是什么樣的語言學(xué)習(xí)者If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. 如果你是一位成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者，那么你大概一直在獨立地，主動地，目的明確地學(xué)習(xí)。On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniqu

13、es outlined above. 另一方面，如果你的語言學(xué)習(xí)一直不太成功，你不妨試試上面提到的一些技巧。01-B. Language語 言When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. 當我們想告訴別人我們想什么時，我們不但可以借助于詞語，還可以用其他表達方法。For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want

14、to say "yes” and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no." 比如，當我們想說“是”時，我們有時會上下點頭，而當我們想說“不” 時，我們會左右搖頭。People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other

15、9;s language have to do the same. 那些既聽不見也不會說話的人（也就是聾啞人）借助于手勢相互交談。那些彼些不懂對方語言的人也用這種方式交談。The following story shows how they sometimes do it. 下面這個故事就說明了人們有時是怎樣借助于手勢進行交談的。An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. 一個不會說意大利語的人曾到意大利去旅行。One day he entered a restaurant and sat dow

16、n at a table. 一天，他走進一家飯店，在桌邊坐下。When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it, took them out again and moved his lips. 侍者過來時，這個英國人張開嘴，將手指放進嘴中，然后拿出來，并上下翕動嘴唇。 In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." 他用這種方法說：“給我拿點吃的東西?！盩he waiter soon brought hi

17、m a cup of tea. 侍者很快給他端來一杯茶。The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. 英國人搖搖頭，侍者明白他不想要茶，于是將茶端走，又端來咖啡。The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad. 英國人一臉不高興的樣子，他這時一點也不

18、渴，只是非常餓，He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.每次侍者給他端來喝的他都搖頭。The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasnt food, of course. 侍者給他端來了葡萄酒，接著又拿來了啤酒，汽水。當然這些都不是食物。He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. 他正要離開這家飯店時，另

19、外一位旅行者進來了。When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. 這位旅行者看見侍者，就把手放在胃部。That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him. 這就足夠了，幾分鐘后他面前的桌子上就放了一大盤通心粉和肉。As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The la

20、nguage of words is much more exact. 由此可見，原始的手勢語并不總能很明白地表達意義，而詞匯語言就準確多了。Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. 詞由聲音組成，但許多聲音有意義卻不是詞。For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh” when we mean "keep silent.” 例如，我們會說“sh-sh-sh”來表示“請安靜”。When babies lau

21、gh, we know they are happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something. 當嬰兒笑時，我們知道他們很快樂；當他們哭時，我們知道他們病了或只是想要什么東西。It is the same with animals. 動物也是一樣。 When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says "F-f-f” we know they are angry. 狗發(fā)出“G-r-r”的聲音或貓發(fā)出“F-f-f”的聲音時，我們知道他們在發(fā)怒。But these sound

22、s are not language. 但這些聲音不是語言。Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. 語言包括詞，我們將這些詞組成句子。But animals can not do this a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means "I am angry,” but he cannot say first "I” and then "am” and then "angry.” 但動物不需要這樣做，狗在表示“生氣了”時會發(fā)出“G-r-r”

23、的聲音，但它不會先說“I”，再說“am”然后再說“angry”。:A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. 鸚鵡能像人那樣說話，能重復(fù)整個句子并知道句子的意思。We may say that a parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows. 我們可以說鸚鵡能模仿人類的語言，但不能說它

24、真會說話，因為它不能用它所知道的詞組成新的句子。Only man has the power to do this.只有人才有能力做到這一點。02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes稅，稅，還是稅Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes。美國人常說，人的一生有兩件事可以肯定會發(fā)生：死亡和稅收。 Americans do not have a corner on the "death" mar

25、ket, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes. 美國人并不壟斷死亡市場，但許多人卻感到美國以最重的賦稅領(lǐng)先于世界。Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. 稅指人們?yōu)橹С终U納的資金。 There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and c

26、ity; therefore, there are three types of taxes. 在美國通常有三級政府：聯(lián)邦政府，州政府及市政府，因此就存在三種稅。Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. 收入超過幾千元的工薪人士必須向聯(lián)邦政府繳納一定比率的稅金。The percentage varies from person to person. It depends o

27、n their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. 這一比率因人而異，取決于各人的工資數(shù)。聯(lián)邦政府實行累進收入所得稅制，也就是說，稅率（14%70%）隨個人收入的增加而增加。With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, wh

28、en the federal taxes are due.由于高額稅收，人們在4月15日很不愉快，因為這一天是繳納稅款的日子。The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. 第二種稅是繳納給州政府的，這些州包括紐約，加利福尼亞，北達科他以及其他47個州中的任何一個。Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal governmen

