托福閱讀真題詞句大匯總

1、Hunting and the Setting of Inner EurasiaWords & Phrases1.Inner Eurasia：內(nèi)部的歐亞大陸Eurasia=Europe+Asiarefer to：指的是syst emat ic colonizat ion of parts of Inner Eurasia：內(nèi)部歐亞大陸部分地2.3.區(qū)的系統(tǒng)性的人類colonizat ion：指The long, cold, arid定居定居=sett lementwinters of this regions steppes (grass covered plains)4.posed two

2、distinctive problems for human settlers. Arid：adj. 干旱的Semiarid： adj. 半干旱的Posed two distinctive problems:兩個不同的難題Pose：v. 提出，造成(威脅、問題)=present Distinctive：adj. 與眾不同的，獨(dú)特的Presumably their ability to scavenge animal carcasses meant that they coulduse skins or furs for warmth. Presumably：adv. 據(jù)推測地Presume=a

3、ssume： v. 推測Scavenge：撿破爛;拾荒;(從廢棄物中)覓食，尋找 If people or animals scavenge for things, they collect them by searching among waste or unwanted objects.Carcass: n. 動物的尸體殘骸 A carcass is the body of a dead animal5.6.However, there are no signs of hearths before about 200,000 years ago. Hearth：n. 灶臺，火爐This s

4、uggests that humans used fire opportunistically and had not yetdomesticated it enough to survive the harsh winters of Ice Age Inner Eurasia. Domesticate：v. 馴養(yǎng)，馴服Dome：n. 圓屋頂區(qū)別：dominate：v. 統(tǒng)治，主導(dǎo)Harsh winters：嚴(yán)酷的冬天trickier problem：棘手的問題，難以解決的問題Humans could not exploit the abundant grasses of the steppe

5、s, and most of the edible plants died off in winter.Exploit：v. 開發(fā)利用=utilize=make use of Steppe: 干草原The edible plants: 可食的植物0.Animals, unlike plants, can evade predators and may evenEvade predat ors：躲避捕獵者back.衍生：inevit able：adj. 不可躲避的，不可避免的=unavoidablehunting gear: 打獵裝備4.15.16.the c

6、hoice of companions：伙伴的選擇the maintenance of communications with neighbors：與鄰居交流fatal： adj. 致命的=deadlyclarify group identity：表明群體的維持Internally, groups may split for long periods as hunting parties travelling over great distances.Internally：adv. 從內(nèi)在來看Split：v.All in all, each group has to exist and sur

7、vive in several distinct configurations. Configuration：n.安排;格局;布局 A configuration is an arrangement of a group of things17.Syntax1.According to the formulation of archaeologist Lewis Binford, in a typical hunter/collect or food-gat hering st rategy parties of hunters leave camps with very specific g

8、oals in mind, based on int imate knowledge of their int ended prey.Formulat ion ： n.(、計(jì)劃等的 ) 制定 ， 構(gòu) 想 The formulat ion ofsomet hing such as a policy or plan is the process of creat ing or inventing it .Intimate: adj. 深刻的 ; 詳盡 的 ; 精通 的 An int imat e knowledge ofsomet hing is a deep anded knowledge of

9、 it2.They may by away for days or weeks at a t ime and will often store their kill at specific st orage sit es, from which they will bring food back to a base camp when needed.3.As a result , they move their base camps less often than in forager societ ies, but they range more widely, their movement

10、 s are more carefully planned, and so are their methods of storage.Base camp: 基地，相對于 summer camp 等季節(jié)性營地Forager：n. 搜尋草料覓食者Range：v. 搜索，延伸4.They need reliable information about the movement s and habits of animal prey over large areas, which can be secured only by maint aining regular contact s with ne

11、ighboring groups.5.Finally, they need reliable methods of st orage because, where plant foods cannot provide a diet ary safet y net , planning has to beanded to ensure that there is enough to tide themover in periods of short age.2precisePrecise：adj. 精準(zhǔn)的=exact Tide over: 渡過難關(guān)t ide: n. 海浪；v. 順應(yīng)潮水航行6.

