李云平版計算機專業(yè)英語——學習情景5全球軟件外包

1、計算機專業(yè)英語計算機專業(yè)英語主講教師：2 2能力提高篇能力提高篇Multimedia3.Computer Programming Programming2.Office Automation1.Network & E-commerceNetwork & E-commerce4.3 3能力提高篇能力提高篇Interview SkillsInterview Skills7.Mobile Information TechnologyMobile Information Technology6.Global Software OutsourcingGlobal Software Out

2、sourcing5.Learning Scenarios 5 Learning Scenarios 5 Global Software OutsourcingWords & ExpressionsWords & ExpressionsText A: Introduction of Global Software OutsourcingText A: Introduction of Global Software OutsourcingText B: Why do companies outsourceText B: Why do companies outsource？Prac

3、ticePracticeReading MaterialReading Material5 5Words & Expressionsv outsource n.外包v delegation n.委派v delegatev.委派，授權(quán)v contractor n.承包商v consultant n.咨詢師v vendorn.賣主（法律）v suppliern.供應(yīng)商v service provider業(yè)務(wù)提供商v strategyn.戰(zhàn)略v strategicadj. 戰(zhàn)略上的v maintenancen.維護v litigationn.打官司（法律）v perspectiven.遠景v

4、 specificationn.規(guī)格，規(guī)范v protocoln.協(xié)議v interfacen.接口v softwaren.軟件v firmwaren.固件v hardware n.硬件6 6Words & Expressionsv subsequentlyadv.隨后，后來v implicitlyadv.隱式地v explicitlyadv.顯式地v cosmeticn.化妝品v externaladj.外部v internaladj.內(nèi)部v aspectn.方面v theoreticallyadv.在理論上，從理論上說v localization n.本地化v internatio

5、nalizationn.國際化v commodity n.商品，貨物v attractiveadj.有吸引力的v eageradj.渴望的v consumer n.消費者v domainn.領(lǐng)域v discipline n.訓(xùn)練7 7Words & Expressionsvdata processing and mining數(shù)據(jù)處理與挖掘vmarket research 市場研究vlegal research 法律研究vanalytics n. 分析學，解析學，分析論vstatistical analysis 統(tǒng)計分析vgeographic information system 地理信

6、息系統(tǒng)vsubstantialadj.實質(zhì)的，基本的，大體上的vindisputableadj.無可爭辯的，不容置疑的vavailabilityn.有效，有益，可利用性8 8Words & Expressionsvbehavior n.行為，舉止，態(tài)度vnumerousadj.很多的，許多的vhence adv. 因此，所以vtime-sensitive時間敏感的vcyclical adj.輪轉(zhuǎn)的，循環(huán)的vtime-to-market上市時機vflexible adj.靈活的，可變通的vdomain knowledge領(lǐng)域知識vcompetitive edge競爭優(yōu)勢9 9Text A

7、: Introduction of Global Software Outsourcingpara.1 Global Software Outsourcing is an area where English language is commonly used, and in reality English may be the only common language critical for communications between a foreign source company and a Chinese vendor company . This section provides

8、 you some background information about todays global software outsourcing industry. (Chinese Version)1010Text Apara.2 What is outsourcingOutsourcing refers to the delegation of certain portions of one companys operation from internal to an external entity.(Chinese Version)para.3 If the external enti

9、ties are within the same country, they are generally referred to as contractors, consultants, vendors, suppliers, or service providers . If the external entities are in a different country, this type of outsourcing activities is referred to as off-shoring.(Chinese Version)1111Text Apara.4The focus o

10、f the discussion here is on off-shoring aspect of outsourcing, for which we will use the term outsourcing throughout this chapter for convenience . Also, we will refer to the external entities collectively as vendor companies, while we will call the companies who delegate their work to outside as so

11、urce companies.(Chinese Version)1212Text Apara.5 What can be outsourced?Theoretically almost anything one company does can be outsourced (probably except the companys corporate strategies and finance, and direct relationship with strategic customers).(Chinese Version)para.6 Traditionally, most outso

