大學(xué)綜合英語Unit5_The_Tapestry_of_Friendship

1、Unit 5 Unit 5 The Tapestry of Friendship A friend in need is a friend indeed. In prosperity our friends know us; in adversity we know our friends. Churton CollinsPre-reading discussion 1. Do you still keep in touch with your childhood friends even you have made many new friends? What do you need fri

2、ends for? 2. Is there any difference between the friendship of men and women? 3. Do you think there is true friendship between man and woman?Background information:1. About the text: This text is taken from Close to Home, which was published by The Boston Globe Company / Washington Post Writers Grou

3、p in 1979. 2. About the author: Ellen Goodman, is a Boston Globe Online columnist and a stylish writer with a humanizing touch on any issue, public or personal. She is widely acclaimed as a voice of sanity, and readers depend on her to help them make sense of their changing lives and relationships.

4、埃倫埃倫古德曼古德曼:1941年出生的古德曼畢業(yè)子美國女子學(xué)年出生的古德曼畢業(yè)子美國女子學(xué)院。她從院。她從1957年開始，成為年開始，成為波士頓環(huán)球報(bào)波士頓環(huán)球報(bào)的一名的一名編輯兼專欄作家。她在編輯兼專欄作家。她在1979年出版過一本名為年出版過一本名為轉(zhuǎn)折轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的書。的書。1980年，她榮獲普利策杰出評論獎(jiǎng)。年，她榮獲普利策杰出評論獎(jiǎng)。2000年，她和另一位作家合作山版了一本書，名為年，她和另一位作家合作山版了一本書，名為我完全理解你的意思我完全理解你的意思友誼在女性人生中的份量友誼在女性人生中的份量。 3. Claudia Weill: 克勞迪亞克勞迪亞威爾是拍實(shí)驗(yàn)電影和紀(jì)錄片山身威爾是

5、拍實(shí)驗(yàn)電影和紀(jì)錄片山身的導(dǎo)演的導(dǎo)演 她最有名的紀(jì)錄片是和莎莉她最有名的紀(jì)錄片是和莎莉麥克琳合拍的麥克琳合拍的半邊天中國記懷半邊天中國記懷 (THE OTHER HALF OF THE SKY: A CHINA MEMOIR)， 記錄中國婦女的現(xiàn)狀，獲奧斯卡提名。記錄中國婦女的現(xiàn)狀，獲奧斯卡提名。 她的劇情片她的劇情片女朋友女朋友( GIRLFRIENDS，1978）也是對女性生活、處境有深刻反映）也是對女性生活、處境有深刻反映的電影的電影。 5. Hemingways:海明威海明威(1899-1961) 美國小說家、諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者。美國小說家、諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者。1899年年7月月21日生

6、于芝加路市郊像日生于芝加路市郊像膠園小鎮(zhèn)。父親是醫(yī)生和體育愛好膠園小鎮(zhèn)。父親是醫(yī)生和體育愛好者，母親從事音樂教育。者，母親從事音樂教育。6個(gè)兄弟姐個(gè)兄弟姐妹中，他排行第二，從小酷愛體育、妹中，他排行第二，從小酷愛體育、捕魚和狩獵。中學(xué)畢業(yè)后曾去法國捕魚和狩獵。中學(xué)畢業(yè)后曾去法國等地旅行，回國后當(dāng)過見習(xí)記者。等地旅行，回國后當(dāng)過見習(xí)記者。第一次大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，他志愿赴意大第一次大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，他志愿赴意大利當(dāng)戰(zhàn)地救護(hù)車司機(jī)。利當(dāng)戰(zhàn)地救護(hù)車司機(jī)。1918年夏在年夏在前線被炮彈炸成重傷，回國休養(yǎng)。前線被炮彈炸成重傷，回國休養(yǎng)。后來去加拿大多倫多市星報(bào)任記者。后來去加拿大多倫多市星報(bào)任記者。1921年重返巴黎