12、The regular exchange of information and somet imes of material goods is critical not only within groups, but also bet ween groups scatt ered over large dist ances.Crit ical：adj. 重要的7.For these reasons, archaeologist Clive Gamble has argued that the difficult ies of settling the Eurasian heartland ar

13、ose less from the technological than from the social and organizat ional features ofhuman communities before 120,000 years ago. Heartland：n. 心臟地帶，中心區(qū)域Human commu=human societ y 人類8.Nor is there any physical evidence for st orage, raw materials all come from within a radius of 50 kilomet ersand usual

14、ly less than 5 kilomet ersof the sit es where they were used.physical evidence：有形的證據(jù)=concret e evidence raw materials：原材料Abstract Concrete1.The long, cold, arid wint ers of this regions st eppes (grass covered plains) poised two dist inctive problems for human sett lers.2.Syst emat ic and reliable h

15、unt ing met hods meant more than thedevelopment of new t echnologies, they also demanded new social structures.3.Hunt ing strategies also imply greater social complexity.Written Record sWords & Phrases1.appropriate texts: 恰當(dāng)?shù)奈谋綼ppropriate ： adj.Something thatis appropriate is suit able oracceptable

16、for a part icular sit uation.2.Many of the early excavations of the great sit es of the Near Easthad theof clay writ ing tablets as the main goal.Excavation: n. 挖掘=unearthing3recoveryRecovery：n. 收回；取回； 失而復(fù)得 Y ou talk about the recovery of something when you get it back after it has been lost or stol

17、en clay writ ing tablets: 粘土寫字板3.it is mainly official decrees inscribed on marble that have survivedofficial decrees inscribed on marble: 刻在大理的官令decree：n. A decree is an official order or decision, especially one by the ruler of a countryinscribe: v. 刻; 雕 If you inscribe words on an object , you wr

18、ite or carve the words on the objectmarble: n. 大理石4.We can now also begin to deduce the likely territories belonging to individual Maya cent ers.Deduce：v. 推斷Territory：n.But one should not accept them uncrit ically at face value.Uncrit ically：adv. 不加批評地，不加鑒別地區(qū)別于：5.crit ical：最常見的意思是“重要的”，也有“ crucial：只

19、有“重要的”意思at face value: 按照表面意思;(對)信以為真 If you take something at face value, you accept it and believe it without thinking about it very much, even though it might be untruehist orians tend to think of a king as the leader of a state society tend to: 傾向于think ofas: 把看作為= see as = viewas= regardas的”意思6

20、.state society:，區(qū)別于以往未形成的7.a full st ate societ y did not emerge emerge：v. 出現(xiàn)emergence：n. 出現(xiàn)emergency：n. 緊急的出現(xiàn)，反義詞：immerse：v. 浸沒，陷入Syntax：1.Major finds of this kind are st ill beingfor example, at theent city of Ebla (Tell Mardikh) in Syria, where an archive of 5,000clay tablet s written in an early

21、 dialect of Akkadian (Babylonian) was discovered in the 1970s.Archive: n. collect ion of; 史料;館 The archive or archives are a records thatcontain hist oricaldocuments andinformat ion. You can also use archives to refer to the place where4archives are stored Dialect：n. 方言Babylonian：n. 巴比倫人（了解即可）2.For

22、instance, the clay tablet s of Mycenaean Greece, dating from around 1200 B.C., were all, without exception, primarily records ofcommercial tranions (goods coin or going out) at theMycenaean palaces.(語割裂，逗號前后要連起來讀)Tranion：n. (一筆);業(yè)務(wù) A tranion is a piece of business,for example an act of buying or sel

23、ling somet hing8.This discovery gives us an impression of manyof theMycenaean economy and a glimpse into craftorganization(through the names for the different kinds of craft speople, as well as int roducing the names of the offices of st ate).（并列對象的確定）Aspect：n. 方面spect ：詞根，看的意思，a + spect=八面玲瓏中的一面，方面

24、prospect：向前看，所以是“n.前景，前途，預(yù)期”的意思inspect ：看，所以是“v.檢查”的意思retrospect ：看，所以是“n./v. 回顧回想”的意思a glimpse into：一瞥，看一眼glimpse：n./v. 一瞥，一看craft organization: 工藝組織craft ：n.手藝;工藝 A craft is an activity such as weaving, carving, or pott ery that involves making things skilfully wit h your handscraftman=artisan 手工藝

25、人，工匠9.It could be that the Mycenaeans wrote on clay only for their commercial records and used other perishable materials for lit erary or hist orical texts now lost to us.（記住介詞的基本意思，to = toward 表朝向）Lost to us：朝向我們來說是失去的，即我們無法得到指前面的 hist orical texts 現(xiàn)在 lost to usPerishable：adj. 易腐爛的； 易的； 易的10. Frag

