Unit+2+a+形合意合

1、Unit 2 邏輯的顯隱形合意合與漢英翻譯An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China. 一個(gè)英國(guó)人，不會(huì)說中國(guó)話，有一次在中國(guó)旅行。我買了六支鋼筆，一共三十元，拿回家一看，都是用過了的。I bought six pens which cost me thirty yuan. When I took them back, I found they were second-hand. Hypotaxis vs. ParataxisHypotaxis vs. Parataxis形合與意合Cultural

2、Origin中國(guó)人重倫理(ethics)，英美人重認(rèn)知(cognition)中國(guó)人重整體(integrity)，偏重綜合性(synthetic)思維；英美人重個(gè)體(individuality)，偏重分析性(analytic)思維中國(guó)人重直覺(intuition)，英美人重實(shí)證(evidence)中國(guó)人重形象思維(figurative thinking)，英美人重邏輯思維(logical thinking)漢語語法的隱含性(covertness)，句法的意合性意合性(parataxis)，詞義的含蓄性與模糊性英語語法的外顯性(overtness)，句法的形合性形合性(hypotaxis)，詞義的

3、具體性“形合”(hypotaxis),又稱“顯性”(explicitness/overtness),指的是詞語或分句之間用語言形式手段（主要包括詞匯手段和語法手段）連接起來，表達(dá)語法意義和邏輯關(guān)系。英語造句主要采用形合法?！耙夂稀?parataxis),也稱“隱性”(implicitness/covertness)或“零形式連接”,指的是詞語或分句之間不用語言形式手段連接，其中的語法意義和邏輯關(guān)系通過詞語或分句自身的含義（即語義手段）來表達(dá)。漢語造句主要采用意合法。前者注重語言形式上的對(duì)應(yīng)（cohesion），后者注重行文意義上的連貫（coherence）。Definition英語的形合法（H

4、ypotacxis）英語造句常使用各種形式手段連接詞、語、分句或從句，注重顯性銜接，注重句子形式，注重結(jié)構(gòu)完整，注重以形顯義。英語是重形式的語法型語言。英語句中的連接手段和形式（cohesive ties）不僅數(shù)量大，種類多，而且用得十分頻繁。主要包括：關(guān)系詞和連接詞介詞其他連接手段關(guān)系詞 如who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how等連接詞 如and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, eitheror, when, while, as, since, until, soth

5、at, unless, lest等試譯：過了一些時(shí)候，從遠(yuǎn)方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當(dāng)天，確實(shí)發(fā)生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.介詞包括簡(jiǎn)單介詞（如with, to, in, of, about, between, through等）、合成介詞（如inside, onto, within, without, thro

6、ughout等）、成語介詞（如according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, on behalf of, with regard to等）試譯：彩虹有多種顏色，外圈紅，內(nèi)圈紫。The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.其他連接手段包括語法手段，如詞綴變化，各種詞類的形態(tài)變化（性、數(shù)、格、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、比較級(jí)等等），以保持前后一致的關(guān)系還包括廣泛使用代詞以保持前呼后應(yīng)的關(guān)系試譯：這家旅館，盡管

7、遭到破壞，窗戶大多釘上了木板，到處是厚厚的塵土，房間空蕩蕩，屋頂也毀壞了，可總是一個(gè)新天地，值得去探險(xiǎn)。Even in its blasted condition, with boards in most of the windows, with its thick dust, its bare room, and its damaged roofs, the hotel was a new world anyway, full of adventure possibilities. 漢語的意合法 （parataxis）漢語造句少用甚至不用形式連接手段，注重隱性連貫，注重時(shí)間和事理順序，注重功

8、能、意義，注重以意役形。漢語是重意會(huì)的語義型語言。漢語句子不受嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)男问绞`，“拋棄一切不必要的附屬成分，只留下純粹的思想”，詞語間的關(guān)系常在不言之中，語法意義和邏輯關(guān)系常隱含在字里行間。漢語的意合法往往采用以下手段：漢語的意合法往往采用以下手段： 語序語序 反復(fù)、排比、對(duì)偶、對(duì)照等反復(fù)、排比、對(duì)偶、對(duì)照等 緊縮句緊縮句 四字格四字格 語序試譯：人不犯我，我不犯人。她不老實(shí)，我不能信任她。抓住了主要矛盾，一切問題就可以迎刃而解。We will not attack unless we are attacked.I cant trust her, because she is not hones

9、t.Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.反復(fù)、排比、對(duì)偶、對(duì)照等試譯：種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。不怕慢，只怕站。不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？As you sow, so shall you reap.Its better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time.If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey

10、?緊縮句試譯：有飯大家吃。不到黃河心不死。狐貍再狡猾也斗不過好獵手。Let everybody share the food if there is any.Until all is over, ambition never dies.However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter.四字格不進(jìn)則退物極必反玩火自焚欲蓋彌彰He who does not advance falls backward. / Move forward, or youll fall behind.Once a certain limit is rea

