微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)常用詞匯

1、微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)常用詞匯Aaccounting 會計(jì)accounting cost 會計(jì)成本accounting profit 會計(jì)利潤adverse selection 逆向選擇allocation 配置allocation of resources 資源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法Assumption 假設(shè)asymetric information 非對稱性信息average cost 平均成本average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 資本平均產(chǎn)量ave

2、rage product of labor 勞動平均產(chǎn)量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均總成本average variable cost 平均可變成本Bbarriers to entry 進(jìn)入壁壘base year 基年bilateral monopoly 雙邊壟斷benefit 收益boundary point 邊界點(diǎn)break even point 收支相抵點(diǎn)budget 預(yù)算budget constraint 預(yù)算約束budget line 預(yù)算線budget set 預(yù)算集Ccapital 資本capital stock 資本存量cap

3、ital output ratio 資本產(chǎn)出比率capitalism 資本主義cardinal utility theory 基數(shù)效用論cartel 卡特爾ceteris puribus assumption 其他條件不變 “ ”的假設(shè)ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不變的需求曲線change in demand 需求變化change in quantity demanded 需求量變化change in quantity supplied 供給量變化change in supply 供給變化choice 選擇closed set 閉集Coase theore

4、m 科斯定理Cobb Douglas production function 柯布-道格拉斯生產(chǎn)函數(shù)collective bargaining 集體協(xié)議工資collusion 合謀command economy 指令經(jīng)濟(jì)commodity 商品commodity combination 商品組合commodity market 商品市場commodity space 商品空間common property 公用財(cái)產(chǎn)comparative static analysis 比較靜態(tài)分析compensated budget line 補(bǔ)償預(yù)算線compensated demand function

5、補(bǔ)償需求函數(shù)compensation principles 補(bǔ)償原則compensating variation in income 收入補(bǔ)償變量competition 競爭competitive market 競爭性市場complement goods 互補(bǔ)品complete information 完全信息completeness 完備性condition for efficiency in exchange 交換的最優(yōu)條件condition for efficiency in production 生產(chǎn)的最優(yōu)條件concave function 凹函數(shù)consistence 一致性con

6、stant cost industry 成本不變產(chǎn)業(yè)constant returns to scale 規(guī)模報酬不變constraints 約束consumer 消費(fèi)者consumer behavior 消費(fèi)者行為consumer choice 消費(fèi)者選擇consumer equilibrium 消費(fèi)者均衡consumer optimization 消費(fèi)者優(yōu)化consumer preference 消費(fèi)者偏好consumer surplus 消費(fèi)者剩余consumer theory 消費(fèi)者理論consumption 消費(fèi)consumption bundle 消費(fèi)束consumption com

7、bination 消費(fèi)組合consumption possibility curve 消費(fèi)可能曲線consumption possibility frontier 消費(fèi)可能性前沿consumption set 消費(fèi)集continuity 連續(xù)性continuous function 連續(xù)函數(shù)convex function 凸函數(shù)convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分析cost function 成本函數(shù)cost minimization 成本極小化Cross price

8、 elasticity 交叉價格彈性Ddecreasing cost industry 成本遞減產(chǎn)業(yè)decreasing returns to scale 規(guī)模報酬遞減deduction 演繹法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲線demand elasticity 需求彈性demand function 需求函數(shù)demand price 需求價格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折舊derivative 導(dǎo)數(shù)derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程dim

9、inishing marginal substitution 邊際替代率遞減diminishing marginal return 收益遞減diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減 direct taxes 直接稅discounting 貼稅、折扣diseconomies of scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labor 勞動分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 邊際生產(chǎn)率分配論duality 對偶durable goods 耐用

10、品dynamic analysis 動態(tài)分析dynamic models 動態(tài)模型EEconomic agents 經(jīng)濟(jì)行為者economic cost 經(jīng)濟(jì)成本economic efficiency 經(jīng)濟(jì)效率economic goods 經(jīng)濟(jì)物品economic man 經(jīng)濟(jì)人economic mode 經(jīng)濟(jì)模型economic profit 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤economic region of production 生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)域economic regulation 經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)節(jié)economic rent 經(jīng)濟(jì)租金exchange 交換economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)exchange efficiency

11、 交換效率economy 經(jīng)濟(jì)exchange contract curve 交換契約曲線economy of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)exclusion 排斥性、排他性efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率參數(shù)elasticity 彈性elasticity of substitution 替代彈性endogenous variable 內(nèi)生變量endowment 稟賦endowment of resources 資源稟賦Engel curve 恩格爾曲線entrepreneur 企業(yè)家entrepreneurship 企業(yè)家才能entry barriers

