歷年真題翻譯

1、Text1.2010年試題46. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them.參考譯文：科學家們趕緊拿出某些明顯站不住腳的證據(jù)前來救駕，大致說的是如果鳥兒不能控制害蟲的話，害蟲就會把我們吃掉。結構分析：1.句子的主干是“scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence”.

2、 后接that 引導的同位語從句。 “to the effect ”是“大致意思是，大概是說的意思 ”。2.句子結構整體不難，但隱藏著一些有難度的單詞和短語，比如“jump to the rescue, distinct， shaky。47. but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to u

3、s。參考譯文：但是我們至少已經(jīng)幾乎承認了這樣一種觀點：那就是鳥兒的生存是它們的固有權利，不管它對我們是否有經(jīng)濟利益。結構分析： 1. 句子整體結構是一個that引導的賓語從句。2. 句子整體結構相對簡單。48. time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless species。參考譯文：曾幾何時

4、，生物學家總是重述以下的這條證據(jù)：這些生物是為了維持食物鏈的正常運行去捕食弱小的生物或“沒有價值的物種”。49 .in Europe ,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the commercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community ,to be preserved as such ,within reason。參考譯文：在生態(tài)林業(yè)較為先進的歐洲，沒有成為商業(yè)化對象的樹種被視為原始森林群落的成員適當?shù)丶右员Ｗo。結構分析：1. 句子的主干是“

5、the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community”，是一個被動語態(tài)。句子開頭是一個where引導的定語從句，to be preserved是修飾noncommercial tree species的成分。2. 需要注意的是within reason和native forest community，是兩個固定搭配50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the la

6、nd community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.)without the uneconomic pats。參考譯文：他容易忽視并最終消滅很多缺乏商業(yè)價值的物種，然而這些物種對于整個生物群落的健康運行是至關重要的。結構分析：1. 句子的主干很簡單，即“it tends to ignore and eliminate many elements”. 后接that引導的兩個定語從句，但先行詞都是elements。 翻譯時可先將主干翻譯出來，然后將第一個定于從句嵌在主干

7、中，but后的定語從句分開翻譯。Text2.2009年試題46. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 【結構分析】句子主干是It may be said that。It 是形式主語，that 引導的是主語從句，為真正的主語；of any social institution 是w

8、orth 的后置定語，in enlarging and improving experience是its effect 的后置定語，but 連接表轉(zhuǎn)折關系的并列句。 【翻譯要點】 it may be said 是固定句型，在翻譯時往往變被動為主動，譯為“或許可以說”或“可以認為”。measure 在此是名詞，譯時應轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞，才符合中文習慣。 【參考譯文】或許可以說，衡量任何一個社會機構的價值主要是看它的豐富和提升人們的經(jīng)驗上所起的作用，但是這種作用并不是它們最初動機的一部分。47. Only gradually was the by product of the institution no

9、ted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. 【結構分析】本句是由and 連接的兩個簡單句，這兩個分句均是以 Only 開頭的倒裝句，and表示并列。在第一個句子中，主干部分為the by product of the institution was noted，其中only gradually 是副詞，修飾noted 。在第二個句子中，主干部分為this effect was considered,其中

10、only more gradually 修飾considered, as a directive factor 是主語this effect 的補足語，in the conduct of the institution 是介詞短語作后置定語，修飾directive factor。 【翻譯要點】由于本句是倒裝句，所以譯時一定要注意語序調(diào)整。另外，more gradully 若直譯為“更加慢慢地”，不符合漢語表達習慣，這里需轉(zhuǎn)譯為“更為漫長”或“一個更為漫長的過程”。 【參考譯文】人們只是逐漸地注意到機構的這一副產(chǎn)品，而把這種作用視為機構運作的指 導性因素的過程則更為緩慢。 48. While i

11、t is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 【結構分析】句子的主干結構是it is not so easy as in dealing with adults。while 引導的是讓步狀語從句，在該從句中，it 是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式結構to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition,介詞短語in

12、 our contact with them 在從句中作狀語。 【翻譯要點】由于in our contact with them 是狀語，按照漢語表達習慣，譯時應將其提前，放在句首。另外，it is not so easy 后面省略了to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition,這一點在翻譯時應指出。disposition 在此應譯為“性情,性格”。 【參考譯文】在和他們交往中，我們很容易忽視自己的行為對他們的性情所發(fā)生的作用，但是在與成年人的交往過程中，這種情況就不那么容易發(fā)生。 49. Since our chief bus