12、urcing activities have been categorized into two sectors, ADM (Application Development and Maintenance) and BPO (Business Process Outsourcing). There is also a term called ITO (Information Technology Outsourcing) which is a branch of ADM.(Chinese Version)1313Text Apara.7 Application Development and

13、Maintenance (ADM) Examples of application development and maintenance outsourcing include:vNew application development vApplication or service integration vProduct localization vProduct end-of-life support vLegacy application support 1414Text AvLegacy application conversion vDatabase design and main

14、tenance vWebsite and back office web server design and maintenance vMobile communications 3G /4G research, development and design vSoftware quality assurance (Chinese Version)1515Text Apara.8 Business Process Outsourcing(BPO) Examples of business process outsourcing include:vcall-center operations a

15、s well as back-office tasks and voice servicesvcontact management services vdata services (such as data processing and mining, market research, legal research, analytics and statistical analysis ,geographic information system )1616Text Avfinancial services (such as account reconciliation, payroll pr

16、ocessing, documentation, accounting, auditing, insurance claims processing, debt collection and skip-tracing, transaction processing ,fund management, etc.)1717Text Avhealth-care services (such as insurance form processing, medical transcription, radiology interpretation, biotech research, clinical

17、trials, drug patent application management)1818Text Avcreative services（such as graphic design, animation design, advertising material creation, architectural services, video and online game development）1919Text Avother services (such as desktop publishing, document management, hardware development

18、and testing, litigation support, tax preparation, examination grading, logistics support, supply chain management, digitization and mapping, multimedia authoring, movie production support, industrial design, engineering services, human resources, network management)(Chinese Version)2020Text Apara.9T

19、ypes of software outsourcing project vTest only, which may also include the design of the test plan and the test cases.vDevelopment of a certain portion of a package, often including test.vDevelopment of a relativity complete software package ,often including test. However, the delivered software ma

20、y be needed to be integrated into a larger system being developed or maintained by the source company, though the vendor company generally shall also test the subject part before delivery.2121Text Av Development of a well defined software package which can be marketable as a finished product; thus c

21、ertain cosmetic packaging will be included. In this case, test is implicitly implied.vLocalization of an existing software product, which will subsequently be marketed in China. The scope of this type of project, generally including language translation of document and user interfaces, and use tests

22、.vImprovement on an existing software package such as adding new functions and ，features. Test generally also implicitly implied. (Chinese Version)2222Text Avpara.10 From a technical depth perspective, the development work could involve:vCoding only, based on supplied design specifications vDetailed

23、 design and coding vFunctional design, detailed design and codingvArchitectural design, functional design, detailed design and coding(Chinese Version)2323Text Avpara.11 Generally, the source company will withhold the work on requirement” design, high level specification, and architectural design. Of

24、ten, the source company also specifies the types of software /firmware /hardware platform and protocols to be employed for the outsourced project.(Chinese Version)2424Notes of Text A1. Global Software Outsourcing is an area where English language is commonly used, and in reality English may be the o

25、nly common language critical for communications between a foreign source company and a Chinese vendor company.譯文：在全球化軟件外包這個領(lǐng)域中,英語是必備的溝通語言。實際上,外國發(fā)包公司和中國接包公司之間唯一共同使用的語言便是英語。and并列連接了兩個分句,從而形成一個并列句。其中第一個分句包含了一個由where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,該定語從句的先行詞是area。2525Notes of Text A2.The focus of the discussion here is on off-s

26、horing aspect of outsourcing, for which we will use the term outsourcing throughout this chapter for convenience.譯文：我們這里討論的重點是“離岸外包”服務(wù)。為了方便起見,在本書中我們將統(tǒng)一使用“外包”這個術(shù)語。這是一個由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,其中,off-shoring aspect of outsourcing這個短語是該定語從句的先行詞。介詞for放在which前面,形成的介賓短語構(gòu)成了完整的分句部分。2626ExercisesExercises1. What is out