26、ile rolls of papyrusthe lit erary texts on them, haveof modern paperwithusually remained intact only whenretained in the dry air of Egypt, or when buried beneath the volcanic ash covering Pompeii（記住介詞的基本意思，with 表伴隨） Fragile rolls of papyrus：脆弱的莎草紙卷軸Predecessor：n. 前身5predecessoraspect sremained intac

27、t ：仍然完好無損intact ： adj. 完整無缺的，未受破壞的 Something that is intact is complete and has not been damaged or changed 考過詞匯題=wholeret ained in the dry air：被保留在干燥空氣中ret ain：v. 保留buried beneat h the volcanic ash：被埋在火山灰下11. Coins also provide a valuable source of writt en records: they can reveal information abou

28、t the location where they are found, which can provide evidence about trade practices there, and theirinscript ions can be informat ive about the issuing authority, whet herthey were city-states (as inent Greece) or(as inImperial Rome or in the kingdoms of medieval Europe).（1）逗號之后的 which，修飾指代對象的確定，此

29、時的 which 可以指代前面整句話（2）and 并列對象/級別的確定trade pract ices：貿(mào)易行為inscript ions：n. 碑文，題刻informat ive：adj. 提供issuing authority：的cit y-stat es：城邦sole rulers：單一統(tǒng)medieval Europe：中世紀(jì)的歐洲（多個城市）12. It had been widely assumed that the inscript ions were exclusively of a calendrical nature or that they dealt with purel

30、y religious matters,notably the deeds of the gods.Be+prep.謂語， Be of: 意為“屬于”O(jiān)r that 并列對象的確定：與前面的 that 并列widely assumed：被廣泛推測認(rèn)為exclusively of a calendrical nature：只屬于一種歷法的屬性/性質(zhì)deal wit h：處理，涉及deal 的過去式是 dealtnot ably：adv. 尤其地，顯著地deeds of the gods：神的行為13. Therefore, when the earliest records for Anglo-

31、Saxon England, found in t he Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which took final shape in about A.D. 1155, refer to kings around A.D. 500, it is easy for the hist orian to think of kings and st ates at that period.以逗號隔開引入的語Which 修飾對象的確定看到謂語想主語，主語在很遙遠(yuǎn)的前方Took final shape: 最終成型6sole rulersRefer to：提及，指的是Abstract C

32、oncreteParagraph 2 In each early literate society, writ ing had its own function and purpose.1.段首句中的抽象概念往后找具體對應(yīng)Lit erate society：識字，有讀寫能力的2.But here, as in other cases, accidents of preservat ion may be important.3.Maya history has thus taken on a new dimension.段尾總結(jié)句中的抽象概念往前找對應(yīng)Take on a new dimensio

33、n: 呈現(xiàn)出一個新的維度Take on：呈現(xiàn)Dimension：n. 維度，角度，方面 A part icular dimension of somet hing is a part icular aspect of it3D= 3 dimension 三維3-dimension film ：3D4.Nor should one forget the bias introduced by the accidents of preservation and the part icular uses of literacy in a society.理解標(biāo)黃單詞抽象意義的具體指代Bias：n. 偏

34、見，誤解Lit eracy：n. 文字5.The great risk with hist orical records is that they can impose theirown perspective so that they begin not only to supply the answers to our questions but subt ly to det ermine the nature of those questions and even our concepts and terminology.理解標(biāo)黃單詞抽象意義的具體指代Impose their own p

35、erspect ive：施加他們Perspect ive：n. 看問題的角度，觀點(diǎn)So that：conj. 結(jié)果Subt ly：adv. 微妙地The nature of those quest ions: 問題得性質(zhì)Concept ：n. 概念，理解=understanding，idea Terminology：n. 專門術(shù)語，概念來自t erm 概念的意思的觀點(diǎn)7Temperature Regulation in Marine OrganismsWords & Phrases1.Most birds have a body temperature of about 40, whereas

36、 the t emperature of most marine mammals is about 38.Whereas：conj. 表比較=while2.All subt idal marine invert ebrat es and mostfishes fitinto this category.Subtidal marine invert ebrat es：下潮區(qū)的海洋無脊椎動物衍生：int ert idal：adj. 潮間區(qū)的，即處在漲潮海水覆蓋和落潮之間的區(qū)域； 而 subt idal 永遠(yuǎn)處在潮下面的區(qū)域，來自詞根 sub，下面的意思，如 subwayVert ebrat e：脊