7、，結(jié)識美國女作家年重返巴黎，結(jié)識美國女作家斯坦因、青年作家安德森和詩人龐斯坦因、青年作家安德森和詩人龐德等。德等。1923年發(fā)表處女作年發(fā)表處女作三個(gè)短三個(gè)短篇小說和十首詩篇小說和十首詩，隨后游歷歐洲，隨后游歷歐洲各國。各國。1926年出版了長篇小說年出版了長篇小說太太陽照樣升起陽照樣升起，初獲成功，被斯坦，初獲成功，被斯坦因稱為因稱為“迷惘的一代迷惘的一代”。 1929年，反映第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的長篇巨著年，反映第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的長篇巨著永別了，武器永別了，武器的問世給作家?guī)砹寺曌u(yù)。的問世給作家?guī)砹寺曌u(yù)。 30年代初，海明威到非洲旅行年代初，海明威到非洲旅行和狩獵。和狩獵。 1935年寫成年寫

8、成非洲的青山非洲的青山和一些短篇小說。和一些短篇小說。 1937年發(fā)表了描寫美國與古巴之間海上走私活動(dòng)的小說年發(fā)表了描寫美國與古巴之間海上走私活動(dòng)的小說有的和無的有的和無的。西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間，他。西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間，他3次以記者身份親臨次以記者身份親臨前線，在炮火中寫了劇本前線，在炮火中寫了劇本第五縱隊(duì)第五縱隊(duì)，并創(chuàng)作了以美國，并創(chuàng)作了以美國人參加西班牙人民反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭為題材的長篇小說人參加西班牙人民反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭為題材的長篇小說喪鐘喪鐘為誰而鳴為誰而鳴(1940)。他曾與許多美國知名作家和學(xué)者捐款。他曾與許多美國知名作家和學(xué)者捐款支援西班牙人民正義斗爭。支援西班牙人民正義斗爭。1941年偕夫人瑪莎訪

9、問中國，年偕夫人瑪莎訪問中國，支持我國抗日戰(zhàn)爭。后又以戰(zhàn)地記者身份重赴歐洲，并多支持我國抗日戰(zhàn)爭。后又以戰(zhàn)地記者身份重赴歐洲，并多次參加戰(zhàn)。戰(zhàn)后客居古巴，潛心寫作。次參加戰(zhàn)。戰(zhàn)后客居古巴，潛心寫作。 1952年，年，老人與老人與海海問世，深受好評，翌年獲普利策獎(jiǎng)。問世，深受好評，翌年獲普利策獎(jiǎng)。 1954年獲諾貝爾年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?？ㄋ固亓_掌權(quán)后，他離開古巴返美定居。因身上文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。卡斯特羅掌權(quán)后，他離開古巴返美定居。因身上多處舊傷，百病纏身，精神憂郁，多處舊傷，百病纏身，精神憂郁，1961年年7月月2日用獵槍自日用獵槍自殺。海明威去世后發(fā)表的遺作主要有：殺。海明威去世后發(fā)表的遺作主要有：海流中

10、的島嶼海流中的島嶼(1970)和和伊甸園伊甸園(1986)。他那獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格和塑造的。他那獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格和塑造的硬硬漢子形象漢子形象對現(xiàn)代歐美文學(xué)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。對現(xiàn)代歐美文學(xué)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。 8.Babbitt巴比特巴比特 是一部反映是一部反映生活的小說。生活的小說。這本小說不僅塑造了一個(gè)典這本小說不僅塑造了一個(gè)典型的商人形象型的商人形象“巴比特巴比特”，還漫畫式地表現(xiàn)出美國上個(gè)還漫畫式地表現(xiàn)出美國上個(gè)世紀(jì)二十年代商業(yè)文化的方世紀(jì)二十年代商業(yè)文化的方方面面，具有文化對照和藝方面面，具有文化對照和藝術(shù)欣賞的雙重價(jià)值。術(shù)欣賞的雙重價(jià)值。 巴比特是一位成功的房地產(chǎn)巴比特是一位成功的房地產(chǎn)商人，過著富

11、足而又平板的商人，過著富足而又平板的中產(chǎn)階級生活。然而作為一中產(chǎn)階級生活。然而作為一個(gè)人，他受到空虛的襲擊，個(gè)人，他受到空虛的襲擊，于是企圖尋找另一種于是企圖尋找另一種“真正真正的生活的生活”。為此，他外出漫。為此，他外出漫游，嘗試過一種玩世不恭的游，嘗試過一種玩世不恭的生活，甚至染上了革命情緒。生活，甚至染上了革命情緒。但巴比特又沒有勇氣去承受但巴比特又沒有勇氣去承受接之而來的社會(huì)冷落，于是，接之而來的社會(huì)冷落，于是，他重新投入了家庭生活和商他重新投入了家庭生活和商人生涯的懷抱，在小說的結(jié)人生涯的懷抱，在小說的結(jié)尾，巴比特將希望寄托在他尾，巴比特將希望寄托在他的兒子身上。的兒子身上。Lang

