German-Functionalist-Theories-德國功能翻譯理論

1、2021/3/1412021/3/142Contents Introduction Translation Criticism Text types and their functions2021/3/1431. Introduction 1.1 Background Information Functionalist approach to translation are another influential trend in modern translation studies. They were developed in Germany in the late 1970s. Prom

2、inent figures of the school: Katharina Reiss, Justa Holz-Manttari, Hans J. Vermeer and Christiane Nord.2021/3/1441.2 Main Viewpoints of this School Since the prevalent equivalence-based linguistic translation theorists held the view that any target text that was not equivalent (as far as possible) t

3、o the corresponding source text was a non-translation, the German Functionalists became increasingly dissatisfied with the relationship between translation theory and practice and proposed their own functionalist approaches to translation. Here functionalist means focusing on the function or functio

4、ns of texts and translations, and functionalism is a broad term for various translation theories that approach translation in this way. (Nord 1997:1)2021/3/1451.3 Representatives and their TheoriesuKatharina Reiss and functional category of translation criticism As early as 1971 Katharina Reiss intr

5、oduced a functional category into her objective approach to translation criticism. Her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism: Categories and Criteria for a Fair Evaluation of Translations(1971) may be regarded as the starting point for the scholarly analysis of translation in German

6、y. 2021/3/146 Taking equivalence as her basis, Reiss develops a mode of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts. According to Reiss, the ideal translation would be equivalence. However, she finds that there are two exceptions from the general purpos

7、e of achieving equivalence: When the target text is intended to achieve a purpose or function other than that of the original, functionality(i.e. Adequacy to the intended function) takes precedence over equivalence. When the target ext addresses an audience different from the intended readership of

8、the original, reader-orientedness takes precedence over equivalence.2021/3/147uHolz-Manttari and her Action Theory The theoretical basis of functional approaches to translation is action theory put forward by von Wright and Rehbein and communication theory. This reflects clearly in Holz-Manttaris th

9、eory and methodology of translational action in which she even avoids using the term translation in the strict sense. She defines translation as a complex action designed to achieve a particular purpose. The purpose of translational action is to transfer message across culture and language barriers

10、by means of message transmitters produced by experts. She focuses on the actional aspects of the translation process, the role of the participants and the situational conditions such as time, place and medium in which translation activities take place. She also pays special attention to the status o

11、f the translator.2021/3/148uVermeer and the Skopos Theory The skopos theory is an attempt to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Vermeer considers translation a type of human action, which is intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation.2021/3/149uNord and Functiona

12、lity plus Loyalty Nord supports functionalist approaches to translation both in translator training and practice and she attempts to refine Vermeers model by putting forward her own functional model: functionality plus loyalty. Functional approaches take into consideration the function or functions

13、of texts and translation in the real situation of professional translation, and shift away from the then predominantly equivalence-based linguistic- oriented translation theories.2021/3/14101.4 Value and Limitation This approach really have great practical value for professional translators, especia

14、lly for those who work on non-literary texts. Whether they are applicable to literary translation remains to be testified in the future.2021/3/14112.Translation Criticism2.1 Definition 翻譯評論可指對翻譯過程及譯品進(jìn)行的(藝術(shù)或科學(xué))分析與評價(jià)(analysing and evaluating)。這并非全面定義,但由之可明確翻譯批評的主要對象:不僅包括評價(jià)翻譯活動(dòng)的結(jié)果(譯品),還包括追溯翻譯過程(分析與評論譯者

15、動(dòng)機(jī)、工作態(tài)度、翻譯方法等)。翻譯批評至少應(yīng)包含翻譯過程及譯作,由下述定義可予確認(rèn):翻譯批評即參照一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。對翻譯過程及其譯作質(zhì)量與價(jià)值進(jìn)行全面的分析與評價(jià).(中國翻譯詞典:184)2021/3/14122.2 Significance Translation criticism acts as a policeman. It is he who safeguards the leagal rights of the original author. It is he who fights against plagiarism and cribbing. Translation can ne

16、ver proceed in an orderly way unless monitored by translation criticism. Translation criticism acts as a doctor. It is he who firstly points out what is wrong or amiss with the translated script and then the translators are able to polish their works. Translation criticism acts as a judge. It is him

17、 who the clients may have recourse (求援) to when a dispute appears between different translators.2021/3/14132.3Traditional Approaches to Translation CriticismFedelityFaithfulnessLoyaltyEquivalenceFunctionalismmDeconstructionismStructuralismTranslation WorkshopSocio-cultural TheoryPolysystem TheoryMan

18、ipulation TheoryTraditional Approaches to Translation Criticism in the west2021/3/1414Traditional Approaches to Translation Criticism in China按本按本求信求信神似神似化境化境follow the ST closelyFaithfulness, expressiveness and elegancespiritual similarityThe acme of perfection2021/3/14152.4 Conclusion Translation

19、is similar to a product with special functions so that we should pay more attention to the producing process rather than checking its quality after it is completed. That is to say, the quality of the translated script itsef matters most and translators should be responsible when doing their work. We

20、 should not rely on the translation critics too much since translation criticism sometimes is inadequate. Katharina Reiss once said that one of the causes for the inadequacies of translation criticism may be traced to the wide variety views as to what a translation should or can achieve, or even the

