高中英語定語從句基礎(chǔ)知識精講

1、文檔供參考，可復(fù)制、編制，期待您的好評與關(guān)注！ 定語從句一概念定語從句是指在句子中起定語作用、修飾句中名詞或代詞的從句，其中被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。定語從句一般緊跟在它修飾的先行詞之后，在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫做關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。定語從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系，可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系十分密切，如果去掉該從句，主句意思就不能表達完整。通常情況下，朗讀時中間沒有停頓，從句和主句之間不用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系很松散，去掉從句，主句意思仍然清楚，從句只是作附加說明。朗讀時中間一般有停頓，從句和主句之

2、間用逗號分開。如：Yesterday I met one of my friends, who seemed to be very busy.昨天我遇到了一位老朋友，他好像很忙。They want to set up a country of their own, where they can be their own masters.他們想建立自己的國家，在那兒他們可以當(dāng)家作主。這里我們先討論限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句使被修飾的詞代表一個、一些或一類特定的人或事物，這種定語從句已和被修飾詞構(gòu)成了一個完整的意思，定語從句不能拿掉，否則剩下的主句就會失去意義，顯得莫名其妙，不知所云而不能成立

3、。二、關(guān)系代詞（1）最常用的關(guān)系代詞是who, whom, whose, that和which。關(guān)系代詞同時起了兩個作用。它們可以像別的代詞一樣，可以代表一個名詞，在定語從句中用作主語或賓語，同時，它們又起到了連詞的作用，把主句和從句連接起來。如：1. Whats the name of the girl who just came in? 剛才進來的那位姑娘叫什么名字？2. Do you know the gentleman that spoke just now? 剛才發(fā)言的那位先生你認識嗎？3. The train which has just left is for Xian.剛開的那

4、列火車是開往西安的。4. He is a man whom we should learn from. 他是一個大家都應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)的人。5. You can take anything that you like. 你可以拿任何你喜歡的東西?！咀ⅰ烤?.2.3.中的關(guān)系代詞who, that, which分別代表先行詞girl, gentleman和train，同時引導(dǎo)了定語從句，在定語從句中做主語。句4.5.中關(guān)系代詞whom和that分別代表先行詞man和anything，同時引導(dǎo)了定語從句，在定語從句中作賓語。這些關(guān)系代詞均起到了連詞的作用，將主句和從句連接起來，構(gòu)成了主從復(fù)合句?！咀ⅰ肯拗菩?/p>

5、定語從句起到對被修飾詞的限整理用，如句1.去掉定語從句who just came in，則主句whats the name of the girl就可能使對方覺得不明所指，有了這個定語從句，就特指剛進來的那位姑娘，而不是任何一位別的姑娘。再如句4.去掉定語從句后，主句Hes a man就顯得毫無意義，有了定語從句，則限定了是我們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的人，是一個具有模范性質(zhì)的人，而不是別的性質(zhì)的人。（2）限制性定語從句，如果修飾人，一般用關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose或that。在定語從句中做主語的一般用who或that，作賓語的一般用whom, who或that，作定語并具有物主性質(zhì)的用whos

6、e。如：6. I dont like people who/that get angry easily. 我不喜歡容易發(fā)脾氣的人。7. A scientist is a person who/that invents or discovers things. 發(fā)明或發(fā)現(xiàn)事物的人叫科學(xué)家。8. The students who/that had been watching started to applaud. 一直在一旁觀看的學(xué)生開始鼓起掌來。9. Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see. 這就是你想見的人。10. I think o

7、ne should stay faithful to the person to whom one is married.= I think one should stay faithful to the person (who/ that) one is married to.我覺得任何人應(yīng)該忠誠于他所與之結(jié)婚的人。（上一句不能說to who/ that）11. Do you know the woman to whom she was talking?= Do you know the woman (who/ that) she was talking to?和她談話的那個女人你認識嗎？（

8、上一句不說to who/that）12. Shes no longer the girl (that) she was five years ago. 她已不是五年前的她了。13. This is the girl whose wallet was stolen yesterday.這就是昨天錢包被偷的女孩。14. Is there anyone in your class whose home is the northeast?你班上有家在東北的人嗎？【注】在定語從句中作賓語（動詞或介詞賓語）的關(guān)系代詞在口語中常省略不用。在書面語中，如果介詞位于關(guān)系代詞前面，則應(yīng)用whom（不能?。荒?/p>