12、uage Work chase v. follow rapidly in order to catch or overtake;pursueLiverpool are chasing their third league title in four years 利物浦隊(duì)正全力以赴準(zhǔn)備四年后第三次贏得聯(lián)賽冠軍。利物浦隊(duì)正全力以赴準(zhǔn)備四年后第三次贏得聯(lián)賽冠軍。 （點(diǎn)撥）（點(diǎn)撥）chase和和pursue都含有都含有“追隨追隨”的意思。的意思。 chase意為意為“為了某種目的主動(dòng)追逐、追趕為了某種目的主動(dòng)追逐、追趕”，句子，句子的主語，賓語一般都是的主語，賓語一般都是有生命力的人或動(dòng)物有生命力的人

13、或動(dòng)物，如：，如： The little boy watched a cat chasing birds小小男孩看見貓追小鳥。男孩看見貓追小鳥。 pursue意為意為“為了達(dá)到目的而追趕，追逐為了達(dá)到目的而追趕，追逐”，有堅(jiān)，有堅(jiān)持不懈，窮追不舍的勁頭，被追逐的可以是具體的持不懈，窮追不舍的勁頭，被追逐的可以是具體的人（物），也可以是抽象的事物。人（物），也可以是抽象的事物。cosmic: 1) very great; limitless; vastThis earthquake was a disaster of cosmic scale.2) relating to the univers

14、eThe other great cosmic reality is time. reflect v. manifest as a result of sth反映，表現(xiàn)反映，表現(xiàn) The election results do not always reflect back the views of the voters 選舉的結(jié)果并不總能選舉的結(jié)果并不總能真實(shí)地反映真實(shí)地反映選民的意見。選民的意見。 后接后接on或或upon,意為意為“思索、蒙受、招致、博得思索、蒙受、招致、博得”，如：，如：reflect on a problem 仔細(xì)思考一個(gè)問題仔細(xì)思考一個(gè)問題 reflect on o

15、nes conduct 反省某人的行為反省某人的行為 Such results reflected great credit upon us. 這些成績給我們帶來了莫大的光榮。這些成績給我們帶來了莫大的光榮。 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)和過去分詞作后置定語時(shí)，后接被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)和過去分詞作后置定語時(shí)，后接in或或from，如：，如：The mountains are reflected in the water 群山倒映在水中。群山倒映在水中。 作及物動(dòng)詞，后接賓語從句，如：作及物動(dòng)詞，后接賓語從句，如： She reflected that life is short她認(rèn)為生命太短暫了。她認(rèn)為生命太短暫了。Cull

16、: choose from various sources Here are a few facts and figures Ive culled from the weeks papers. Its a collection of fascinating stories culled from a lifetime of experience. inherit: 1)receive (money, a house etc.) from someone after they have died When I took on the job of manager, I inherited cer

17、tain financial problems. 2)be born with (a physical or mental quality that a parent, grandparent or other relative has) Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother. The child has an inherited disease which attacks the immune system. capacity n. ability，quality of being suitable for or receptive to

18、specified treatment能力；性能，品質(zhì)能力；性能，品質(zhì) Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full capacity. 沒有外出工作的家庭主婦們常常覺得沒有充分沒有外出工作的家庭主婦們常常覺得沒有充分 capacity和和ability都有都有“能力能力”的意思的意思 但但capacity指指人接受、容納、吸收、理解方面的能力人接受、容納、吸收、理解方面的能力，亦，亦可表示可表示無生命的事物的承受、容納、裝載能力無生命的事物的承受、容納、裝載能力； abil

19、ity則一般指則一般指人人辦事辦事等實(shí)際應(yīng)用上的能力等實(shí)際應(yīng)用上的能力, 或或智力和體智力和體力力方面的才能，本領(lǐng)。方面的才能，本領(lǐng)。 capacity后可接介詞后可接介詞for, of或不定式，如：或不定式，如： The library has a capacity of more than 250，000 volumes. 這個(gè)圖書館藏書達(dá)這個(gè)圖書館藏書達(dá)25萬多冊。萬多冊。 He succeeded for he had infinite capacity for taking pains 他之所以成功在于他能吃苦耐勞。他之所以成功在于他能吃苦耐勞。 The country has th