29、t. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. 一些州的收入所得稅的收取辦法同聯(lián)邦政府的相似，當然其稅率要低一些。Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. 一些州設(shè)有銷售稅，即對你在該州所購買的任何商品所收的一定比率的稅金。For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-

30、five cents. 比如，某人想買一包25美分的煙。 If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. 如果該州收取8%的銷售稅，那么買這包煙要花27美分，這一錢數(shù)就包括銷售稅。This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state

31、tax laws are diverse and confusing. 一些州利用收入所得稅外加銷售稅的辦法來提高稅收，各州的稅收法規(guī)五花八門，令人費解。The third tax is for the city. 第三種稅是向市政府繳納的。This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. 這種稅有兩種：一種是財產(chǎn)稅（擁有房屋的人都必須交稅），另一種是本國消費稅，

32、即對城市汽車所征收的稅金。The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings. 城市將這些資金用于教育，警察和消防部門，公共設(shè)施及市政建設(shè)。Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. 由于美國人須付高額稅金，所以他們經(jīng)常感到每周有一天純粹是在為

33、繳稅而工作。 People always complain about taxes. 人們總是在抱怨稅收太高。They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. 他們常?？棺h政府濫用他們的稅金。They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. 他們說政府將太多的錢花在無用且不符合實際的項目上了。Although Americans have different views on many issue

34、s, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high. 盡管美國人在很多問題上有不同的看法，但他們在一個話題上的意見總是一致的：稅收太高。02-B. Advertising廣 告Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. 作廣告只是整個促銷活動的一部分，但正是這一部分最引人注目。 This is natural enough because advertising is

35、designed for just that purpose. 這極為自然，因為廣告就是為這一目的而設(shè)計的。 In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. 在報紙上，雜志上，郵件上以及收音機和電視機里，我們經(jīng)常會聽到或看到數(shù)百條有關(guān)不同產(chǎn)品和不同服務(wù)的信息。For the most part, they are the kinds

36、of things that we can be persuaded to buy food and drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.一般說來，我們會被說服去購買這些不同的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)食品和飲料，汽車和電視機，家具和服裝，旅游和休閑活動等。The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. 最簡單的廣告是分類廣告。Every day the newspapers carry a few

37、pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. 每天報紙上都登有幾頁這類廣告；在周日擴大版上會有幾部分這類廣告。A classified ad is usually only a few lines long.一條分類廣告通常只有幾行。 It is really a notice or announcement that something is available. 這實際上不過是一則通知或通告，說明可以買到什么東西。Newspapers also carry a

38、large amount of display advertising. 報紙上還刊有大量展示廣告.Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. 其中大部分是為商店或各種形式的娛樂活動所作的廣告。Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area.報紙通常所及的只是一個有限地區(qū)的讀者， To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads

39、 use national magazines. 因此，許多想刊登廣告的人都用國家級雜志將信息帶給更多的讀者。Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. 許多現(xiàn)代廣告技術(shù)在雜志廣告中得以發(fā)展。The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the e

40、ye.使用鮮艷的顏色，吸引人的畫面以及簡短的語言信息構(gòu)成了雜志廣告的特色，其最主要的目的就是引人注目。 The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product. 信息本身一般較短，通常只不過一句簡短的話，公眾將這句話與該產(chǎn)品聯(lián)系起來。The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been ad

41、ded to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. 這些技術(shù)已被用于電視廣告，用色彩和畫面再加上聲音和音樂來吸引觀眾的聽覺和視覺。Television ads are short usually only 15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. 電視廣告很短，通常只有15秒，30秒或60秒，但它們一遍又一遍地重復(fù)，使觀眾能夠多次看

42、到畫面，聽到聲音。Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising.商業(yè)電視融合了娛樂節(jié)目和廣告。 If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment. 如果你想收看娛樂節(jié)目，你就得忍受電視廣告而數(shù)以百萬計的人們都想收看娛樂節(jié)目。The men and women in the sales department are responsible

43、 for the companys advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach.公司銷售部的人員負責公司的廣告。 They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. 他們必須確定廣告要吸引的群體，還必須確定將信息傳達給特定群體的最佳途徑。They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan

44、. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising. 他們還要估算出廣告的成本，然后交管理人員批準。在許多大公司，管理人員直接參與策劃廣告。03-A. The Atlantic Ocean大西洋The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. 大西洋是把亞，歐，非這個舊世界把南北美洲這個新發(fā)現(xiàn)的世界相隔開的一片大洋。For centuries it kept th