27、sourcing? What can be outsourced? 2. Which companies you know are focusing on software outsourcing?(a) (b) (c) (d) 2727ExercisesExercises3. What are localization and internationalization?4. What is the difference between contractor and off-shoring?5. Can you give some examples on the types of softwa

28、re outsourcing project?2828The Answers to Exercisesv1. Outsourcing refers to the delegation of certain portions of one companys operation from internal to an external entity.vTheoretically almost anything one company does can be outsourced.2929The Answers to Exercisesv2. 東軟集團股份有限公司、電訊盈科企業(yè)方案有限公司、浙大網(wǎng)新

29、科技股份有限公司、上海東南融通科技有限公司、大連華信計算機技術(shù)股份有限公司、中軟國際有限公司等。3030The Answers to Exercisesv3. Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized so

30、ftware for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text.3131The Answers to ExercisesvContractor is the external entity which is in the same country as the internal entity. Off-shoring is the external entity which is in a different country with the internal

31、entity.3232The Answers to Exercisesv Test only; v Development of a certain portion of a package; v Development of a relativity complete software package; v Development of a well defined software package which can be marketable as a v finished v product; v Localization of an existing software product

32、;v Improvement on an existing software package such as adding new functions and v features. 3333中文譯文中文譯文v全球化軟件外包簡介全球化軟件外包簡介 在全球化軟件外包這個領(lǐng)域中，英在全球化軟件外包這個領(lǐng)域中，英語是必備的溝通語言。實際上，外語是必備的溝通語言。實際上，外國發(fā)包公司和中國接包公司之間唯國發(fā)包公司和中國接包公司之間唯一共同使用的語言便是英語。本節(jié)一共同使用的語言便是英語。本節(jié)提供一些有關(guān)今天全球化軟件外包提供一些有關(guān)今天全球化軟件外包產(chǎn)業(yè)的背景資料。產(chǎn)業(yè)的背景資料。3434中文譯文中文

33、譯文v什么是“外包”v外包是指一個公司把它業(yè)務(wù)的某些部分委托到外面的公司去做。v如果這家公司外面的公司隸屬于本國，一般都稱之為“承包商”、“咨詢商”、“廠商”、“供應(yīng)商”或“服務(wù)提供者”。如果在不同的國家，則稱之為“離岸外包”。v我們這里討論的重點是“離岸外包”服務(wù)。為了方便起見，在本書中我們將統(tǒng)一使用“外包”這個術(shù)語。此外，我們把這些在外面提供服務(wù)的公司統(tǒng)稱為“接包公司”，而將那些把工作委托到外面去做的公司稱之為“發(fā)包公司”。3535中文譯文中文譯文v什么可以外包？v理論上，幾乎公司所有的事務(wù)都可以外包出去做（可能除了該公司的企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、財務(wù)以及戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系外）。v按照慣例，大多數(shù)的外包活

34、動可以分為兩大類：ADM(應(yīng)用開發(fā)與維護)和BPO(業(yè)務(wù)流程外包)。還有所謂的ITO(信息技術(shù)外包)，它是ADM的一個分支。3636中文譯文中文譯文應(yīng)用開發(fā)與維護（ADM）v應(yīng)用開發(fā)與維護外包的一些例子如下：v新應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品開發(fā)；v應(yīng)用或服務(wù)的集成；v產(chǎn)品本地化；v對停止生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品的支持；v遺留應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的維護；v遺留應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)換；v數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計和維護；v網(wǎng)站和后臺web服務(wù)器的設(shè)計和維護；v3G和4G移動通信的研究、開發(fā)和設(shè)計；v軟件質(zhì)量保證。3737中文譯文中文譯文業(yè)務(wù)流程外包（BPO）v業(yè)務(wù)流程外包的例子包括：v呼叫中心的運營以及后臺辦公任務(wù)和語音服務(wù)；v聯(lián)系客戶管理服務(wù)v數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)（如數(shù)據(jù)處理