37、椎動物Fit into: 適合3.Their rise in t emperature above ambient conditions stems frommetabolicheatgeneratedbymuscularactivity(swim)combined with a heat retention mechanism. Ambient condit ion：周邊的狀況Stem from：來自=arise from=come from Metabolic heat ：新陳代謝的熱量Metabolism：n. 新陳代謝Combine wit h：與結(jié)合A heat ret ention

38、 mechanism: 一個熱量保留機(jī)制Ret ention：n. 保留 The ret ention of something is the kee Retain：v. 保留反義詞：drain：v. 流失Brain drain：流失，智囊流失Mechanism：n. 原理，機(jī)制；sustained act ivit y：持續(xù)進(jìn)行的活動sust ained=cont inuedof it4.5.using both evaporat ion and circulat ion of body fluids to avoid being heat ed at low t ide by the Su

39、nevaporat ion and circulat ion of body fluids：體液的蒸發(fā)和循環(huán)evaporat ion：n. 蒸發(fā) va. 水蒸氣區(qū)別：transpirat ion：n. (植物的)蒸騰作用Body fluids：體液6.absorb and lose heat direct ly to the air：直接朝向空氣吸熱和失熱absorb：v. 吸收to=t oward，表朝向variation in color can reflect differences in adaptation to the7.8capture of solar energy at di

40、fferent lat itudes variation in color：色彩差異reflect ：v. 反映；反射adaptation to：朝向的適應(yīng)性capture of solar energy：太陽能量的捕獲lat itudes：n. 緯度區(qū)別：longit ude：經(jīng)度alt itude：海拔高度direct conduct of heat from the skin to the contacting colder water direct conduct of heat：熱的直接傳導(dǎo)conduct ：n. 傳導(dǎo)；行為舉止contact ing colder water：接觸的

41、冷水8.9.circulat ory syst em：循環(huán)系統(tǒng)10. heat loss from the body surface also occurs as warm interior blood is transferred and moves into contact with the periphery of the body warm interior blood：溫暖的內(nèi)部血液int erior：adj. 內(nèi)部的ext erior：adj. 外部的transferred：v.轉(zhuǎn)移，轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)區(qū)別：transform：v. 變形，轉(zhuǎn)變；transport ：v. contact ：n.

42、 接觸periphery: 邊緣；周圍；If something is on the periphery of anarea, place, or thing, it is on the edge of it11. Their bodies also radiate heat, usually in the infrared part of the spectrum.radiate heat : 輻射熱量infrared：n. 遠(yuǎn)紅外線spect rum：n. 譜線，光譜12. as animals exhale, the result ing evaporat ion of water in

43、volves a considerable loss of heatexhale：v. 出氣，呼出氣反義：inhale：v. 吸氣Considerable：adj. 極大量的=substal=significant=a large numberof13. A series of interlocking contour feathersens a thick layer ofdown feathers that traps stationary air, which in turn insulat ing erlocking contour feathers：相互交聯(lián)的輪廓線

44、羽毛acts as ancont our: n. 輪廓;外形 You can refer to teral shape or outlineof an objeit scont oursen: v. 包圍; 圍住; 封閉 If a place or object is end by9somet hing, the place or object is inside that thing or complet ely surrounded by itdown feathers: 絨毛， down jacket：羽絨服st ationary：adj. 靜止不動的=mot ionless=st il

45、l in turn：反過來act s as：起作用，扮演 insulat ing layer: 隔熱層14. subcutaneous fat：皮下脂肪subcutaneous：adj. 皮下的（了解即可）15. const ant ly preen and fluff up a relatively thick layer of furpreen：v. 用嘴整理羽毛 When birds preen their feathers, they clean them and arrange them neatly using their beaksfluff up：打松，使變得松軟fluff：n

46、. 絨毛，軟毛；v. 使變松relat ively：adv. 相對地，相比較而言地=comparat ively16. terrestrial (land) animals：動物t errest rial：adj.的-反義 aquatic：水生的t errest rial：adj. 地球的反義 extraterrestrial：地外的， eg. extraterrestrial life: 地外生命17. the limbs are the principal sources of heat loss limb：n. 四肢18. warm arterial blood must be arte

47、rial blood：動脈血arterial：adj. 動脈的d to limbsart ery：n. 動脈，也可引申為交通/貿(mào)易大動脈 eg. trade art ery vein：n. 靜脈19. Heat loss in porpoises is minimized by a count ercurrent heat exchangerPorpoise: n. 小海豚（了解即可）Minimize：v. 最小化反義Minimum：n. 最小值；ize：v. 最大化um：n. 最大值count ercurrent heat exchanger：對流熱交換器countercurrent：n.