9、用who或that，如果介詞位于后面，則也可用who或that，但省略的情況更多些，如句9.10.11.?！咀ⅰ慨?dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時，也一般省去，如句12.?！咀ⅰ烤?3.中的whose的意思相當(dāng)于her，但不能用her，因為her沒有連詞的功能。句14.中whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾anyone，而不是修飾class，用whose而不用his是為了連接主從復(fù)合句。（3）限制性定語從句如果修飾物，用關(guān)系代詞that或which，作賓語時可以省去。作賓語時，如果介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前，則用which（不能省去），而不用that，（關(guān)系代詞that既能代人，又能代物）。如：15. Dont

10、 buy potatoes that/which are green. 不要買青土豆。16. The fish (that /which) they sell are not fresh.他們賣的魚不新鮮。17. The tool with which he is working is called a saw.= The tool (that/ which) he is working with is called a saw.他干活用的那個工具叫鋸子。（不說 with that）18. What is the question about which they are talking?=

11、What is the question (that/ which) they are talking? 他們正在討論的是什么問題？19. Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么事（要我做）嗎？20. All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的事都已做了?！咀ⅰ慨?dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時，絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的，特別是在口語中?！咀ⅰ慨?dāng)先行詞（即被修飾詞）是不定代詞時，關(guān)系代詞用that，而不用which。正如上面所分析：who指人，在定語從句中一般做主語。Do you know the man

12、who is speaking to your father? 你認識和你爸爸講話的那個人嗎？（定語從句修飾先行詞the man，who在定語從句中作is speaking的主語）This is the stranger who helped us yesterday. 這是昨天幫助我們的那個陌生人。She is the girl who works hard at maths. 她就是那個努力學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的女孩。whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。在口語或非正式文體中，whom可以省略。He is the man (whom) we just talked about.他就是我們剛才談?wù)摰哪莻€人。

13、The boy (whom) we met in the street yesterday is my classmate.我們昨天在大街上遇到的那個男孩是我的同學(xué)。whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在定語從句中作定語修飾它后面的名詞。This is the girl whose father is a policeman.這就是那個爸爸是警察的女孩。They live in a house whose windows face south.他們住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語。作賓語時可以省略。Physics is a subject which is ve

14、ry difficult to learn. 物理是一門很難學(xué)的科目。（在定語從句中做主語，不能省略）Apples are the fruit (which) she likes best. 蘋果是她最喜歡的水果。that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語。指人時，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which。He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那個人。She is the woman that we saw in the bookshop.她是我們在書店見到的那名婦女。We like programs that are v

15、ery interesting.我們喜歡有趣的節(jié)目。、定語從句中宜用that，不宜用which的情況在定語從句中，which和that在指代事物時，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何情況下都是這樣，這里介紹宜用that，而不宜用which的情況。被修飾的先行詞為不定代詞，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。如：As we all know, all that can be done has been done. 正如我們大家所知，一切能做的事都做了。“Is there anything (that

16、) I can do for you?” he asked me.We should do all that is useful to the people.我們應(yīng)該做一切有益于人民的事。Theres nothing that can be said about it.有關(guān)這件事，已沒什么可說的。Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?你指的是昨天買的那個嗎？先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very等詞修飾時。如：This is the only dictionary (that) the

17、 student has. 那位學(xué)生只有這一本辭典。All the plans that will be discussed at the meeting are very important.會上將要討論的所有計劃都是很重要的。The only thing that we could do was to wait.我們惟一能做的事就是等待。You can take any seat that is free. 任何空位子你都可以坐。Thats the very word that is wrongly used. 那正被用錯的詞。先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：He was the fi

18、rst that gave us some useful advice. 他是第一個給我們提出有用建議的人。It is the first letter that I have written in French.這是我用法語寫的第一封信。When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.當(dāng)我們談起無錫時，首先想到的就是太湖。This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.這是我校本學(xué)期放映的第三部片子。先行詞是最高級或被最

19、高級修飾時。Do the best (that) you can do. 你要盡力而為。This is the best that can be done now.這是現(xiàn)在能做的最好的辦法。The most important thing that should be done now is how to stop him from going on.現(xiàn)在最重要的是如何阻止他繼續(xù)下去。先行詞既有人又有物，用which和who都不合適，這時宜用that。They talked about the things and people that they saw in that country.Th

