英語(yǔ)翻譯 課件1

1、College English Translation英語(yǔ)翻譯 2014-2015學(xué)年第1學(xué)期Introduction Name: Fu Yuanlan/ Elle Graduation: MTI of GDUFS(669020) QQ:2578074667Requirement Be on time! Bring a note book and take notes when necessary. Discuss actively in the class. Practice as much as possible. Use a dictionary. Dont g

2、uess! Finish the assignments every time! Unit 1 Preface 1. What is translation? Different definitions of translation. The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product or the process.(Munday,00) An incredible broad notion which can be understood

3、 in many different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identify such sub-types as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; more over , while more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts, the term some

4、times also includes INTERPRETING. (Shuttleworth,97) A number of scholars have also suggested further distinctions between different types of translation, e.g., “covert vs. overt translation”(House:1977), “communicative and semantic translation” (Newmark:1988), Domesticating and Foreignizing Translat

5、ion”(Venuti:1995). “Translation is frequently characterized metaphorically, and has -amongst many other things been compared to playing a game or a map.” Each of these analogies, however, is only intended to capture one particular facet of translation.” Catford defines translation as “the replacemen

6、t of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” Catford further explained that: “In translation, there is substitution of TL meanings for SL meanings: not transference of TL meanings into the SL. In transference there is an implantation of SL mean

7、ings into the TL text. These two processes must be clearly differentiated in any theory of translation.” J.C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation London: Oxford University Press,1965, p.20 Jakobsons (1959) definition: Intralingual translation, or rewording: an interpretation of verbal signs

8、by means of other signs of the same language; Interlingual translation, or translation proper: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other language; Intersemiotic translation, or transmutation: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems”. Lawendowski defin

9、es translation as “ the transfer of meaning from one set of language signs to another set of language signs”1. Nida and Tabers definition of translation is based on preserving the effect of the original: “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of t

10、he source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” 2 1 Boguslaw Lawendowski “on Semiotic Aspects of Translation”, in Thomas A.Sebeok (ed.) Sight, Sound and Sense, Bloomington:Indiana University Press, 1978, p.2672 Eugene Nida & Charles R.Taber, The Theory and Prac

11、tice of Translation, Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1969/1982, p.6 Newmark regards translation as a craft “consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and /or statement in one language by the same message and /or statement in another language. Each exercise involves some kind of loss of meaning due t

12、o a number of factors. It provokes a continuous tension, a dialectic, an argument based on the claims of each language. The basic loss is a continuum between overtranslation (increased detail) and undertranslation (increased generalization).”1 1 Peter Newmark , Approaches to Translation Pergamon Pre

13、ss,1982,p.7 Margarita Brandes says “ Translation is an activity, both spiritual and practical, related to the activity of communicating. As a result it shares in all the characteristics features of the category of activity in its broadest sense. Translation is not a productive but a reproductive act

14、ivity, not a primary but a secondary activity.”1 1 Margarita Brandes, “Comprehension, Style, Translation and their Interaction” in Translation as Social Action, Palma Zlateva (ed.) Routledge, 1993, p.77 According to Toury, “ a translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is present

15、ed or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds.”1 Toury argues that translations are “facts of one system only: the target system” and “translation is a norm-governed activity” 2:1 Gideon Toury, “A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies”, in Theo Hermans (ed.) The Manip

16、ulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation, London: Croom Helm, 1985, p.202 Gideon Toury, 1985, p.19 Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural tradition, i.e., at least two sets of norm-systems on each level. Thus, the value behin

17、d it may be described as consisting of two major elements: (1) being a text in a certain language, and hence occupying a position, or filling in a slot, in the appropriate culture, or in a certain section thereof, (2) constituting a representation in that language/culture of another, pre-existing te

18、xt in other language, belonging to some other culture and occupying a definite position within it1.1 Gideon Toury, Descriptive Translation Studies-And Beyond, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000, p.56 Andr Lefevere defines translation as a rewriting of original text1. “Translat

19、ion as rewriting” reflects a certain ideology and a poetics and as much manipulating literature to function in a given society in a given way. Rewriting is anything that contributes to the constructing the image of a writer and/or a work of literature. 1 Andre Lefevere, Translation, Rewriting and th

20、e Manipulation of Literary Fame, London and New York: Routledge, 1992 Hans Vermeer offers a similarly non-normative definition of translation as “information about a source text in another language.”1This approach engenders a view of translation in which way a TT functions in a specific cultural con