48、逆流，對流count er：v. 對抗= resist （考過詞匯題）count erargument ：n. count erexample：n.對立觀點(diǎn)例子20. Thisof circulatory vessels minimizes heat loss tothe flipper and thence to the water. spat ial relat ionship：空間spat ial 來自 spacecirculat ory vessels：循環(huán)vessel：n. 有很多意思，此處是的意思，還有“器皿，船只”的意思， 都是承載物10spat ial relat ionshi

49、pflipper：n. 腳蹼thence=then 然后21. anatomicals：解剖細(xì)節(jié)anatomical: adj. 解剖的anat omy：n. 解剖，本質(zhì)上指的是內(nèi)部的身體構(gòu)造，要理解到這個層面上來，例如下句：fishes have a circulatory anatomy based on the same overall design overall：adj. 整體的=general22. Arteries and veins in the near-surface musculature are in contact,and in arteries and veins,

50、 respectively, blood flows in opposite direct ionsMusculature：n. 肌肉組織（了解即可），來自 muscle 肌肉，這個必須知道in contact ：處在接觸中respect ively：adv. 分別地，各自地=separat ely（考過詞匯題） opposit e direct ions：相反的方向opposit e：adj. 相反的oppose：v.opponent ：n. supporter，這些者反義詞， 支持者：proponent ，advocat e， 記下來，很常見Syntax：1.Homeotherms are

51、 organisms that regulat e body t emperature to a constant level, usually above that of the ambient (surrounding) environment .中重復(fù)概念用 that 替代，讀者須知 that 的替代對象，本句中比較that=temperatureHomeotherms：n. 恒溫動物（了解即可）therm：詞根，熱的意思，eg. geot hermal：地?zé)岬腸onstant：adj.不變的= st eady2.Poikilotherms are organisms whose bod

52、y t emperat ure conforms to that of the ambient environment.比較中重復(fù)概念被 that 替代Poikilot herms：n. 變溫動物（了解即可）Conform to：符合，遵從 If someone or somet hing conforms to a patt ern or type, they are very similar to itAmbient：adj. 周圍的，周邊的3.Thereisanint erest ingint ermediatestatusinwhichbodytemperature is usuall

53、y somewhat higher than ambient t emperature.介詞+which， which 指介詞前面的名詞，對該名詞做修飾展開int ermediate status：居間狀態(tài)11int ermediat e：adj. 居間的，中間的ambient t emperature：周邊的溫度4.The art eries are surrounded by veins, within which blood is returning to the core of the animal.介詞+which， which 指介詞前面的名詞，對該名詞做修飾展開Artery：n.

54、 動脈Vein：n. 靜脈Core：n. 中心；地核Core of the animal: 動物的身體中心Abstract Concrete1.The first line of defense surface.heat loss is a well-insulated bodyWell-insulat ed: adj. 絕緣的，隔熱的Understandingent Mesoamerican ArtWords & Phrases18. the ruins ofent Mesoamerica：古代洲的廢墟19. unearthed civilizat ions increasingly rem

55、ote in age：出土（ 越久遠(yuǎn)的）文明uneart h：v. 挖掘，出土上越來20. an earlier st ratum of St ratum: 巖層quity：一個更早的古代巖層擴(kuò)展：Strat ificat ion: ( 尤指的)分層，形成階層 Stratificat ion is thedivision of something, especially society, int o different classes layersor21. came upon Maya cit ies in the jungle：偶然遇到密林里的城市Come upon ： 偶然碰到( 或發(fā)現(xiàn)

56、) If you come upon someone something, you meet them or find them by chance.22. workers inst alling sound and light equipment ：安裝音響和光照工人23. stumbled upon a remarkable cave：偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個極大的St umble：v. 跌跌撞撞走，結(jié)巴說stumble upon：偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)24. a royal burial chamber：一個皇室的埋葬密室royal：adj. 皇室的25. the excavation of pyramids：金字塔的挖掘or的1226. out lying st ruct ures rather than principal buildings筑物Out lying：adj. 偏僻的；邊遠(yuǎn)的；遠(yuǎn)離城市的 Out lying places are