21、 doubt as to whether translation is in fact all possible.(Katharina Reiss 2005:7)2021/3/14163. text types and their functionsTypeFunction Examplereferentialreference to objects and phenomena of the worldIts raining.(下雨了)expressiveexpression of the senders attitude or feelings towards the objects and

22、 phenomena dealt with in the textIts bloody pissing down again!(討厭,又下雨了!)appellativeappealing to the receivers experience,feelings, knowledge, sensibility Wait here till it stops raining!(等雨停了再說吧!)phaticestablishing, maintaining or finishing contactNasty weather again,isnt it?(見鬼的天氣又卷土重來了,你沒感覺到嗎?)A

23、Translation-oriented Model of Text Functions(Christiane Nord)2021/3/1417 referential functioninformative function( a traffic accident)metalingual function(a particular use of language)instructive function( the correct way of handling a washing machine)teaching function( e.g Geography)2021/3/1418expr

24、essive functionemotive function(expression of feelings)evaluative function(expression of evaluation)2021/3/1419appellative functionTypeIntended reactionillustrative functionrecognition of something knownpersuasive functionadopt the senders viewpointimperative functiondo what the sender is asking for

25、pedagogical function(教育功能)learn certain forms of behavioradvertising functionbuy the product2021/3/1420Phatic function salutational function small talk function peg functionE.g: A hotel list edited by the tourist agency of the German city of Bremen is introduced by a proverb: Wie man sich bettet, so

26、 schlaft man,sagt ein Sprichwort.Dabei wollen wir Ihnen,lieber Gast,mit dieser Hotelliste behilflich sein.2021/3/1421 There is proverb which says:As you make your bed so you must lie on it.That is why we hope that this Hotel List will be of service to you for your stay in Bremen. From functional poi

27、nt of view,a semantic paraphrase likeAfter a long day of sight-seeing you need a nice place to rest.It is not a good idea to come to Bremen2021/3/14223.1Practical writing Definition It is a kind of writing people use during the process of direct social interaction, such as treaties and protocals bet

28、ween countries, rules erected by the government, contracts signed between companies, announcements, private or public correspondences, posters and advertisements.2021/3/1423Functions Referential function (informative function); appellative function(illustrative function; persuasive function; imperat

29、ive function; advertising function)2021/3/1424Translation criticism based on practical writing and its function(advertisement) Besides the functions mentioned above, advertisement also has aesthetic function and vocative function. Christiane Nord ever wrote The difference in cultural knowledge may r

30、equire an adjustment of the relationship between explicit and implicit information in the text,the difference in culture-specific genre expectation may require an adaptation of the texts form to target culture textual and stylistic conventions(Nord 2001:63).2021/3/1425Lets look at three examples:Hai

31、er and higher. 海爾,越來越高。/海爾,永創(chuàng)新高。Live and let live. 自己活,也讓他人活。/活著,也讓人活著。/相互關(guān)愛,共享生命。The advertisement of the magazine The Globe:一冊在手,縱覽全球。With a single copy of The Globe in hand, You can enjoy a wide view of the world.With a copy of The Globe in your hand, The world unfolds before you so grand.2021/3/

32、14263.2 Science writingDefiniton It refers to any article or writing that is concerned with science and technology, such as scientific survey, experiment reports, instructions for machines and products, scientific paper or abstract of academic writings.This kind of writing is always objective and us

33、es exact and logical words. Function Referential function(informative function; instructive function; teaching function) 2021/3/1427Translation criticism based on scientific writing and its function Eg:第二期世界銀行貸款總額為130萬美元,用于購置設(shè)備的經(jīng)費(fèi)111.5萬美元,圖書采購、培訓(xùn)、技術(shù)服務(wù)等各項(xiàng)為18.5萬美元。 The total amount of the loan from th

34、e World Band for the second time is 1,300,000 dollars. The use of it is as follows: 1,115,000 dollars is used to purchase equipment. The expense in buying books, training staff members and technical service is 185,000 dollars altogether. The total amount of the World Bank loan of Phase II is 1.3 mil

35、lion US dollars, of which 1.115 million is for the equipment purchase, and 0.185 million for book purchase, technical training, technical service and miscellaneous items. 2021/3/14283.3 Argumentative Definition It is different from descriptive and narrative writings, including philosophical and soci

36、al articles, political documents, speeches and reports. The focus of it is not always concerned with politics, but also with economy, military affairs, society,culture, education and so on.Function Referential function(informative function) ; expressive function(emotive function; evaluative function

37、)2021/3/1429Translation criticism based on argumentative and its function The translation of this kind of article requires: 注意背景,顧及作者 措辭嚴(yán)格,褒貶適當(dāng) 搭配得當(dāng),關(guān)聯(lián)緊密 語言得體,文風(fēng)相宜 （Wang Hongyin, 2007:136）2021/3/14303.4Journalism It includes news report, bulletin, news comment and news features. The main task of jou

38、rnalism is to inform people of current news accurately and efficiently. So ,its main function is referential function(informative function) and expressive function(evaluative function).2021/3/1431The requirement of journalism translation includes: 1.讀懂弄清所涉事件的來龍去脈和基本狀況,并注意作者的態(tài)度傾向和風(fēng)格基調(diào),然后才能著手翻譯 2.分析詞形和詞的來源以確定詞義和詞的修辭色彩 3.講究表達(dá)程式,合理安排語序 (Wang Hongyin,2007:203)2021/3/14323.5 LiteratureIt includes prose, novel, poetry, drama,biography and so on.The main function of it is expressive function(emotive