20、e writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.你剛談起的那位作家以及他的小說確實很著名。The bike and its rider that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.碰倒了一位老年婦女的那輛自行車連人一起被警察扣留了。被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時。如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two

21、 that are still alive. 昨天我捉到了兩條魚，把它們放在一盆水里。你可以看到那兩條魚還活著呢。如有兩個從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個關(guān)系代詞則宜用that，以避免語言的單詞或重復(fù)。Do you know who is the man that said hello to us just now? 你知道剛才和我們打招呼的人是誰嗎？Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.愛迪生辦了一家工廠，生產(chǎn)過去從未見到過的東西。主句是There be結(jié)構(gòu)，

22、修飾其主語的定語從句宜用that作關(guān)系代詞。 They are no longer the men that they used to be.他們不再是從前那樣的人了。Theres still a seat in the corner that is still free. 角落里仍有一個空位子。被修飾成分為表語，或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時，該關(guān)系代詞宜用that。Thats a good book that will help you a lot.這是本對你很有幫助的書。My home village is no longer the place (that) it used to

23、be. 我的故鄉(xiāng)已不再是過去的那個面貌了。that可用作關(guān)系副詞代替when that有時可用來代替when，引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，修飾表示時間的名詞如day, time, moment等。如：I arrived here the day (when/ that) he left.我是在他離開的那天到這兒的。October 1, 1949 was the day when/that the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國成立的日子。He worked hard the whole time (when/that)

24、he lived here. 他住在這里的整個時間工作都很努力。He hurried into the airport the moment (when/that) the plane was about to take off. 飛機正要起飛的時候他趕到了飛機場。He went hunting in the mountains most of the time (when/that) he had his holidays here.他在這兒度假的大部分時間是在山區(qū)打獵。、定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that的情況：這里我們討論一下定語從句中宜用which，而不宜用that指代物的情況。

25、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時。 A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.動物園是展覽各種動物的公園。Is this the room in which Mr. White lives? 這就是White先生住的房間嗎？在非限制性定語從句中。Crusoes dog, which was now very old, became ill and died. 克魯索的狗，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很老，病死了。More and more people are beginning to learn English, whic

26、h is becoming very popular in our country.越來越多的人開始學(xué)英語，這種情況我們國家相當(dāng)普遍。在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that，另一個宜用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我來給你看我從新開放的圖書館里借的一本小說。At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on th

27、e train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.我在車站買了幾本雜志，這些雜志有助于我在 車上消磨時間，而且，我看完之后，還可以給別人看。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時。Here is the English grammar which, as have told you, will help improve your English.這就是我跟你說過的會有助于你學(xué)好英語的那本英語語法書。、定語從句中宜用who而不宜用that的情況先行詞為one, ones, anyone或those時。The person I w

28、ant to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.我要學(xué)習(xí)的那位同志是位學(xué)習(xí)勤奮、工作出色的同志。Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.凡是昨天沒來開會的人必須陳述理由。Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.不稱職的人應(yīng)該馬上辭職。I dont like the ones (= those) who talk big. 我不喜歡那些說大

29、話的人。在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞who指代人。Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.有位先生想要見你。There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses. 我們班上還有好多學(xué)生對定語從句的用法仍沒有把握。當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時。 I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chines

30、e very well.昨天下午我在公園里遇到一位漢語說得很好的外國人。一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個則宜用who，以免重復(fù)。 The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard. 昨天在會上受到表揚的學(xué)生是位謙虛好學(xué)的班長。、“one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后的定語從句中謂語單復(fù)數(shù)情況：1）one of the + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)后面的定語從句中的謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，跟定語從句所靠近的那

31、個復(fù)數(shù)名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。如：That is one of the books that are required for study at school. 那是學(xué)校里要求學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的書籍之一。This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.這是自1990年以來出版的最精彩的小說之一。She is one of the few persons who know Spanish. 她是懂得西班牙語的少數(shù)幾個人中的一位。This is one of the most famous plays t

32、hat were written in the thirties.這是30年代寫的最著名的劇本之一。2）如果one of the + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)前面帶有定冠詞或the only之類的限定語，后面定語從句中的謂語動詞則要用單數(shù)形式，這是因為定語從句在意義上修飾的是the one或the only one，而不是那個復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如：He is the one of the teachers who knows French in our school. 他是我校教師中惟一懂法語的人。（修飾the one）試比較：He is one of the teachers who know French