45、e Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe. 若干世紀以來由于有大西洋相隔，使歐洲人一直沒能發(fā)現(xiàn)南北美洲。Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. 有關(guān)大西洋的很多錯誤想法使得古時的水手們不愿把帆船開到大西洋中心的海面上去。One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world." 一種錯誤想法就是大西洋已經(jīng)

46、遷伸到“世界的邊緣”上了。Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. 水手們怕帆船會從地球上掉下去。Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot. 另一種錯誤想法就是認為位于赤道的大西洋的海水是滾燙的。The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it is still very large.雖然大西洋的面積只有太平洋的一半大，不過這也是已經(jīng)很大的了。 I

47、t is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles (3,200 km) wide. 在哥倫布橫渡大西洋的地方，洋面寬達4000多英里（6000公里）。即使在洋面最窄的地方寬度也約有2000英里（3200公里）。This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa. 這洋面最窄的地方就是介于南美洲的突出點

48、和非洲的突出點之間。Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. 有兩點使大西洋非同一般。For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean. 一是，這么大的一片汪洋，里面幾乎沒有島嶼。二是，這里是世界上海水最咸的大洋。There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. 大西洋里有很多很多的海水，

49、以致很難讓人想象出來到底有多少海水。But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up.假如現(xiàn)在就不再有雨水落進大西洋，假如一切河流的水現(xiàn)在也都不往大西洋里面流，那么大西洋大約再過4000年就會干涸。 On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it

50、 is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This "deep"30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km). 大西洋平均水深稍微超過兩英里（合3.2公里），不過有些地方卻更深得多，最深的地方是在波多黎各附近，這里水深達30246英尺，5英里（9.6公里）。One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs nor

51、th and south down the middle of the ocean. 世界上最長的山脈之一就是從大西洋的洋底升起來的。這條山脈在大洋中間，是南北走向的。The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands.山脈的幾處頂峰向上突了海平面就形成了島嶼。 The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range. 亞速爾群島就是中部大西洋山脈的幾座山峰的尖端。Several hundred miles eastw

52、ard from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. 從佛羅里達半島往東幾百英里，大洋的那一小部分水域被稱為馬尾藻海。Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. 這里海面平靜，因為幾乎沒有風。In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were. 在使用帆船的那些年代里，船員們都害怕船走到那里就會原地不能

53、動了，有時也真的是這樣。Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." 大洋里的海水流動有時被稱為“海洋中的洋流”。One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. 大西洋中這些潮流之一稱為墨西哥灣流，這是一般暖水流Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down from the Arct

54、ic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 。另一股是拉布拉多灣流，從北冰洋下來的一般寒水流。這些海洋潮流影響著所流經(jīng)過的附近的陸地的氣候。The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. 大西洋為岸邊的居民提供了豐富的食物。One of its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland. 靠近紐芬蘭的大淺灘，是其中一個著名的

55、捕魚區(qū)。Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. 今天大西洋是一條重要的交通干線，可是，它并不總是平穩(wěn)安全的航道。Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. 暴風雨會橫掃過大西洋向上掀起層層巨浪。Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships. 像冰山一樣巨型浮冰塊會從北冰洋向南漂下來橫著阻擋住海船的條條航道。We now ha

56、ve such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. 現(xiàn)在我們有很多非常快速的方法到國外旅行，以致這個大西洋使我們覺得比以前小多了。Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.哥倫布用了兩個多月才橫渡了大西洋。 A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. 現(xiàn)在用現(xiàn)代的快輪用不了四天就能完成這段航程。Airplanes fly from New

57、 York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four! 飛機從紐約飛倫敦只用八個小時，而從南美洲飛到非洲只用四個小時就行了。03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away from the earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little obs

58、ervation shows that the moon is not standing still.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)月球距離地球約23萬9千英里（38萬4千551公里）。月球與地球總保持這個距離，變化不超過兩三千英里。 Its distance from the earth remains the same, but its direction continually changes. 雖然它離地球的距離仍然是那么遠，但是它運轉(zhuǎn)的方向卻不斷地在變。We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round th

59、e earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)月球環(huán)繞地球的軌道總是圓周形，或很近似圓周形。每一個月，或者更確切些說是每27天又1/3天就環(huán)繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈。 It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull. 在太空中月球是我們最近的鄰居，并且像我們本身一樣被地球吸引

60、力所牽引。Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. 除了太陽而外，月球好象天空中最大的天體了。Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us.可是實際上它卻是最小的天體之一。只是因為它距離我們太近了，所以看起來才顯得大。 Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth. 月球的直徑只有2160英里（3389公