21、text is paramount: “Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text”.21 Hans Vemeer, “Translation als, Informationsangebot” in Lebende Spracgen 27:3 (97-1

22、01), 1982, p.972 Christiane Nord, Text Ananlysis in Translation, Armsterdam: Rodopi, 1991, p.28 翻譯(translation)是語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)的一個(gè)重要組成部分，是指把一種語(yǔ)言或語(yǔ)言變體的內(nèi)容變?yōu)榱硪环N語(yǔ)言或語(yǔ)言變化的過程或結(jié)果，或者說把用一種語(yǔ)言材料構(gòu)成的文本用另一種語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確而完整地再現(xiàn)再現(xiàn)出來。 翻譯是兩個(gè)語(yǔ)言社會(huì)(language-community)之間的交際過程和交際工具交際過程和交際工具，它的目的是要促進(jìn)本語(yǔ)言社會(huì)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化進(jìn)步，它的任務(wù)是要把原作品中包含的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的邏輯映象或藝術(shù)映象

23、，完好無損地從一種語(yǔ)言中移注移注到另一種語(yǔ)言中去。 中國(guó)現(xiàn)代學(xué)者林漢達(dá)說：“(正確的翻譯)就是盡可能地按照中國(guó)語(yǔ)文的習(xí)慣，忠忠實(shí)地表達(dá)原文中所有的意義實(shí)地表達(dá)原文中所有的意義”。 中國(guó)現(xiàn)代學(xué)者徐永煐說：“翻譯是譯者用一種語(yǔ)言(歸縮語(yǔ)言)來表達(dá)原作者用另一種語(yǔ)言(出發(fā)語(yǔ)言)表達(dá)的思表達(dá)的思想想。” 中國(guó)當(dāng)代學(xué)者王以鑄說：“好的翻譯決不是把原文的一字一句硬搬遷來，而主要的卻是要傳達(dá)原來文章的神韻原來文章的神韻”。 前蘇聯(lián)文藝學(xué)派翻譯理論家索伯列夫說：“翻譯的目的就是把一種語(yǔ)言中的內(nèi)容和形式移植移植到另一種語(yǔ)言中去”。 前蘇聯(lián)語(yǔ)言學(xué)派翻譯理論家費(fèi)道羅夫說：“翻譯就是用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言在內(nèi)容和形式

24、不可分割的統(tǒng)一中業(yè)已表達(dá)出來的東西，準(zhǔn)確而完全地表達(dá)出來?！?蘇聯(lián)翻譯理論家巴爾胡達(dá)羅夫說：“翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)產(chǎn)物，在保持內(nèi)容也就是意義不變的情況下，改變?yōu)榱硪环N語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)物的過程”。 當(dāng)代美國(guó)翻譯理論家奈達(dá)說：“所謂翻譯，是指從語(yǔ)義到文體在譯語(yǔ)中用最切近而又最自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)原語(yǔ)的信息”。 表達(dá)上真正對(duì)等的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是流暢，內(nèi)容上真正對(duì)等的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是忠實(shí)于原文。翻譯的作用在于使不懂原文的譯文讀者能了解原文的思想內(nèi)容，使操不同語(yǔ)言的社會(huì)集團(tuán)和民族有可能進(jìn)行交際，達(dá)到互相了解的目的。 翻譯有助于產(chǎn)生借詞并促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言變化。但是，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，翻譯概念的內(nèi)涵越來越豐富。翻譯不僅僅是由人直接參與的口譯或筆

25、譯；而且包括各種數(shù)字代碼的互譯、光電編碼器信號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)換、人機(jī)互譯、機(jī)器翻譯等。 于是，在自動(dòng)化數(shù)處理中，翻譯又被定義為：“將計(jì)算機(jī)信息從一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換在另一種語(yǔ)言，或?qū)⒆址麖囊环N表示轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種表示?！?對(duì)于多數(shù)翻譯學(xué)家來說，翻譯：對(duì)于多數(shù)翻譯學(xué)家來說，翻譯： 是是“意義意義”的的“轉(zhuǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)移”； 是用是用“其他符號(hào)其他符號(hào)”或或“其他語(yǔ)言其他語(yǔ)言”進(jìn)行的進(jìn)行的“語(yǔ)言符號(hào)語(yǔ)言符號(hào)”的的“解釋解釋”； 是是“源語(yǔ)信息源語(yǔ)信息”的的“重現(xiàn)重現(xiàn)”； 是源文本、目標(biāo)文本與目標(biāo)信息與是源文本、目標(biāo)文本與目標(biāo)信息與原文信息之間的原文信息之間的“對(duì)等對(duì)等”。 何為何為“對(duì)等對(duì)等”？如何才是如何才是“完全對(duì)等完全對(duì)