20、e capacity to compete with Japan in export trade 這個(gè)國家在出口貿(mào)易方面有能力和日本競爭。這個(gè)國家在出口貿(mào)易方面有能力和日本競爭。 count v. to believe or consider to be；deem認(rèn)為，相信或認(rèn)為，相信或認(rèn)為是；認(rèn)為認(rèn)為是；認(rèn)為 She among the most gifted of the current generation of composers 她算是當(dāng)代最有才華的作曲家。她算是當(dāng)代最有才華的作曲家。 作動(dòng)詞，后可接作動(dòng)詞，后可接as, against, among, for, on 或或upon;

21、等介詞。后接等介詞。后接as時(shí)，意為時(shí)，意為“把把. .看作看作”，但，但as?？墒÷?，常可省略，如：如： He counted himself (as) lucky他認(rèn)為自己很幸運(yùn)。他認(rèn)為自己很幸運(yùn)。如：如： His age counted against him他的年齡對他不利。他的年齡對他不利。 如：如： You count among my best friends你算是我最要好你算是我最要好的朋友之一。的朋友之一?！?，如，如: For him fame does not count for much 在他看來，出名算不了什么。在他看來，出名算不了什么。如：如： I have coun

22、ted upon having it completed by March. 我原來指望到三月份能完成此事。我原來指望到三月份能完成此事。 作作名詞名詞，常用短語有：，常用短語有： lose count of 數(shù)不清數(shù)不清 on all counts 從所有方面說，如：從所有方面說，如： On all counts，I have been greatly benefited by his counsel. 從各方面說，他的勸告從各方面說，他的勸告/建議使我受益匪淺。建議使我受益匪淺。 confidence n( often confidences ) a secret or private m

23、atter told to someone under a condition of trust秘密秘密;私事私事;私房話私房話 (釋例釋例)A friend does not betray confidences. 朋友是不會(huì)泄露秘密的。朋友是不會(huì)泄露秘密的。 (點(diǎn)撥點(diǎn)撥)confidence和和assurance都表示一種信心。都表示一種信心。 confidence是對某人能力的一種堅(jiān)定的信任，例如：是對某人能力的一種堅(jiān)定的信任，例如： I have every confidence in your ability to succeed. 我對你的成功有絕對把握。我對你的成功有絕對把握。

24、assurance更加強(qiáng)調(diào)更加強(qiáng)調(diào)，例如，例如: How can a nonscientist explain an abstruse theory with such assurance? 一個(gè)非科學(xué)家怎么能夠如此自信地解釋這一深?yuàn)W的理一個(gè)非科學(xué)家怎么能夠如此自信地解釋這一深?yuàn)W的理論論?confess v. admit or acknowledge something reluctantly, typically because one feels slightly ashamed or embarrassed 承認(rèn)，坦白，懺悔承認(rèn)，坦白，懺悔 He confessed himself to

25、 be totally ignorant of their plans. 他承認(rèn)自己對于他們的計(jì)劃一無所知。他承認(rèn)自己對于他們的計(jì)劃一無所知。 (點(diǎn)撥點(diǎn)撥)confess后接介詞賓語為名詞或動(dòng)名詞，后接介詞賓語為名詞或動(dòng)名詞，如如: He confessed to cheating on the exam. 他承認(rèn)考試作弊。他承認(rèn)考試作弊。 restraint n. deprivation or restriction of personal liberty or freedom of movement 抑制，制止，克制抑制，制止，克制 He exercised considerable re

26、straint in not suing for a divorce. 他極力克制自己，不提出離婚訴訟。他極力克制自己，不提出離婚訴訟。 (點(diǎn)撥點(diǎn)撥)后接后接in，意為，意為“自我克制自我克制” ；后接；后接on，意為，意為“限限制制”，如：，如： His restraint in not showing his anger was admirable 他對怒氣的克制真令人佩服。他對怒氣的克制真令人佩服。 The government places a restraint on public spending 政府限制公費(fèi)開支。政府限制公費(fèi)開支。 grieve grievances 抱怨；不平