12、 進(jìn)入壁壘entry/exit decision 進(jìn)出決策equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡條件equilibrium price 均衡價格equilibrium quantity 均衡產(chǎn)量equity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等價變量excess capacity theorem 過度生產(chǎn)能力定理excess supply過度供給exchange 交換exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原則exogenous variables 外生變量expectation

13、期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 顯性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部經(jīng)濟(jì)external diseconomy 外部不經(jīng)濟(jì)externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市場factors of production 生產(chǎn)要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供給final goods

14、 最終產(chǎn)品firm 企業(yè)firms d emand curve for labor 企業(yè)勞動需求曲線firm supply curve 企業(yè)供給曲線first order condition 一階條件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)flow 流量fluctuation 波動for whom to produce 為誰生產(chǎn)free entry 自由進(jìn)入free mobility of resources 資源自由流動free rider 搭便車，免費(fèi)搭車function

15、函數(shù)future value 未來值G game theory 對策論、博弈論 general equilibrium 總體均衡Gini coefficient 基尼系數(shù)goods 貨物government failure 政府失敗government regulation 政府調(diào)控Hhomogeneous product 同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品household 家庭how to produce 如何生產(chǎn)human capital 人力資本hypothesis 假說Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competition 不完全競爭implicit cost 隱性成本income 收入inco

16、me constraint 收入約束income consumption curve 收入消費(fèi)曲線income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效應(yīng)income elasticity of demand 需求收入彈性 increasing cost industry 成本遞增產(chǎn)業(yè)increasing returns to scale 規(guī)模報酬遞增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指數(shù)indifference 無差異indifference curve 無差異曲線individual demand curve 個人需求曲線individ

17、ual demand function 個人需求函數(shù)induced variable 引致變量induction 歸納法industry 產(chǎn)業(yè)industry equilibrium 產(chǎn)業(yè)均衡industry supply curve 產(chǎn)業(yè)供給曲線inelastic 缺乏彈性的inferior goods 劣品information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始條件initial endowment 初始稟賦innovation 創(chuàng)新input 投入input output 投入 產(chǎn)出institution 制度institutiona

18、l economics 制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)insurance 保險interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中間產(chǎn)品internatization of externalities 外部性內(nèi)部化investment 投資invisible hand 看不見的手isocost line 等成本線isoprofit curve 等利潤曲線isoquant curve 等產(chǎn)量曲線Kkinded demand curve 彎折的需求曲線labor 勞動labor demand 勞動需求labor supply 勞動供給labor theory of valu

19、e 勞動價值論labor unions 工會laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函數(shù)Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘數(shù)land 土地law 法則law of demand and supply 供求法則law of diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減法則law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 邊際替代率遞減法則law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 邊際技術(shù)

20、替代率law of increasing cost 成本遞增法則least cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入組合leisure 閑暇licenses 許可證linear demand function 線性需求函數(shù)long run 長期long run average cost 長期平均成本long run equilibrium 長期均衡long run marginal cost 長期邊際成本long run total cost 長期總成本Lorenz curve 洛倫茲曲線loss minimization 損失極小化luxury 奢侈品macroe

21、conomics 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)marginal 邊際的marginal benefit 邊際收益marginal cost 邊際成本marginal cost pricing 邊際成本定價marginal cost of factor 邊際要素成本marginal period 市場期marginal physical productivity 實(shí)際實(shí)物生產(chǎn)率marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量marginal product of capital 資本的邊際產(chǎn)量marginal product of 1abour 勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量marginal productivity 邊際生產(chǎn)率mar

22、ginal rate of substitution 邊際替代率marginal rate of transformation 邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率marginal returns 邊際回報marginal revenue 邊際收益marginal revenue product 邊際收益產(chǎn)品marginal revolution 邊際革命marginal social benefit 社會邊際收益marginal social cost 社會邊際成本marginal utility 邊際效用marginal value products 邊際價值產(chǎn)品market 市場market clearance

23、市場出清market demand 市場需求market economy 市場經(jīng)濟(jì)market equilibrium 市場均衡market failure 市場失敗market mechanism 市場機(jī)制market structure 市場結(jié)構(gòu)market separation 市場分割market regulation 市場調(diào)節(jié)market share 市場份額Marshallian demand function 馬歇爾需求函數(shù)maximization 極大化 microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)minimum wage 最低工資misallocation of resource