26、等”？是否存在是否存在“完全對(duì)等完全對(duì)等”？幻燈片幻燈片 24，P2 e.g.是否需要是否需要“完全對(duì)等完全對(duì)等”？ 2. Criteria of Translation. 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是翻譯活動(dòng)必須遵循的準(zhǔn)繩，是衡量譯文質(zhì)量的尺度，也是翻譯工作者應(yīng)該努力達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是翻譯理論的核心問題。但是，翻譯界對(duì)此還沒有完全一致的定論。 我國(guó)譯界最具代表性的說法有： 一、1898年嚴(yán)復(fù)在天演論“譯例言”中提出的“信、達(dá)、雅”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)； 二、1935年魯迅在題未定草中提出“凡是翻譯，必須兼顧兩面，一當(dāng)然力求其易解，一則保存著原作的豐姿”； 三、1951年傅雷在高老頭重譯本序中提出的“神似”說“以效果而論，

27、翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似”； 四、1964年錢鐘書在林紓的翻譯一文中提出“化境”說。 在國(guó)外的譯論中 引證得最多的是等值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和等效標(biāo)等值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和等效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)。等值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不但要求譯文與原文思想內(nèi)容等值，而且要求語(yǔ)言形式上的等值。等效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所追求的目標(biāo)是；譯文讀者能和原文讀者同樣順利地獲得相同或基本相同的信息，包括原文精神、具體事實(shí)、意境風(fēng)格等。 3. 要求 良好的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ) 扎實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)功底 懂點(diǎn)翻譯理論 一絲不茍、精益求精的精神（包括：培養(yǎng)勤查詞典的習(xí)慣，避免望文生義；培養(yǎng)修改譯文的習(xí)慣，避免滿足于“差不多”） 譯例： Dry goods Wet goods Dry state Wet

28、state Dry law White goods Dry white wine Toilet water To close the switch紡織品酒類商品禁酒的州（美國(guó)）非禁酒的州（美國(guó)）禁酒法令（美國(guó)）白漆家用電器干白葡萄酒花露水開電閘 翻譯練習(xí) “萬”字 從前有一個(gè)人，家里很有錢。只是他一個(gè)字也不認(rèn)識(shí)，于是請(qǐng)了個(gè)教師，教他兒子讀書。 老師教他兒子寫字，老師說：“一畫就是一，二畫就是二，三畫就是三字?！?這孩子學(xué)了這幾個(gè)字，就把筆一丟，連忙跑去跟他父親說：“爸爸，我已經(jīng)都學(xué)會(huì)了，用不著再請(qǐng)老師了。” 他父親很高興，就把老師辭掉了。 過了幾天，父親要請(qǐng)一個(gè)姓萬的親戚來吃飯，叫兒子寫個(gè)請(qǐng)?zhí)?/p>

29、。這孩子寫呀寫呀，寫了老半天還沒有寫完。他父親就去催他，這孩子抱怨說：“天下姓名多得很，為什么偏偏姓萬？從早上到現(xiàn)在，我橫畫豎畫，才只畫了五百畫，離一萬還差得遠(yuǎn)呢？”Version 1The Character Wan Once upon a time there was a man who was quite well-off; but illiterate. Thus he got a tutor to teach his son how to read and write. Teaching his son to write Chinese characters, the teacher

30、 said,”O(jiān)ne stroke is the character one, two strokes are two and three strokes,three .” After the boy knew how to write these three characters, he threw away his brush and ran to his father. He said,”Father, I now know how to write Chinese characters. The tutor is no longer useful to me.” His father

31、was very happy to hear that and asked the tutor to leave. A few days later his father wanted to invite a relative named Wan to dinner in his home, and asked his son to write an invitation card. The boy had not finished even though he had been writing for quite a while, so his father went to hurry hi

32、m up. The boy complained, “There are a lot of family names in the land under heaven. Why does he have to be named Wan? I have been writing since morning, and have only finished 500strokes. That is far from10,000.” Version 2 Once upon a time there was a rich but illiterate man who got a tutor for his

33、 son. The tutor started by teaching Chinese characters. “Write a horizontal stroke and you have the character one,” the tutor said, “two strokes,two; and three strokes, three.” Quite satisfied after he learnt this ,the boy threw his brush and rushed to his father. “Father,” he said,”Ive got all ther

34、e is to learn. Bo need for the tutor now.” His father was so pleased that he immediately sent the tutor off. A few days later the father wanted to invite to dinner a relative named Wan, a character of a dozen (now 3) strokes which happens to mean ten thousand. He told his son to write an invitation.

