初中英語語法專題講解(可用作中考英語一輪專題復(fù)習(xí))：初中語法——定語從句

1、定語從句、定語的概念：定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。比如：（先試試用橫線劃出下面短語中的定語，然后在后面的括號(hào)里注明是什么在作定語）our teacher ()the man standing at the door (a beautiful girl （）a shoe factory （） Jim' s father （）the man in the car ()the man who is talking with Sam ()、定語從句的概念及主要特征：1 .定語從句：2.定語從句的主要特征:在句中起定語作用，相當(dāng)于形容詞，修飾某一代詞或名詞或整個(gè)主句的從句。1 .先行詞（Ante

2、cedent）:定語從句所修飾的詞。2 .關(guān)系詞（Relatives）:連接主句與從句的詞并在定語從句中充當(dāng)某一句子成分3 .定語從句所缺句子成分：主語、賓語、表語、狀語。The girl(先行詞) who (關(guān)系詞) stands under the tree is my sister.三、定語從句的基本用法:定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系 代詞指人指物who（主語、賓語 ）,whom（賓語）, that（主語、賓語 ）,whose（定語）that（主語、賓語 ）,which（主語、賓語 whose（定語）)關(guān)系 副詞where （地點(diǎn)狀語 ） when （時(shí)間狀語 ）why （原因狀語）（一）關(guān)系代

3、詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. who指人，在定語從句中作主語，有時(shí)也作賓語。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。 分析：先行詞the boys在從句中作主語。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點(diǎn)到大門口集合。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.昨天

4、我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先?。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。That is the teacher who teaches us physics.那就是教我們物理的老師。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。You needn ' t talk to the people who you don ' t like talking to.分析：先行詞引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作。2. whom 指人，在定語從句中做賓語，常可省略Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus劉先生就是你們?cè)诠财嚿险務(wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人。 分析：先行詞 引

5、導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.李明正是我想要見的男孩。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中常可用 who來代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。I visited a

6、scientist whose name is known all over the country.二分析：先行詞少導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。He has a friend whose father is a doctor.譯成漢語： 分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。I lost the book whose cover was blue.我把那本封面是藍(lán)色的書弄丟了。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。We live in a house whose windows face the south.譯成漢語:注意:指物時(shí),常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：The classroom whose door is b

7、roken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?自 己總結(jié)一下： 在定語從句中，whose + 名詞 = 4. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷浴ootball is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大

8、多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。The factory which makes computers is far away from here.制造計(jì)算機(jī)的那家公司離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 譯成漢語:分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。The house which is by the lake looks nice.湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 OThis is the pen ( which ) h

9、e bought yesterday. 譯成漢語： 分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他們昨晚看的電影點(diǎn)意思也沒 有。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。5. that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 who或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 which.o在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷浴he number of people that / who come to visit this city each year re

10、aches one million.每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)一百萬。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?我今天早上看到的那個(gè)人在哪兒？分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。The person that / you introduced to me is very kind. 你介紹給我的那個(gè)人彳艮友好。The season that / comes after spring is summer.春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that /came fr

11、om Australia.昨天我收至U了一封來自澳(二)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。?？梢杂?in/on/at +which代替。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一 天。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。The time when we got together finally arrived.我們團(tuán)聚的時(shí)亥U終于至 U 了。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peo

12、ple ' s Republic of China was founded.1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國(guó)成立的日子。把這個(gè)句子改成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？把這個(gè)句子改成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句 ：分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。?？捎?in/on/at which代替。Shanghai is the city wher

13、e I was born.上海是我出生的城市。第4頁共8頁把這個(gè)句子改成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句 ：分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。把這個(gè)句子改成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句 ：分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .我參觀了那個(gè)飼養(yǎng)了許多奶牛的農(nóng)場(chǎng)。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。Is this the place where they fought the enemy?這是他們

14、當(dāng)初打敵人的地方嗎？分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。注意：當(dāng)先行詞是situation, occasion, point時(shí)，且又在從句中作狀語時(shí)，常用where來引導(dǎo)定語從句。Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed (尷尬)He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.3. why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。?？捎?forwhich來代替。Please tell me the reason why yo

15、u missed the plane 請(qǐng)告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。分析：先行詞 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.他受懲罰的原因我們者 B 不知道。I don ' t know the reason why he looks unhappy today成漢語： 注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂媒樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如：From the years when (=) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what