13、iness with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. 【結構分析】句子主干為 we cannot help considering 。 whether or not this ability 作considering 的賓語。Since 引導的是原因狀語從句，可譯為“既然”，在該狀語從句中，主語是our chief business

14、,謂語是is, to 不定式結構作表語。which will secure this ability 是定語從句，修飾the powers 。 【翻譯要點】本題的翻譯要點集中體現(xiàn)在從句的理解上。本句共有三個從句：since 引導的原因狀語從句，whether or not 引導的賓語從句和which 引導的定語從句，翻譯時須理清其中的修飾關系。另外，business 在此句中應作“工作、職責”講，cannot help doing 是固定短語，意為“情不自禁，禁不住”。 【參考譯文】既然我們的主要職責是讓他們能與我們一起分享我們?nèi)粘Ｉ罾锏囊磺?，那么我們禁不住就要考慮，自己是否在形成讓他們獲得

15、這種能力的力量。 50. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of educationthat of direct tuition or schooling. 【參考譯文】因而，我們在迄今為止一直在考慮的廣泛的教育過程中區(qū)別出一種更為正規(guī)的教育直接教學和學校教育。Text3.2008年試題46.He believes that this very difficulty may h

16、ave had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. 【結構分析】句子的主干結構是: He (主語) + believes (謂語) + that 引導的賓語從句。that引導的賓語從句的結構是: this very difficulty (主語) + may have had (謂語) +

17、the.advantage of forcing., (賓語)。 and thus enabling.與advantage of 后面forcing.是并列結構，共同修飾advantage。and thus enabling 和03 年61 題考過的thus subjecting.這個結構幾乎完全相同，可以使用 “從而”、“因而” 等詞來處理。intently 這個單詞可以根據(jù)上下文to think long來猜測?！緟⒖甲g文】他認為或許正因為 (語言表達上的)這種困難，他不得不對自己要說的每句話都經(jīng)過長時間的認真思考，從而能發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在推理和觀察中的錯誤，結果這反而成為他的優(yōu)點。 47. He

18、 asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. 【結構分析】本句主干結構是: He (主語) + asserted (謂語) + that 引導的賓語從句。that 引導的賓語從句的結構是: his power (主語) + was (系動詞) + limited (

19、表語)，其中不定式 to follow.of thought 做定語修飾從句主語power 。for which reason 引導的非限制性定語從句修飾前面整個句子。其中，又包含一個由that 引導的賓語從句。非限定性定語從句，結構復雜，信息量較大，應采用單獨成句法翻譯，比較簡便的方法是翻譯為 “由于這個原因”?！緟⒖甲g文】他還堅持認為自己進行長時間純抽象思維的能力十分有限，由此他也認定自己在數(shù)學方面根本不可能有大的作為。 48. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of h

20、is critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. 【結構分析】在英語中, 謂語動詞后如果跟了篇幅較長的賓語，往往會將賓語補足語前置到賓語前面 (參見06 年第46 和47 題)。此句的正常語序是: he (主語) + did not accept (謂語) + the charge (賓語) as well。本句中, that 引導的是一個同位語從句在說明和解釋charge。其中又包含了一個while 引導的讓步狀語從句。 【結構分析】今年很多考生誤將as well 譯成并列結構。并列結構一

21、個非常明顯的特點就是并列成分的時態(tài)形式統(tǒng)一。而本句中，動詞 accept 與后面的 founded是無法并列的。此句是今年最難的一題。結構上的難點有as well, that 同位語從句和while (雖然)讓步狀語從句。詞匯上的難點有多義詞charge (指控), founded (有依據(jù)的)和 reasoning (推理, 歸因)?！緟⒖甲g文】另一方面，他不能接受他的批評者所做出的評價，他們認為他是一個好的觀察者，卻沒有什么推理能力。49. He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in no

22、ticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.” 【結構分析】本句主干結構是: He (主語) + adds (謂語) + that 引導的賓語從句。that 引導的賓語從句的結構是: he (主語) + was (系動詞) + superior to.(表語)。其中包含了一個由which引導的定語從句。in noticing things 和and in observing them carefully 是并列結構，在此處應該處理成 “在做事情的過程中”。 【參考譯文】他又自謙地說，或