33、 in our school.他是我校懂法語的教師之一。（修飾the teachers）This is the only one of the rooms that is free now.這是這些房間中惟一沒人住的一間。（修飾the only one）試比較：This is one of the rooms that are free now. 這是目前沒人住的房間之一。（修飾rooms）三、關(guān)系副詞 when、where、why引導(dǎo)定語從句時，既起連接作用，又在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語。When指時間，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語。如：1. I still remember the day when

34、 I first came to Dalian.我仍然記得第一次來大連那天的情景。2. He told me the date when he joined the party.他告訴了我他入黨的時間。3. They stayed with me for three weeks when they drank all the wine I had.他們和我一起住了三個星期，在那三周里，把我所有的葡萄酒都喝光了。where指地點、在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語。如：4. This is the house where we lived when we were young. 這就是我們小時候住的房子。

35、5. This is the village where I grew up. 這就是我長大的那個村莊。6. Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake. 杭州是個有一個美麗的湖泊的城市。Why指原因，在定語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語。如：7. I know the reason why he was late for the meeting. 我知道他開會遲到的原因。8. Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation? 你知道他拒絕應(yīng)邀的原因嗎？9. That is the reas

36、on why Ive changed so much. 那就是我變化這么快的原因?！咀ⅰ咳绻刃性~是表示時間或地點的名詞，不能就一律斷定要用關(guān)系副詞when或where，務(wù)必要看引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作什么成分，如果作狀語，用關(guān)系副詞，如做主語或賓語要用關(guān)系代詞。如：10. Ill never forget the time when we worked together. 我將永遠不會忘記我們一起工作的時光。 （work是不及物動詞，when在定語從句中作狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞。）11. Ill never forget the time (which/that) we spent together.

37、我將永遠不會忘記我們一起渡過的時光。 （spend是及物動詞，which/that在定語從句中作賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞，也可以省略。）12. This is the factory where he worked before. 這是他以前工作過的工廠。 （work是不及物動詞，where在定語從句中作狀語。）13. This is the factory which/that he visited before. 這是他以前參觀過的工廠。 （visit是及物動詞，which/that在從句中作賓語，亦可省略。）【注】同理，當(dāng)reason做先行詞時，也需注意其引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作什么成分，不能斷定一概

38、用why來引導(dǎo)。如：14. The reason why I was absent yesterday was that I was ill. 我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。（定語從句中缺狀語，表示原因，故用關(guān)系副詞why）15. The reason that he explained for his being late was that he had missed the early bus.他所解釋的遲到的原因是他誤了頭班汽車。 （explain是及物動詞，that在從句中作其賓語）四、介詞+關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞+關(guān)系代詞，即介詞+which，因此上述例句可作如下轉(zhuǎn)換：句1.中w

39、hen=on which句2.中when=on which句3.中when=during which (time)句4.5.6.中where=in which先行詞是人時，用介詞+whom，先行詞是物時，用介詞+which。如：They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.他們來到一所農(nóng)舍，農(nóng)舍前面坐著一個小男孩。That is the writer with whom I talked just now.那就是剛才和我談話的作家。介詞的選擇1）根據(jù)動詞、形容詞的固定搭配確定。The pencil-box on w

40、hich I spent 10 yuan is lost. 我花10元錢買的文具盒丟了。（on which是根據(jù)spendon的搭配）。The two things of which Marx was not sure were grammar and some of the idioms.馬克思不太有把握的兩項內(nèi)容是語法和一些習(xí)慣用語。（of which是根據(jù)be sure of的搭配）。2）根據(jù)意思表達確定。The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen. 醫(yī)生用來救護病人的氣體叫氧氣。The gas wi

41、thout which we could not live is called oxygen. 沒有它我們就不能生存的氣體叫氧氣。介詞的位置與關(guān)系代詞1）介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能是which或whom，不能用that, which或whom不能被省略。介詞用于句尾時，關(guān)系代詞用which、that、who或whom都行，而且還可能省略。如：This is the drawer in which I put my papers.=This is the drawer (which/that) I put my papers in. 這就是我放文件的抽屜。Is he the boy to whom y