16、 he wanted to be when he grew up.自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學(xué)時(shí)，他就已經(jīng)知道長(zhǎng)大后要做什么。I will never forget the moment when (=) the blind students moved us.Great changes are taking place in the city where (=) they live.他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。The reason why (=) he refused the invitation is quite clear.Attributive clause:他為什么拒絕接受邀請(qǐng)的原因是十分

17、明了的。四、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句 restrictive非限制性定語從句non-restrictive是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句關(guān)系十分密切,寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開。和主句關(guān)系不很密切，只是對(duì)先行詞作些附加說 明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從 句，寫時(shí)往往逗號(hào)分開。I was the only person who was invited in my officeJenny, with whom I played table tennis yesterday, lives in my next room.T

18、he man who came here yesterday come again.hasThat is 確 Wiarnf, whose daughterteaches English at a middle schoolthat ,指人時(shí)用who(主注意：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不可用 語),whom(賓語)，指物時(shí)須用 which.定語從句舉例：注意：在非限制性定語從句中，有時(shí) which所指代的先行詞是前面的整個(gè)句子。Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.He didn ' t pass the exa

19、m, which surprised us.五.定語從句考查重點(diǎn)：（一）定語從句在下列情況下只能用 that,而不能用which指物。（指人時(shí)可以用who/whom）1 .當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞 最高級(jí)或者序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。2 .當(dāng)先行詞是 不定代詞 everything, anything, nothing something, all, none, few, little, some,much代詞時(shí), 或當(dāng)先行詞受 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, muchly代詞修飾時(shí)。3 .當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only, the same, th

20、e last 修飾時(shí)。4 .當(dāng)先行詞是 who,或which引導(dǎo)的主句時(shí)。5 .當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。（二）不用that的情況（1）在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.（2）介詞后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.（三）關(guān)系代詞的省略：The factory we visited yesterday was really 01d.請(qǐng)將省略的關(guān)系代詞補(bǔ)充在正確的位置 ）The man you jus

21、t talked to was my English teacher.請(qǐng)將省略的關(guān)系代詞補(bǔ)充在正確的位置 ）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作 時(shí)可以省略。（四）介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。The school （which / that） he once studied_in is very famous.=The school in which he once studied is very famous.他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校彳艮出名。This is the boy （whom / who / that） I played tennis

22、with yesterday.=This is the boy I played tennis yesterday這是我昨天跟他打臺(tái)球的男孩。We ll go to hear the famous singer （whom / who / that） we have often talked about.=We ll go to hear the famous singer we have often talked.們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩?。注意? .含有介詞的固定短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動(dòng)詞的后面。2 .若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom,不可用w

23、ho, that;關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which,不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用 whose3 . 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”前還可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few代詞或者數(shù)詞。（四）當(dāng)先行詞被one of修飾時(shí)，若one of前有the only,則從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，沒有的話則用復(fù) 數(shù)。He is one of the students who never late.譯成漢語： He is the only one of the students who never late.譯成漢語： （五）先行詞

24、是時(shí)間卻不用 when引導(dǎo)，先行詞是地點(diǎn)卻不用 where引導(dǎo)，先行詞是原因卻不用 why引 導(dǎo)。I will never forget the days we climbed the mountain together.I will never forget the days we spent together.We visited the house Lu Xun used to live.We visited the house Lu Xun used to live in.This is the reason he was unhappy.This is the reason he e

25、xplained to me.（六）當(dāng)先行詞被such, the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用asothe same assuch as 中的 as 是 一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，和一樣。I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.請(qǐng)分析一下定語從句：（請(qǐng)劃出定語從句，并標(biāo)出先行詞）1. Check the ways you study for an English test.2. You couldn ' t understand people who talked fast.3. They said something you didn '

26、t like.4. Can you think of any problems you have had recently?5. My friends and I talked about the rules that we have in school.6. What are some of the rules that a teenager should obey?二、請(qǐng)把下面的句子連成一個(gè)定語從句1、1. The boy is my younger brother. He was here a minute ago.2. The old man is a professor. He te

27、aches chemistry in a college.3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square. The foreign visitors live there.4. The woman is here now. You were talking about her.5. This is the hall. We listened to the report in it the other day.6. The car was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us.7. The man waved to us. The man was my uncle.8. I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me a book last week.9. I prefer the subject. The subject is science.10. I spoke to the man. The man is a professor.三、用關(guān)系代詞填空： that、 which 、 who、 whom 、 whos