35、 The boy want to write but did not return after a long time. Impatient to wait, his father came to hurry him up, only to meet the complaint:”O(jiān)f all the family names why single out Wan? Since early morning Ive been kept busy writing strokes, but could only finish 500, which is far from Wan (10,000).”

36、 Unit 2 Translating Process 2.1 理解： 詞義； 句子結(jié)構(gòu)；文本 影響的因素： 1） 雙語(yǔ)能力的局限 2） 專業(yè)知識(shí)的局限 3) 思維與文化差異 2.2 表達(dá)：一、重視上下文，避免孤立處理詞句 二、從情景出發(fā)，擺脫表層結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛 2.3 校對(duì)： 步驟： 1） 檢查是否錯(cuò)漏； 2）是否有邏輯問題； 3) 設(shè)法消除英譯漢中的歐化結(jié)構(gòu)； 4) 加工潤(rùn)色。 方法： 1) 拋開原文校對(duì)； 2) 請(qǐng)別人校對(duì) 商務(wù)文本的校對(duì)： 要求：簡(jiǎn)明、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、準(zhǔn)確， 特別注意事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，包括： 日期- 金額- 數(shù)量- 縮略語(yǔ)和代號(hào) 倍數(shù)詞 數(shù)字 易混結(jié)構(gòu)- Leech 對(duì)詞義的分類：對(duì)詞義的分

37、類： Semantics(1974) :詞義的七種類型 Conceptual meaning(概念意義) Connotative meaning（內(nèi)涵意義） Stylistic meaning(風(fēng)格意義) Affective meaning (情感意義) Reflected meaning (聯(lián)想意義) Collocative meaning (搭配意義) Thematic meaning (主題意義) E.g.: 1. Evolution is a conservative process, wasting little of value. 參考譯文： 物質(zhì)的進(jìn)化是一個(gè)及其緩慢的過程，物質(zhì)在

38、短時(shí)間內(nèi)部會(huì)引起質(zhì)的變化。（劉季春譯） 2. When the history of the Nixon Administration is finally written, the chances are that his Chinese policy will stand out as a model of common sense and good diplomacy. 參考譯文一：當(dāng)最后撰寫尼克松政府的歷史時(shí)，他的對(duì)華政策可能成為懂點(diǎn)常識(shí)和處理外交的楷模。（轉(zhuǎn)引張培基英漢翻譯教程146頁(yè)） 譯文二：當(dāng)最后撰寫尼克松政府的歷史時(shí)，他的對(duì)華政策成為通情達(dá)理和善于處理外交事務(wù)的楷模。（李端嚴(yán)

39、譯） 譯文三： 當(dāng)人們最后撰寫尼克松政府的歷史時(shí)，他的對(duì)華政策可能尤為引人注目，成為靈活運(yùn)用常識(shí)處理外交事務(wù)的楷模。（劉季春譯） 3. I soon perceive that she possessed in combination the qualities which in all other persones who I had known I had been only too happy to find singly. 參考譯文：在我所熟悉的人身上，我很高興能發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣這樣或那樣或那樣（ singly ）優(yōu)良品德。然而我很快就驚喜地注意到，許多人的優(yōu)良品德，她卻一人兼而有之一人兼而有

40、之（ in combination ）。 4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch! 參考譯文一：當(dāng)你跟可愛的孩子們站在池子里，又有個(gè)年輕的狄安娜在池邊好奇地接受你捉上來的任何東西的接受你捉上來的任何東西的時(shí)候時(shí)候，如果你懂得什么叫美的話，時(shí)間是過得很快的。 譯文二： 當(dāng)可愛的孩子們?cè)诔刈永飸蛩嫠?/p>

41、，池邊又有個(gè)年輕貌美的姑娘盡收眼底盡收眼底的時(shí)候，對(duì)于一個(gè)有美感的人來說，他一定會(huì)贊嘆不已贊嘆不已，時(shí)間不知不覺就過去了。 二、從情景出發(fā)，擺脫表層結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛 Ex.: 1. If you know the answer, raise your hand. 2. Smith fell down when he ran fast to meet them. 3. I was admittedly shy. 4. If we can help you further, please dont hesitate to get in touch with us. 5. The murderer ran