23、許自己 “在注意到容易被忽略的事物，并對其加以仔細觀察方面優(yōu)于常人”。 50. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 【結構分析】本句主干結構是: Darwin (主語) + was convinced (謂語) + that 引導的賓語從句。賓語從句有not only.but.引導

24、的并列結構: the loss of these tastes (主語) + not only was + but might be 。其中and more probably to.又和be injurious to.形成并列成分。 【參考譯文】達爾文確信，沒有了這些愛好不只是少了樂趣，而且可能會有損于一個人的思維能力，更有可能導致一個人道德品質(zhì)的下降。 Text4.2007年試題46Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before h

25、as it served as much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.句子分段：Television is one of the means | by which these feelings are created and conveyed- | and perhaps never before has it served as much to connect different peoples and nations | as is the recent events

26、in Europe.句子結構：前半句：簡單句+定語從句修飾means，后半句：倒裝句+as引導的狀語從句。詞的處理：means 手段；create 引發(fā)；convey 傳遞；serve 作用參考翻譯：電視是引發(fā)和傳遞這些感受的手段之一在歐洲近來發(fā)生的事件中，它把不同的民族和國家連到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。 47In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazin

27、es and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.句子分段：In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups | which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses | that work in relation to one another.句子結構：1）簡單句+定語從句修飾groups.

28、2）定語從句中套定語從句修飾publishing houses.詞的處理：multi-media 傳媒集團；publishing houses 出版社參考翻譯：在歐洲，像在其他地方一樣，傳媒集團越來越成功：這些集團將相關的電視、廣播、報紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。 48This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European televis

29、ion networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.句子分段：This alone demonstrates | that the television business is not an easy world to survive | in a fact underlined by statistics | that show | that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.句子結構：1）主干：主語+謂語+賓語從句2）

30、伴隨狀語：定語從句修飾fact，再套定語從句修飾statistics.詞的處理： television business 電視行業(yè)；loss 虧損參考翻譯：這一點就足以證明，要在電視行業(yè)里生存下來并非易事。統(tǒng)計數(shù)字尤其說明了這一事實，在80個歐洲電視網(wǎng)中，多達一半在1989年虧損。 49Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy

31、 task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.句子分段：Creating a “European identity” | that respects the different cultures and traditions | which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent | is no easy task and | demands a strategic choice - | tha

32、t of producing programs in Europe for Europe.句子結構：1）主干：Creating a “European identity” is no easy task and demands. 2）主語從句內(nèi)套定語從句修飾different cultures and traditions 3）最后，定語從句修飾choice.詞的處理：European identity 歐洲品牌； fabric編織；參考翻譯：不同的文化和傳統(tǒng)把歐洲大陸編織成一體，要創(chuàng)造出一種尊重這些不同文化和傳統(tǒng)的“歐洲品牌”絕非易事，需要人們在歐洲制造出適合歐洲的節(jié)目戰(zhàn)略性選擇。 50In

33、 dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”句子分段：In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say | “Unity we stand, divided we fall” and | if

34、I had to choose a slogan | it would be “Unity in our diversity.”句子結構：1）前半句：形式主語it+is+表語+真實主語；2）后半句：if引導的狀語從句。詞的處理：deal with 應對；scale 規(guī)模；slogan 口號參考翻譯：在應對如此規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時，可以毫不夸張地說；“聯(lián)合，我們就生存；分裂，我們就滅亡”。如果我不得不選擇一個口號，那將會是“多樣性中的聯(lián)合”。Text5.2006年試題46、I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary

35、 duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（蘇格拉底）way about moral problems.句子分段：I shall define him as an individual | who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life | the activity of thinking in Socratic（蘇格拉底）way about moral problems.句子分析：本句話的翻譯主要難在句子結構的宏觀把握，關鍵要抓住以下兩點：第一

36、，who引導的定于從句比較長，所以采取后置翻譯的方法；第二，“as his primary duty and pleasure in life”是狀語成分，本應放在句末作補充說明，由于elected的賓語“the activity of thinking in Socratic（蘇格拉底）way about moral problems”比較長，所以as引導的狀語作了前置處理，形成倒裝。從微觀層面來講，句子的詞義把握總體簡單，其中的defineas（把定義為），這個詞組在2003年就考過，Socratic還給出了中文。考生要注意的是兩點：第一，him這個代詞需要根據(jù)上文譯出“知識分子”，否則譯