42、ou talked after school?Is he the boy (whom/whom/that) you talked to after school?他就是放學(xué)后你與之談話的男孩嗎？2）當(dāng)定語從句中的謂語動詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動詞時，不可把短語動詞的各個部分拆開，也就是說不能將介詞提前。如：These are the children whom you need to look after.那些就是你必須照看的孩子。The post office which you are looking for is at the other end of the street.你在尋找的

43、郵局在大街的另一端。五在帶有插入語的定語從句中who和whom的選用：關(guān)系代詞who/whom引導(dǎo)定語從句時，擔(dān)任主語成分時用主格who，擔(dān)任賓語成分用賓格whom，這點很簡單，但有時它們引導(dǎo)的定語從句帶有插入語，而該插入語后又不用逗號隔開，因此不易區(qū)分它是定語從句中的插入語還是定語從句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；這時就產(chǎn)生了用主格who還是用賓格whom這一困難。試比較和分析下列兩組例句：1. Jason is a man who I believe is honest. 我認為Jason是一個誠實的人。（在定語從句who I believe is honest中，I believe是插入語，去掉該插入語

44、剩下的便是Jason is a man who is honest，在語法及句意上都能成立，who是定語從句中動詞is的主語，故用主格，不能用whom。）2. Jason is a man whom I believe (to be) honest. 我認為Jason是一個誠實的人。（在定語從句中whom I believe (to be) honest中，如把I believe當(dāng)作插入語而予以刪掉的話，剩下的句子結(jié)構(gòu)便成為Jason is a man whom (to be) honest，顯然不合語法，因而I believe不是插入語，而是定語從句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，whom作believe的賓

45、語，(to be) honest是whom的賓語補足語。）3. The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.我們以為淹死的那個女孩回來了。（we supposed是插入語，因為去掉后，The girl who was drowned came back仍成立，who是謂語was drowned的主語，故不能用賓格形式whom。）4. The girl whom we supposed (to be) drowned came back.我們以為淹死的那個女孩回來了。（如把we supposed當(dāng)作插入語加以刪掉，剩下的句子結(jié)構(gòu)The girl

46、whom (to be) drowned came back在語法上不能成立，故在這句中we supposed不是插入語而是定語從句的主謂成分，whom作supposed的賓語，（to be）drowned作whom的賓語補足語。）六限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的比較從定語從句和它所修飾的先行詞的關(guān)系來看，有限制性和非限制性的差別。限制性定語從句限定了先行詞的范圍和意義，這類從句不能省去。如果省去，剩下的部分（即主句）意思就會變得不清楚。這種定語從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，書寫時中間不可用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句只起補充說明的作用，在意思上相當(dāng)于一個并列的分句，如果省去，剩下的部分（即主句

47、）意思仍然清楚。書寫時，這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開。如：1. Ive found a man who can help you. (限制性的)我找到一個能幫助你的人。 （如果省去定語從句，就只剩下Ive found a man，意思就不清楚了，人家就會問：“你找到一個什么人呀？”）2. Autumn in Beijing is the season which is neither hot nor cold. （限制性的）北京的秋天是不熱也不冷的季節(jié)。（如果省去定語從句，剩下Autumn in Beijing is the season，意思就不清楚了，人家就會問：“北京的秋天是什么樣的

48、季節(jié)呀？”）3. This is the place where the Workers and Peasants Red Army made the crossing in 1934. (限制性的)這就是工農(nóng)紅軍1934年渡江的地方。（如果省去定語從句，剩下This is the place，意思就不清楚了。）4. Yesterday I visited Li Hong, who seemed to be very ill. （非限制性的）昨天我看望了李紅，他好像病得很厲害。 （如果省去定語從句，剩下Yesterday I visited Li Hong, 句子的意思仍是清楚的。）5. I

49、knocked at the door of the chemists, which immediately opened. (非限制性的)我敲了一下藥店的門，門隨即打開了。（如果省去定語從句，剩下I knocked at the door of the chemists，句子的意思仍是清楚的。）6. They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for four or five days. (非限制性的)他們將乘飛機去倫敦，在那里他們打算呆四五天。（如果省去定語從句，剩下They will fly to London, 意思還是清楚的。）【

50、注】有時一個定語從句，可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的，就看在它前面加不加逗號，加了逗號，不僅改變了句子的性質(zhì)，試比較下面幾對句子：7. She has a sister, who is a musician. (非限制性的) 她有一個姐姐，是音樂家。（她只有一個姐姐，她姐是音樂家。）8. He borrowed all the books which had pictures in them. (限制性的)他把所有里面有圖畫的書都借來了。（他只借來那些里面有圖畫的書，別的書沒有借）。He borrowed all the books, which had pictures in them.