27、抱怨；不平 v. cause to be sorrowful; distress使人傷心，為傷使人傷心，為傷心心 It grieves me to hear how disobedient youve been 聽說你很不聽話，使我感到非常難過。聽說你很不聽話，使我感到非常難過。 grieve, mourn和和deplore有有“悲痛，哀悼悲痛，哀悼”的意思，的意思，但三者有所區(qū)別。但三者有所區(qū)別。 grieve常有常有獨(dú)自一人內(nèi)心悲痛獨(dú)自一人內(nèi)心悲痛的含義，比的含義，比mourn的詞義的詞義強(qiáng)，如：強(qiáng)，如：The nation grieved for its war dead全全國都為戰(zhàn)死的

28、人悲傷。國都為戰(zhàn)死的人悲傷。 mourn常指表現(xiàn)出來的悲痛，多用于常指表現(xiàn)出來的悲痛，多用于哀悼死者哀悼死者。如：。如：She mourned for him so constantly that she became seriously ill 她天天為他的死而悲傷，以致得了重病。她天天為他的死而悲傷，以致得了重病。 deplore多用于多用于不可挽回的悲慘之事不可挽回的悲慘之事，如：，如： He deplored the loss of his dear friend 他失去一位親密的朋友，深感惋惜。他失去一位親密的朋友，深感惋惜。 grieve的賓語通常是的賓語通常是人人，不可以是物，如

29、，不可以是物，如: Her death grieved him.她的死使他很悲傷。她的死使他很悲傷。 intimate buddy-chum-pal adj . having or being a very close and friendly relationship親密的，密切的親密的，密切的 Were not exactly ，but we see each other fairly often. 我們雖算不上關(guān)系親密，但還常見面。我們雖算不上關(guān)系親密，但還常見面。 (點(diǎn)撥）點(diǎn)撥） 作形容詞，后接作形容詞，后接with，意為，意為“與某人很親密與某人很親密”，如如 I am intima

30、te with Joe; we have been friends for many years.我同喬關(guān)系密切，我們是多年的知我同喬關(guān)系密切，我們是多年的知己己. 作作名詞名詞，意為，意為“知己，密友知己，密友”，通常要受到前置或，通常要受到前置或后置的定語修飾，幾乎不單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)在句中，如后置的定語修飾，幾乎不單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)在句中，如: my intimate 我的知己我的知己 soulmate an intimate of the presidents 總統(tǒng)的一位密友總統(tǒng)的一位密友 Structural Analysis Part I paragraph 1-2 In this part the

31、author reveals what kind of film the woman had just seen and what attitude she had to it. Part II paragraph 3-6 This part describes the womans observation of the shift of focus of the cinema and advances the argument for the distinction between two types of friendship. Part III paragraph 7-18 This p

32、art discusses in detail the distinctions between the . Part IV paragraph 19This part restates the between the two types of friendship.Part I paragraph 1-2 In this part the author reveals what kind of film the woman had just seen and what attitude she had to it. What kind of film did the woman see? W

33、hat did she think of it? Text ExplanationText Explanation It was, in many ways，a light movie. P1 In many respects it was a simple and ordinary film.big-budget chase scene: P1a car-chase scene that costs a lot of money Slowly，it panned across the tapestry of friendship Step by step it gave an all-sid

34、ed/ panoramic view of the complex structure/characteristics of friendship. P2Part II paragraph 3-6 This part describes the womans observation of the shift of focus of the cinema and advances the argument for the distinction between the two types of friendship: that between men and that between women

35、. Why does the author list the movies the woman had seen? What led the woman to think that the cinema has drastically shifted its focus? What was the shift? Do you agree on the point of the distinction between the two types of friendship? Give your own reasons. Text ExplanationText Explanation This

36、wasnt just another binge of trendiness, but a kind of cinema verite. P4 This was not simply a shift from one fashion to another, but a trend toward more realistic and natural depictions in cinema-making.across millions of miles of celluloid .: P5in large numbers of moviesonly men inherited a primal

37、capacity for friendship: P5only when were born with the instinctive capacity of making friends. In contrast, they portrayed women picking on each other, the way they once picked berries: P5本句話可理解為：本句話可理解為：On the contrary, women were described fastidious and superficial in films who chose friends jus

38、t as picking berries. Well, that duality must have been mortally wounded in some shootout at the P5 The tendency to present only men as capable of true friendship was challenged by the appearance of a more subtle approach.Part III paragraph 7-18This part discusses in detail the distinctions between