11、ched, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.Whoever plays with the fire will perish by fire.The more one tries too hide, the more one is exposed.漢英翻譯意合向形合的轉(zhuǎn)換英語重形合，注重結(jié)構(gòu)、形式，常常借助各種連接手段，因而比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)（preciseness）;漢語重意合，注重功能、意義，常常不用或少用連接手段，因而比較簡(jiǎn)潔（conciseness）;漢譯英時(shí)，往往要先分析漢語句子的功能、意義，才能確定英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、形式。句子形式

12、上句子形式上，英語英語有嚴(yán)格的形式要求，又強(qiáng)調(diào)主謂一致，因 而句界分明，斷句嚴(yán)密；而漢語漢語沒有形態(tài)變化，斷句不嚴(yán)。句子結(jié)構(gòu)上句子結(jié)構(gòu)上，英語英語每個(gè)句子基本上都以“主語-動(dòng)詞”為結(jié)構(gòu)主干，以謂語動(dòng)詞為核心組成空間搭架；表現(xiàn)為樹形句法樹形句法；而漢語漢語強(qiáng)調(diào)按時(shí)間順序和事理排列，結(jié)構(gòu)呈流散式鋪排，一句話中可能有很多動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，表現(xiàn)為流水句式流水句式。句子邏輯上句子邏輯上，英語英語借助豐富的連接手段（包括形態(tài)手段和詞匯手段）將邏輯關(guān)系清晰的表現(xiàn)出來，多主從復(fù)合句多主從復(fù)合句；而漢漢語語很少使用語言手段表現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系，分句間無從屬標(biāo)志，多多并列短句并列短句。英語形合和漢語意合的英語形合和漢語意合的句法

13、表現(xiàn)句法表現(xiàn) 昨天碰見老張，說老婆病了，住了院，要陪床，下周不能上班。（流水句式） 1. Yesterday meet Lao Zhang, say wife ill, hospitalized, need take care of (her), cant work next week. 2. Yesterday I met Lao Zhang. He said his wife was ill and hospitalized. He needed to take care of her. He couldnt go to work next week. 3. When I met Lao

14、Zhang yesterday, he said that his wife was ill and hospitalized. He needed to take care of her, so he could not go to work next week. （樹形句式） 昨天碰見老張昨天碰見老張Yesterday meet Lao Zhang, 說老婆病了說老婆病了 say wife ill,say wife ill, 住了院住了院 hospitalized,hospitalized, 要陪床要陪床 need take care of (her ),need take care of

15、 (her ), 下周不能上班下周不能上班cant work next week.cant work next week.- that his wife was ill When I met Lao Zhang yesterday, said he and hospitalized.E-C: During the winter holidays in her senior year, while she was driving during a storm, her car ran off the road and hit a tree 在她大四的那個(gè)寒假期間，當(dāng)她正在暴風(fēng)雨中駕駛時(shí)，她的汽車

16、沖出了那段公路，并且撞上了一棵樹。 大四放寒假，她開車遇到了暴風(fēng)雨，車子沖出公路，撞到了樹上。C-E 我是一個(gè)外地來京的打工仔，工作單位離我住的地方不遠(yuǎn)，可要倒兩趟車，為節(jié)省開銷，我買了一輛仿山地的自行車。 I am not from Beijing but I am working in the city. My work place is not far from where I stay, but I have to change buses twice to get there. To save the bus fare, I bought a bike that looked lik

17、e a mountain bike. 邏輯顯隱與翻譯 一般認(rèn)為,漢譯英時(shí),應(yīng)該首先梳理出原文句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出原文中最重要的信息,將其裝入目的語主句,而將源文中的次要信息裝入目的語的從句,并添加形式標(biāo)記或連接詞。顯然,這是一個(gè)從意合到形合的過程。漢英翻譯要盡量實(shí)現(xiàn)英語高度的形式化和嚴(yán)密的邏輯性。增譯 Amplification 1.1.增加必要的代詞。增加必要的代詞。大作收到，十分高興。大作收到，十分高興。交出翻譯之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒有需要修改的交出翻譯之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒有需要修改的地方。地方。I was very glad to have received your wri

18、ting.Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. 2. 增加必要的冠詞我們對(duì)問題要做全面的分析，才能解決得妥當(dāng)。我們對(duì)問題要做全面的分析，才能解決得妥當(dāng)。We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved. 耳朵是用來聽聲音的器官，鼻子用來嗅氣

19、味，舌頭耳朵是用來聽聲音的器官，鼻子用來嗅氣味，舌頭用來嘗滋味。用來嘗滋味。The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. The nose is for smelling and the tongue is for tasting. 3.增加必要 介詞咱們校門口見吧。咱們校門口見吧。Lets meet at the school gate. 你是白天工作還是夜間工作？你是白天工作還是夜間工作？ Do you work in the daytime or at night?該地區(qū)已沒什么城鄉(xiāng)差別。該地區(qū)已沒什么城鄉(xiāng)差別。 There is little difference between town and countryside in this region. 4. 增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞老師在等我，我得走了。老師在等我，我得走了。 The teacher is expecting me, so