42、 away as fast as he could, so that he might not be caught red-handed. 譯文欣賞譯文欣賞： 1. Nothing except a battle lost can be half so melancholy as a battle won. - The Duke of Wellington 都道戰(zhàn)敗苦，誰(shuí)知戰(zhàn)勝慘！ （許淵沖 譯） 2. These alterations of mood were the despair and joy of Ethan Frome. (Edith Wharaton: Ethan Frome)

43、 他這種一會(huì)兒一個(gè)情調(diào)，叫伊坦時(shí)而灰心時(shí)而高興。 （呂叔湘 譯） 3. I did not want a ring , but Mother presented this one to me with such affection that I saw no way to get out of accepting it. She put it on my finger and kissed me. (Clarence Day: Life with Father) 我是不要戴戒指的，可是母親的盛意真是叫人難以拒絕。她把戒指給我套在指頭上，又親了我一下。 （呂叔湘 譯） 譯文欣賞譯文欣賞： 4.

44、“Eating between meals,”Mrs. Baines said, “What would your mother say, Master Philip?” (Graham Greene: The Basement Room) “三頓不夠，這會(huì)兒還要吃，” 貝恩思太太開腔了，“你媽知道了會(huì)怎么說呢，菲力少爺？” （翁顯良 譯）許淵沖 ：文學(xué)翻譯談，書林出版公司1998年版，第353頁(yè)。呂叔湘 ： 呂叔湘 譯文三種，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社1992年版，第55頁(yè)呂叔湘 ： 呂叔湘 譯文三種，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社1992年版，第407頁(yè)翁顯良：意態(tài)由來畫不成？，中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司198

45、3年版，第83頁(yè) 一、嚴(yán)復(fù)的信、達(dá)、雅 二、傅雷：重神似不重形似 三、許淵沖：美化之藝術(shù)，創(chuàng)優(yōu)似競(jìng)賽 四、亞歷山大.弗雷澤.泰特勒：翻譯三原則 五、尤金.奈達(dá)：動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等 六、操縱學(xué)派 七、德國(guó)功能學(xué)派Unit 3 翻譯的理念 翻譯的方法 1. 直譯法（literal translation） E.g: Black market Go into the red Dollar diplomacy Pillar industry Two-way trade The open-door policy Stony-hearted Iron rice-bowl Trangle debts Among th

46、e blind the one-eyed man is king. 拳頭產(chǎn)品 Fist products 米袋子、菜籃子工程 The project of rice bags and vegetable baskets. 一寸光陰一寸金 An inch of time is an inch of gold. （深圳）世界之窗 Window of the world. 血濃于水 Blood is thicker than water. 趁熱打鐵 Strike the iron while it is hot. 2. 意譯法（free translation） E.g.: Technical kn

47、ow-how Talk shop all the time A land of honey and milk A Napoleon of finance To get the upper hand To use both the stick and the carrot 軟硬兼施 Penny wise,pound foolish 小事聰明，大事糊涂 五湖四海 All corners of the country 自相矛盾 Be self-contradictory 拳頭產(chǎn)品 Competitive products/ quality products 十全大補(bǔ)酒 Far-reaching to

48、nic wine 吃不了兜著走 To be in serious trouble 3. 直譯與意譯的關(guān)系 互為補(bǔ)充、相輔相成： E.g.: Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt 直譯： 同這么多穿著體面、舉止文雅的人在一起，這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘感到自己 意譯：同這么多穿著體面而又有教養(yǎng)的人在一起，這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘感到。 男男女女都地說出他們的惦記和盼念。 直譯： With , all were talking together. They tried to tell Hsiao how they had

49、missed him. 方案一公布，大家就七嘴八舌地議論開了。 意譯： Publication of the draft plan touched off a lively discussion 注意：漢語(yǔ)中的實(shí)指與虛指，虛指不已直譯。 習(xí)語(yǔ)的翻譯：先試直譯，不相宜，再試意譯。 E.g.: 竭澤而漁 Draining the pond to get all the fish 削足適履 Cutting the feet to fit the shoes 君子動(dòng)手不動(dòng)手 A gentleman uses his tongue, not his fists. 吃一塹長(zhǎng)一智 A fall into t

50、he pit, a gain in your wit. 樹欲靜而風(fēng)不止 The tree may prefer calm, but the wind will not subside. 4. 直譯與意譯的條件 4.1 判斷是否易懂 4.2 判斷典故的“隱”與“顯” 顯性典故： Judas kiss, 猶大之吻/背叛之吻，口蜜腹劍 Achilles heel 阿喀琉斯的腳踵/ 致命的弱點(diǎn)，死穴 東施效顰 mere copycat/ blind imitation with ludicrous effection 守株待兔 wait for gains without pains 隱形典故： Bl