39、the Male Buddiness and the Female Friendship.Generally speaking, the former is action-oriented while the latter is emotion-oriented, the Male Buddiness is based on the need for co-operation in the activities that men are engaged in or in the they are confronted with. In contrast, the Female Friendsh

40、ip borders on . Whats the fundamental difference between buddies and friends? What are the conditions of men becoming buddies and of women becoming friends? Why was the woman shocked by mens description of friendship?Text ExplanationText Explanation whilst women ask fewer proofs and more . P7 “throu

41、gh the wars: together corporate or athletic or military: P10through the commercial, athletic or military strives together. They had to soldier together: had to struggle together P10loathsome confidences: disgusting secrets Buddies hang tough together; friends hang onto each other. P11 A: Buddies act

42、 tough to show off to each other, so would not reveal weaknesses; friends show their need for each other and are ready to confess weaknesses. B: Buddies hold on together in face of adversity; friends cling tightly together for emotional support. who have been trained in , to be The only relationship

43、 that gave meaning to the life of George Babbitt had been with Paul Riesling. P16Claustrophobic life: closed life with very little communication with the outsideWhat made the claustrophobic life of George Babbitt meaningful had been his relationship with Paul Riesling; Without his relationship with

44、Paul Riesling， George Babbitt would have found his claustrophobic life meaningless. A man once told her that men werent real buddies until they had been . P10 until和和till兩者都可作介詞、連詞，一般情況下可以互兩者都可作介詞、連詞，一般情況下可以互換使用。用于肯定句時(shí)，主句的動(dòng)詞只用延續(xù)性的，它換使用。用于肯定句時(shí)，主句的動(dòng)詞只用延續(xù)性的，它所表示的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到所表示的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到ill或或until表示的時(shí)間為止，表示的時(shí)

45、間為止，意為意為“直到直到為止為止”；用于否定句時(shí)，主句的動(dòng)詞一；用于否定句時(shí)，主句的動(dòng)詞一般是非延續(xù)性的，也可以是延續(xù)性的，它所表示的動(dòng)作般是非延續(xù)性的，也可以是延續(xù)性的，它所表示的動(dòng)作直到直到till或或until所表示的時(shí)間才發(fā)生，意為所表示的時(shí)間才發(fā)生，意為“直到直到（才）（才）”。 如：如：She watched TV untiltill her mother came back 她看電視直到她母親回來。（看電視的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到母來她看電視直到她母親回來。（看電視的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到母來才結(jié)束）才結(jié)束） She didnt watch TV untiltill her mother came b

46、ack直到她母親回來她才（開始）看電視。（看電視直到她母親回來她才（開始）看電視。（看電視的動(dòng)作直到她母親回來才發(fā)生）的動(dòng)作直到她母親回來才發(fā)生） 現(xiàn)將一相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)作具體的介紹：現(xiàn)將一相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)作具體的介紹： 1)until和和till以作介詞或連詞。作介詞用時(shí)，以作介詞或連詞。作介詞用時(shí)，后面接名詞或副詞；作連詞用時(shí)，常用來引導(dǎo)一后面接名詞或副詞；作連詞用時(shí)，常用來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。當(dāng)它們用于肯定句中，主句動(dòng)個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。當(dāng)它們用于肯定句中，主句動(dòng)詞常為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到詞常為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到tilluntil所表示的時(shí)間為止。當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)所表示的時(shí)間為

47、止。當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)。如：。如： They worked until/till six oclock 他們一直工作到六點(diǎn)鐘。他們一直工作到六點(diǎn)鐘。 He will wait for until/till your mother comes. 他將等你直到你母親來。他將等你直到你母親來。 2)not until/till意為意為“直到直到才才”，主句常用終止性動(dòng)詞，主句常用終止性動(dòng)詞（即非延續(xù)性），表示（即非延續(xù)性），表示until/till所表示的時(shí)間一到，該動(dòng)作所表示的時(shí)間一到，該動(dòng)作就發(fā)生。如：就發(fā)生。如：He didnt go to bed until/till eleven last nig