37、文不夠完整通順，而intellectual這個單詞在歷年考題中出現(xiàn)過多次，考生應該認識。第二，elect基本的意思是選舉，推選，這里需要根據(jù)上下文作適當?shù)囊?，可以理解為“選擇”。其實在翻譯時，不用譯出elect的意思。參考譯文：1、我把知識分子定義為這樣的個體：他用蘇格拉底的方式思考道德問題，并以此作為其生命中的主要職責與樂趣。2、我把知識分子定義為這樣的個體，他把用蘇格拉底的方式思考道德問題作為自己的主要責任與樂趣。47 His function is analogous to that of a judge， who must accept the obligation of revea

38、ling in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.句子分段：His function is analogous to that of a judge，| who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible | the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.句子分析：本句話的翻譯和46題相似，仍

39、舊看重句子結構的分析。首先，who引導的定于從句是一個非限制性定于從句而且比較長，所以后置翻譯，而且a judge這個名詞不夠具體，特點不夠明顯，所以who引導的定語從句是在限定a judge.其次，“in as obvious a matter as possible”是狀語成分，用來說明reveal的方式，“the course of reasoning which led him to his decision”是reveal的賓語。由于動詞語賓語被狀語隔開，所以考生在歷屆時有一定困難。最后，“which led him to his decision”這個定語從句較短，可以先行詞前面翻

40、譯。從微觀的詞義方面來看，本句話要注意幾個方面：第一，His function最好譯出“知識分子的作用”；第二，analogous表示相似的，可理解為similar，很多考生不能較好把握這個單詞；第三，in as obvious a manner as possible中包含in an obvious manner（明顯的方式）和as obvious as possible（盡可能明顯）兩個詞組，翻譯時需要準切理解詞組的結合。參考譯文：1、知識分子的作用與法官的作用類似，后者必須承擔用盡可能明顯的方式來揭示讓他做出決定的推理過程的責任。2、知識分子的作用類似于法官的作用，后者必須承擔起這樣的責

41、任：用盡可能明顯的方式來揭示讓他做出決定的推理過程。48 I have excluded him because， while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems， he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.句子分段：I have excluded him | because，while his accomplishments may co

42、ntribute to the solution of moral problems， he has not been charged with the task | of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.句子分析：宏觀上來講，本句話不難，主要考察因果關系，雖然在原因部分加入while引導的讓步從句，但句子結構仍舊簡單。本句話的難點在于微觀層面的詞義把握。Exclude與include相反，是排除的意思；accomplishment表示成就；contribute to意為有利于，有助于；be charged w

43、ith應該是考生最難理解的地方，它最普通的意思是控告，但這里be charged with a task應理解為承擔一項任務。另外，句子中有個分開的詞組，notany but，表示only，理解為“僅僅”；可見，考研翻譯是以一定的詞匯量為基礎的。除了這些詞義的把握，在翻譯時還要注意把句子開頭的代詞him具體翻譯為：average scientist（普通科學家）。參考譯文：1、我之所以把普通科學家排除在外，是因為雖然他的成就有助于解決道德問題，但是他只是承擔了觸及這些問題事實方面的任務。（改進：我之所以把普通科學家排除在外，是因為雖然他的成就有助于解決道德問題，但是他只是觸及了這些問題的事實方

44、面。）2、因為雖然普通科學家的成就有助于解決道德問題，但是他只是承擔了觸及這些問題事實方面的任務，所以我把他排除在外。49But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity， any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.句子分段：But his primary task is not to th

45、ink about the moral code | which governs his activity，| any more than a businessman | is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration | of rules of conduct in business.句子分析：從宏觀框架層面來看，關鍵是要把握兩點：第一，“which governs his activity”這個定于從句可以放在被限定的名詞前面，譯文會顯得簡練，當然后置翻譯也是可以的；考生最難把握的是notany more than，表示兩者類似