51、ow hot and cold 搖擺不定/反復(fù)無常 朝三暮四 chop and change 南柯一夢(mèng) an empty dream 4.3判斷比喻的“死”與“活” “死”的比喻：一般用意譯 To rain cats and dogs As cool as a cucumber 鎮(zhèn)定自若 粗枝大葉 to be crude and careless 大刀闊斧 bold and resolute/decisive “活”的比喻：一般用直譯 A dark horse 黑馬/爆冷門 老鼠過街，人人喊打 4.4 判斷成語(yǔ)中成分的“虛”與“實(shí)” 4.5判斷表達(dá)方式的“優(yōu)”與“劣”（亦稱”優(yōu)選法“） E.g

52、.: 十賒不如一現(xiàn) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Spend money like water. 揮金如土 Look for a needle in haystack 大海撈針 The crocodiles tears 貓哭耗子 To kill two birds with one stone 一箭雙雕 There is no smoke without fire. 無風(fēng)不起浪 To be beaten black and blue 被打得青一塊紫一塊 One in a thousand 百里挑一Ex. for unit3 追逐個(gè)人利

53、益 pursue ones own advantage物質(zhì)利益 material benefits達(dá)成共識(shí) develop a shared idea1. A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both. 父親是財(cái)富，兄弟是安慰，朋友兼而有之。 2. A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman. 遠(yuǎn)親不如近鄰。 3. Friendship is a plant of slow growth and must undergo and withsta

54、nd the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the appellation. George Washington, American President 友誼就像一棵生長(zhǎng)緩慢的植物， 只有經(jīng)受住了逆境的考驗(yàn)才配得上這個(gè)稱呼。 美國(guó)總統(tǒng) 喬治華盛頓 4. To find a friend one must close one eye; To keep him, two. Norman Douglas, British writer 交朋友得閉一只眼，留住朋友得閉兩只。 英國(guó)作家 諾曼道格拉斯 5. It is easier to for

55、give an enemy than to forgive a friend. William Blake, English poet 原諒敵人比原諒朋友來得容易。 英國(guó)詩(shī)人 威廉布萊克 6. The holy passion of friendship is so sweet and steady and loyal and enduring in nature that it will last through a whole lifetime, if not asked to lend money. Mark Twain, American writer 圣潔而熱情的友誼甜蜜，穩(wěn)固，忠誠(chéng)

56、而持久，它能長(zhǎng)存一生，只要?jiǎng)e借錢。 美國(guó)作家 馬克吐溫1.以共同興趣為基礎(chǔ)的友誼是不容易破裂的。The friendship grounded on common/shared interest does not break up easily. / It is not easy for the friendship grounded on common/shared interest to break up .2.孩子們必須學(xué)會(huì)將電腦游戲中的暴力與勇敢區(qū)分開來。Children must learn to distinguish between violence and bravery/ c

57、ourage in computer games.3.當(dāng)今世界每天涌現(xiàn)如此多新鮮事物，要求一個(gè)人什么都知曉是不合情理的。There spring up so many new things every day in the world that it is no longer sensible to expect a person to know/keep track of everything.4.諸如背棄朋友這類事并不受法律制約，所以才有了我們稱作“道德法庭”。Laws do not regulate such things as betrayal to friends; that is

58、why there is what we call/ is called “the court of morality”.5.有人把今天的文化描述為“快餐文化”。無論做什么事，人們只是追求用最短時(shí)間達(dá)到最大的滿足。Todays culture is described as “fast-food culture” . Whatever they may be /are doing, people just pursue the greatest/ maximum satisfaction within the shortest time.6.常言說，天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去掙

59、。As the saying goes, there is no such thing as a free lunch. If you want something, go and earn/ work. 大家普遍承認(rèn)人是社會(huì)性的動(dòng)物，生活在同一個(gè)社會(huì)的我們自然指望有朋友。至于什么是友誼，人們有各自不同的理解。有些人交朋友是為了彼此有用，一旦失去這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)，這種友誼也就中止了。但更多的人渴望“心靈之友”，即那種擁有高尚情操，能共度磨難的朋友。這樣的友誼使我們遠(yuǎn)離貪欲、暴力，鼓勵(lì)我們敢于按照自己的信念說話和做事。這樣的友誼才是我們說的“真摯和完美的友誼”。 As is commonly acknow