48、ht.昨天夜里他直到十一點(diǎn)才上床睡覺。昨天夜里他直到十一點(diǎn)才上床睡覺。She didnt know me until/till last week.她直到上一周才認(rèn)識我。她直到上一周才認(rèn)識我。Einstein was not able to return to his homeland until the war was over直到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后愛因斯坦才得以直到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后愛因斯坦才得以回國回國. 注意：注意：not until放在句首時(shí)要用倒裝語序，如上面第三個(gè)放在句首時(shí)要用倒裝語序，如上面第三個(gè)例句可以改為放在句首的倒裝句：例句可以改為放在句首的倒裝句： the war was over E

49、instein able to return to his homeland。 3)如果要如果要，只能用，只能用until而不能用而不能用till，如：誤：，如：誤：Till I finished my homework, mother didnt let me out 正：正：Until I finished my homework, mother didnt let me out直到我做完家庭作業(yè)媽媽才準(zhǔn)我出去。直到我做完家庭作業(yè)媽媽才準(zhǔn)我出去。 4)，常見句型為：，常見句型為：It iswas not untilthat。如下面這個(gè)句子：。如下面這個(gè)句子： She didnt find

50、me until I called her from behind. 直到我從后面叫她之后直到我從后面叫她之后.她才發(fā)現(xiàn)了我。她才發(fā)現(xiàn)了我。 改為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)改為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):It was not until I called her from behind that she found me. 注注:但在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，但在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，not until置于句首構(gòu)成倒裝句以置于句首構(gòu)成倒裝句以及及until放在句首時(shí)，均不能用放在句首時(shí)，均不能用till替換替換until。 例如例如:It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.直到直

51、到1920年才開始有定期的無線年才開始有定期的無線電廣播。電廣播。 Not until 12 oclock last night did Tom come back.(倒裝句倒裝句)昨晚直到十二點(diǎn)湯姆才回來。昨晚直到十二點(diǎn)湯姆才回來。Until I was 20 I had never been away from my hometown.我二十歲以前，從未離開過家鄉(xiāng)。我二十歲以前，從未離開過家鄉(xiāng)。Part IV paragraph 19This part is the Conclusion of the text, which restates the distinction between

52、 the two types of friendship. In what ways buddies and friends differ?Buddies are those you can do things together with in your lifetime, but friends are those with whom you can share roses and thorns in your life. Text ConclusionIn the text the author discusses the differences between a buddy and a

53、 friend in a forceful way. We can summarize the authors viewpoint with the following sentence: A buddy is a fine life-companion but a friend is that part the race with which you can be human. The more specific differences between a buddy and a friend are: 1. Buddies bond, but friends love. 2. Buddie

54、s face adversity together, but friends face each other. 3. Buddies seemed to “do” things together; friends simply “are” together.Rhetorical Features To show the differences between buddiness and friendship effectively, the author of the text coordinates sentences in various ways. Sometimes he uses s

55、uch as but, yet and while. And sometimes he simply puts two clauses together without using any conjunction at all. For example: 1) Buddies bonded, friends loved. 2) Buddies faced adversity together, friends faced each other. ( 3) Men affect each other in the reflection of noble or friendly acts, wom

56、en ask fewer proofs and more signs and expressions of attachment. 4) Men often keep their buddies in these categories women keep a special category for friends. 5) Buddies seemed to “do” things together; friends simply “are” together. IV. Class Check 1. He was punished _ he should make the same mist

57、ake again. A) unless B) lest C) if D) provided 2. In Africa, educational costs are very low for those who are _ to get into universities. A) ambitious B) fortunate C) aggressive D) substantial 3. The film provides a deep _ into a wide range of human qualities and feelings. A) insight B) imagination

58、C) fancy D) outlook 4. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play _ roles in raising children. A) incapable B) indispensable C) insensible D) infinite 5. The group technicians are engaged in a study which _ all aspects of urban planning. A) embraces B) performs C) inserts D) gri

59、ps 6. On New Years Eve, New York City holds an out door _ which attracts a crowd of a million or more people. A) incident B) event C) case D) affairVocabulary II 1. hang together 2. picking on 3. soldiering 4. showingoff 5. will make a difference 6. binges 7. intimacy 8. resiliencyVocabulary III 1.

60、fragility 2. drastic 3. replacement 4. athleticism 5. portrayal 6. inheritance 7. confidence 8. embarrassingVocabulary IV 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A outwit hoarding 6. A wretched-unwell 7. C impose-imposition 8. D modishVocabulary V 1. alter/ transfer/ change 2. show/ indicate/ manifest/ exhibit 3. de