24、s 資源誤置mixed economy 混合經(jīng)濟(jì)model 模型money 貨幣monopolistic competition 壟斷競爭monopolistic exploitation 壟斷剝削monopoly 壟斷，賣方壟斷monopoly equilibrium 壟斷均衡monopoly pricing 壟斷定價monopoly regulation 壟斷調(diào)控monopoly rents 壟斷租金monopsony 買方壟斷NNash equilibrium 納什均衡Natural monopoly 自然壟斷Natural resources 自然資源Necessary conditi

25、on 必要條件necessities 必需品net demand 凈需求 non-zero sum game 非零和對策 normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利潤normative economics 規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Oobjective function 目標(biāo)函數(shù)oligopoly 寡頭壟斷oligopoly market 寡頭市場oligopoly model 寡頭模型opportunity cost 機(jī)會成本optimal choice 最優(yōu)選擇optimal consumption bundle 最優(yōu)消費(fèi)束perfect elasticity 完全有彈性optim

26、al resource allocation 最佳資源配置optimal scale 最佳規(guī)模optimal solution 最優(yōu)解optimization 優(yōu)化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社會 )偏好排序ordinary goods 一般品output 產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)出output elasticity 產(chǎn)出彈性Pparameter 參數(shù)Pareto criterion 帕累托標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改進(jìn)Pareto optimality 帕累托優(yōu)化partial

27、derivative 偏導(dǎo)數(shù)partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 專利perfect competition 完全競爭perfect complement 完全互補(bǔ)品perfect monopoly 完全壟斷perfect price discrimination 完全價格歧視perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全無彈性perfectly elastic 完全有彈性perfectly inelastic 完全無彈性plant size 工廠規(guī)模point elasticity 點(diǎn)彈性positive econo

28、mics 實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)post Hoc Fallacy后止匕謬誤prediction 預(yù)測preference 偏好preference relation 偏好關(guān)系present value 現(xiàn)值price 價格price adjustment model 價格調(diào)整模型price ceiling 最高限價price consumption curve 價格消費(fèi)曲線price control 價格管制price difference 價格差別price discrimination 價格歧視price elasticity of demand 需求價格彈性price elasticity of s

29、upply 供給價格彈性price floor 最低限價price maker 價格制定者price rigidity 價格剛性price seeker 價格搜求者price taker 價格接受者price tax 從價稅private benefit 私人收益principal agent issues 委托-代理問題private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人財(cái)產(chǎn)producer equilibrium 生產(chǎn)者均衡producer theory 生產(chǎn)者理論product 產(chǎn)品product transformation cu

30、rve 產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換曲線product differentiation 產(chǎn)品差異production 生產(chǎn)production efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率production function 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)production possibility curve 生產(chǎn)可能性曲線productivity 生產(chǎn)率productivity of capital 資本生產(chǎn)率productivity of labor 勞動生產(chǎn)率profit 利潤profit function 利潤函數(shù)profit maximization 利潤極大化property rights 產(chǎn)權(quán)property rights eco

31、nomics 產(chǎn)權(quán)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲線public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共選擇public goods 公共商品pure competition 純粹競爭rivalry 對抗性、競爭pure exchange 純交換pure monopoly 純粹壟斷Qquantity tax 從量稅quasi rent 準(zhǔn)租金Rrate of product transformation 產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換率rationality 理性regulation 調(diào)節(jié)，調(diào)控relative price 相對

32、價格rent 租金rent control 規(guī)?？刂苧ent seeking 尋租rent seeking economics 尋租經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)resource 資源resource allocation 資源配置returns 報酬、回報returns to scale 規(guī)模報酬revealed preference 顯示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲線revenue function 收益函數(shù)revenue maximization 收益極大化risk 風(fēng)險Ssatiation 飽和，滿足saving 儲蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺

33、法則second derivative 一階導(dǎo)數(shù)second order condition 二階條件service 勞務(wù)set 集shadow prices 影子價格short run 短期short run cost curve 短期成本曲線short run equilibrium 短期均衡short run supply curve 短期供給曲線 shortage 短缺single price monopoly 單一定價壟斷slope 斜率social benefit 社會收益social cost 社會成本social security 社會保障social welfare function 社會福利函數(shù)socialism 社會主義solution 解space 空間stability 穩(wěn)定性stable equilibrium