46、。所以后半句話是用類比的方式對前半句話進行說明。在詞義的微觀層面上，有些詞組需要注意。moral code中，code表示編碼，道德編碼不同順，需要結合漢語表達習慣，譯為“道德準則”，“道德標準”等。dedicate to表示致力于，如果這個詞組沒有準確理解，句子就很難譯好。Exploration是開發(fā)探索之意，翻譯時需要做一點調(diào)整?？匆?，考研翻譯不僅考察對單詞的認知，而且考察根據(jù)上下文作意思轉(zhuǎn)換與引申的能力。參考譯文：1、但是普通科學家的主要任務并非是思考約束其行為的道德準則，這正如人們不期望商人致力于探究商業(yè)行為規(guī)范。2、但是普通科學家的主要任務并非思考道德準則，雖然道德準則約束著他的行為

47、；這正如人們不指望商人致力于探究商業(yè)行為規(guī)范。（50） They may teach very well， and more than earn their salaries， but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.句子分段：They may teach very well，| and more than earn their salaries，| but most of them make little or no in

48、dependent reflections on human problems | which involve moral judgment.句子分析：本句話相對簡單，句子用雖然但是的結構即可從前往后按順序翻譯，為譯需要作調(diào)整的地方就是句子最后的定于從句。該定語從句較短，可以放在先行詞前面翻譯。在詞義把握的微觀層面，要注意more than表示不僅僅，超過；little具有否定意味，不能翻譯為一些等。參考譯文：1、教師可能擅長教書，而且不僅僅專注于賺錢，但是大部分教師對涉及人類道德判斷的問題很少或沒有進行獨立的思考。Text6.2005年試題46. Traditionally, legal l

49、earning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. 句子分段： Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions | as the special preserve of lawyers, | rather than a necessary

50、part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. 句子結構： 1） 主干結構：簡單句legal learning has been viewed as.rather than.；2） view.as中間插入介詞詞組in such institutions作狀語，該詞組的含義要到前一句話中去找，指的是“Canadian universities”。 詞的處理： special preserve專門的工作；intellectual equipment知識素養(yǎng)；educated受過良好教育的參考譯文：傳統(tǒng)上，在加拿大的高等學府里，學習

51、法律一直被看作是律師的專門工作，而不是一個受過良好教育的人所必須具備的知識素養(yǎng)。47. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. 句子分段： On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner |

52、 which is parallel to the links | journalists forge on a daily basis | as they cover and comment on the news. 句子結構： 1) 主語謂語which引導的定語從句省略引導詞的定語從句as引導的狀語從句；2） these concepts的含義也要到前邊的句子中去找，指的是前面提到的justice, democracy and freedom；3） which引導的定語從句which is.the news修飾manner，其中包含了定語從句journalists.daily basis，

53、修飾links以及as引導的狀語從句。 詞的處理： everyday reality日常生活中的實際情況； parallel類似的，相似的；forge使形成； cover報道 參考譯文：另一方面，法律又將正義、民主和自由這些觀念與日常生活中的實際聯(lián)系在一起，其方式就如同新聞工作者在報道和評論新聞事件時，以日常生活為基礎，使這些觀念與實際情況相結合一樣。 48. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understa

54、nding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. 句子分段： But the idea | that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen | rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. 句子

55、結構： 1） 主語that引導的同位語從句謂語（rest on）賓語（an understanding of.）；2） the established conventions和special responsibilities均修飾news media。 詞的處理： profoundly深刻地；rest on建立在之上，以為基礎或根據(jù)；understanding理解，共識；established既定的，確認的；convention規(guī)范；news media新聞媒體 參考譯文：但是，新聞工作者對于法律的理解應該比普通公民更加深刻，這個觀點是在對于新聞媒體的既定規(guī)范和特殊的社會責任有深刻認識的基礎之

56、上建立的。 49. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. 句子分段： In fact, it is difficult to see | how journalists | who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the

57、 Canadian Constitution | can do a competent job on political stories. 句子結構： 1） 形式主語it表語真實主語how.political stories；2） 真實主語是how引導的從句，該從句的主語是journalists，謂語部分是can do.；who引導的定語從句修飾journalists。 詞的處理： see設想，想象；grasp領會，理解；basic feature基本特點；competent令人滿意的；story新聞報道 參考譯文：實際上，很難想象那些對于加拿大憲法的基本特點缺乏清晰了解的新聞工作者能夠勝任政

58、治新聞報道的工作。 50. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. 句子分段：While comment and reaction from lawyers | may enhance stories, | it is preferable for journalists | to rely on their own notions of significance and | make their own judgments. 句子結構：whi