51、 (非限制性的)他把所有的書都借來了，書里都有圖畫。（他借來了所有的書。）9. In the class there are twelve students who are good at maths. (限制性的)這個班有12個數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)得好的學(xué)生。 （這個班不只12個學(xué)生。）In the class there are twelve students, who are good at maths. (非限制性的)這個班有12個學(xué)生，他們數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)得好。 （這個班上只有12個學(xué)生。）10. I met with a lot of difficulties which I had not expect

52、ed. (限制性的)我碰到了許多沒有預(yù)料到的困難。（我碰到了許多困難，這些困難都是我沒有預(yù)料到的。）I met with a lot of difficulties, which I had not expected. (非限制性的)我碰到了許多困難，這（個情況）是我沒有預(yù)料到的。（句中的which并不代表前面的名詞difficulties，而是代表主句所說的事實或情況，即“我碰到了許多困難”。）（1）. 限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾、限制和確定的作用，是不可缺少的修飾成分。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，不可分割，寫時不能用逗號分開。（2）. 非限制性定

53、語從句是對先行詞或整個主句加以補充說明的，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、明了，不會影響主句的表達。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系比較松散，從句和主句間要用逗號分開。試比較兩種定語從句的不同：The woman who lives downstairs is a musician. 住在樓下的那位女士是個音樂家。The woman, who lives downstairs is a musician. 那個女人住在樓下，她是一個音樂家。In the class there are twenty students who are very good at maths. 班上有二十個數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)得很好的學(xué)生。（限

54、制性定語從句：全班不只二十個學(xué)生，其中數(shù)學(xué)成績好的只有二十個。）In the class there are twenty students, who are very good at maths.班上有二十個學(xué)生，他們數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)得很好。 （非限制性定語從句：班上只有二十個學(xué)生。）（3）、在限制性定語從句中，引導(dǎo)詞who、which、whom、that作賓語時，可以省略，在非限制性定語從句中，引導(dǎo)詞who、which、whom不能省略，that不能用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。This morning I met a friend (who/whom/that) I havent seen for a

55、ges.今天早上我碰見了一個很久未見的朋友。（4）在非限制性定語從句中，有時沒有先行詞，它可以修飾整個句子，常用的關(guān)系詞為which和as。如：He came back safety, which made everybody delighted. 他平安地回來了，這使得每個人都很高興。As we all know, China will host the Olympic Games in 2008.眾所周知，中國將在2008年舉辦奧運會。（5）、當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞時，通常用非限制定語從句，因為專有名詞本身就具有特殊性，無需加以限定。Shanghai, which is in East Chi

56、na, is developing rapidly.上海位于華東，正在飛速地發(fā)展。七、定語從句使用時易犯的錯誤由于定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜，初學(xué)者在使用時往往易犯一些錯誤。最常見的有下列四種：在定語從句中用了多余的賓語。如：1. 誤：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come.正：Some of the boys I invited didnt come. 我邀請的男生中有幾個沒有來。應(yīng)刪去them。因為引導(dǎo)定語從句的whom或who或that在從句中已經(jīng)代替them充當(dāng)了賓語，不可以再在賓語從句中加入賓語。）2. 誤：Is this the ho

57、rse you drew it yesterday?正：Is this the horse you drew yesterday? 這就是你昨天畫的馬嗎？（應(yīng)去掉it。引導(dǎo)定語從句的that或which在定語從句中已充當(dāng)賓語，因此從句中不能再用it這個多余的賓語。）3. 誤：The book that you need it is in the library.正：The book that you need is in the library. 你需要的書在圖書館里。（應(yīng)去掉it。因為that已經(jīng)代替it充當(dāng)了定語從句中的賓語，所以定語從句中不能再有多余的賓語it了。）把定語從句謂語動詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式用錯。如：4. 誤：Those who has finished may leave the classroom.正：Those who have finished may leave the classroom. 做完了的同學(xué)可以離開教室。（has應(yīng)改為have。因為w