托福閱讀詞匯題和指代題解題思路及步驟 學生版

1、托福閱讀的基本特征（一）托?？荚囬喿x部分的結(jié)構(gòu)：1. 篇章數(shù)：3+1；2. 700字左右 / 篇;3. 時間：60分鐘+20分鐘（二）托福閱讀文章分類：1. 解釋說明型文章 2. 立論型文章 3. 歷史題材型文章（三）題目特點：1. 題目數(shù)量：12-14 / 篇，總結(jié)題和填表為最后一題（兩題只占一）2. 十種題型： 詞匯題 事實信息題 否定事實信息題 推斷題 句子簡化題 修辭目的題 指代題 插入題 總結(jié)題 填表題（四）托福算分方法：根據(jù)Raw Score排Rank（percentile）（五）考試時間劃分：純考試時間：200250閱讀60 (80)+聽力60(90)+休息10+口語20+寫作5

2、0（六）加試： 不直接算分，衡量考生水平，平衡考試難度和分數(shù)分布 經(jīng)典加試居多 （七）托福閱讀的文章出處以及選材范圍閱讀文章原型大都選自美國大學本科生使用的教材。文章的選材范圍有自然科學：天文學、地質(zhì)學、生物學、氣象學等；人文科學：藝術(shù)美學、考古學、語言學、文學等；社會科學：政治學、經(jīng)濟學、教育學、人類學等交叉學科。（八）托福閱讀的文章類型及篇章段落結(jié)構(gòu)文章類型：三類：說明文、議論文、史實文。三者合一統(tǒng)稱為：學術(shù)性文章，具備說理性，即行文邏輯大都遵循著相對固定的結(jié)構(gòu)模式。托福文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)有規(guī)律可尋，段落組成有原則可守。1. 學術(shù)性文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：在學術(shù)性文章中，三個組成部分：Topic話題 +

3、 Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度Topic話題 + Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來就是標準學術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)。2. 學術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)學術(shù)性文章的自然段落，一般需要具備兩個組成部分：Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細節(jié)，這兩個要素加起來就是標準學術(shù)論文體的"TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)"。了解了這種TAA篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)的行文規(guī)律后，對文章框架的把握就會做到心里有數(shù)，更有利于提高閱讀速度和定位有效信息的準確度。托福詞匯類問題(Vocabulary Q

4、uestions)一、 詞匯類題目的問題的提問形式新托福詞匯類題目的出題形式通常為：The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to用來考察考生某單詞在文章上下文中意思的問題類型最為常見。二、 答題步驟第一步：在文章中定位到陰影標識的單詞或短語。認識單詞直接選。第二步：如為生詞讀原文，仔細閱讀該詞或短語所在句子。第三步：根據(jù)上下文含義推測含義。第四步：少量單詞可由詞根驗證答案。選擇答案時，不要僅僅因為某個選項符合該單詞的某一個正確意思就將其作為正確選項，題目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了哪一個詞義。三、 解題線索1. 論點對論據(jù)TS+DCo

5、mmensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle.The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning toA. indefensiblyB. substantial

6、lyC. unintentionallyD. partially2. 前后搭配Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration, in an attempt to supplement meager family income.The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning toA. very necessaryB. very lowC. traditionalD. primary3. 并列信息Abs

7、enteeism and lateness hurt productivity and since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning toA. p

8、rolongedB. establishedC. followedD. upset4. 因果邏輯In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.The word meticulously in the passage is closest in meaning toA. care

9、fullyB. quicklyC. frequentlyD. obviously5. 反向邏輯The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres consisting of varying amounts of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres at best.The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning toA. rich

10、B. thinC. uniqueD. complex6. 詞根詞綴The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahls “American Indians in the Pacific” theories.The word undisputed in the passage is closest in meaning toA. mysteriousB.

11、 unexpectedC. acknowledgedD. significant托福閱讀指代題 一、問題形式 被考的文章中有一個詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下： The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to 二、解題步驟 1 根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案 2 代入原文驗證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順 三、基本原則 1 就近指代 所謂就近指代，就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠處，如本句或上一句中。有時也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如， Large wind farms might also interfere with the

12、 flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champ

13、ion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem. The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of mig

14、rating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy 2 數(shù)格一致 被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)（如單數(shù)或復數(shù)）和格（主格或賓格）兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞，復數(shù)代詞they指代復數(shù)名詞。 四、主要思路 1 主從復合句中的指代 在主

15、從復合句中，第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如， The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. The word they in the passage refers to 1）qu

16、alities 2）fins 3）grooves 4）depressions 如果主從復合句中一個句子（可以是主句，也可以是從句）使用被動語態(tài)，包含被動語態(tài)的句子中的主語常指代另一句中的賓語。例如， Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. The word none in the passage re

17、fers to food plant or animal energy big body 2并列動詞中的指代 如果一個句中有兩個并列的動詞，第二個動詞的代詞賓語經(jīng)常指代前一個動詞后的名詞賓語。例如， Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions. The word “that” in line 27 refers to (A) contemporary a

18、rt (B) opportunity (C) audience (D) distinction 3 平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的指代 平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括some/most/many/such/each, others; not onlybut also; the formerthe latter等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，平行結(jié)構(gòu)兩個部分的兩個代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對象：前一句中的名詞主語。例如， In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that

19、contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The word others in the passage refers to chambers paintings beasts parades 4 所有格的指代 所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與

20、其最接近的名詞。例如， Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner. The word “their” in line 1 refers to (A) folk (B) nations (C) countries (D) objects 5 指代的接力棒

21、現(xiàn)象 這一現(xiàn)象是指被考的代詞對應(yīng)前面一個相同的代詞，而前面的代詞指代更前一句中的名詞。例如， While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. The word “they” in line 8 refers to (A) North Am

22、ericans (B) news shows (C) interviews (D) opinions 除了上述情況之外，其他指代，如定語從句中(of which, in which, from which)的關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞，from there結(jié)構(gòu)中的there指代前面最接近的地點名詞等。 例題1： Passage： “These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have lar

23、ge openings in their sides， they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied-art objects， they follow basic patterns， so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits” The word they in