35、和挖掘、市場調(diào)研、法律研究、分析和統(tǒng)計分以及地理信息系統(tǒng)）；v金融服務(wù)（如賬戶核對、工資單處理、文檔處理、會計、審計、保險索賠處理、債務(wù)收集和逃債追蹤服務(wù)、交易處理、資金管理等）；3838中文譯文中文譯文v醫(yī)療服務(wù)（如保單處理、醫(yī)療病歷轉(zhuǎn)錄、放射性診斷照片的解釋、生物技術(shù)研究、臨床試以及藥物專利申請管理）；v創(chuàng)意服務(wù)（如平面設(shè)計、動畫設(shè)計、廣告素材創(chuàng)意、建筑設(shè)計服務(wù)以及視頻和網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的開發(fā)）；v其他服務(wù)（如桌面排版、文檔管理、硬件開發(fā)和測試、稅務(wù)籌劃、考試評分、后勤支持、供應(yīng)鏈管理、數(shù)字化和繪圖、多媒體制作、電影制作支持、工業(yè)設(shè)計、工程服務(wù)、人力資源以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理）。Text A3939中文譯文

36、中文譯文軟件外包項目類型v測試，其中包括設(shè)計測試計劃和制定測試案列；v開發(fā)一套軟件中的某些部分，通常也包括測試；v開發(fā)一套較完整的軟件包，通常也包括測試的工作。然而，開發(fā)后所交付的軟件很可能需要被納入一套由發(fā)包公司所開發(fā)的更大系統(tǒng)內(nèi)。v開發(fā)一套定義明確的軟件包，并可以馬上作為成品向市場銷售。因此一些美工包裝等工作也將包括在內(nèi)。在這種情況下，測試工作也隱含其中。雖然接包公司在遞送之前，同樣會測試這部分。4040中文譯文中文譯文v把一個現(xiàn)有的軟件產(chǎn)品本地化，隨后在中國銷售這一產(chǎn)品。這類外包項目一般包括文件和用戶界面的語言翻譯，及其后的測試工作。v改善現(xiàn)有的軟件產(chǎn)品，如添加新的功能和特性，一般也包括

37、測試工作。4141從技術(shù)深度的角度來看，開發(fā)公司可能涉及：v根據(jù)發(fā)包公司提供的設(shè)計規(guī)格說明去編碼；v詳細設(shè)計和編碼；v功能設(shè)計、詳細設(shè)計和編碼；v體系結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、功能設(shè)計、詳細設(shè)計和編碼。4242中文譯文中文譯文v通常情況下，發(fā)包公司將保留“需求設(shè)計”、“高層次規(guī)范”、“結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計”等方面的工作。同時，發(fā)包公司可能還會指定使用某類型的軟件/固件/硬件平臺及協(xié)議。4343Text B: Why do companies outsourcevpara.1 para.1 The obvious answer is to save money. When a job is outsourced, in a

38、ddition to the base salary, companies do not have to pay for employees benefit such as health care and pensions, training and certain payroll taxes. The company also saves on office rent, equipment, utilities and other expense. In addition, there are other compelling reasons for outsourcing. (chines

39、e version) 4444Text Bvpara. 2para. 2 Cost SavingCost saving is a key driver for outsourcing. The difference between the wages of an IT worker in U.S. versus that in India is substantial and indisputable, even after adding all the hidden costs. The annual base salary for a programmer in U.S. with a f

40、ew years experience is about $60,000. The base salary for a similar experienced programmer in India is only about $15, 000, and that in china is only about $10, 000. Overall cost saving in outsourcing is in the range of 30 percent to 60 percent after adjusting for various hidden costs. (chinese vers

41、ion) 4545Text Bvpara. 3 para. 3 Competitive Pressure When competitors reduce operational costs via off-shoring, organizations often have no choice but to follow suit1. Failure to do so usually means loss of competitive edge and pressure on operating margins. (chinese version)4646Text Bvpara. 4 para.

42、 4 Availability of Engineers China and India together produce over 6 million college graduates per year. In contrast the United States produces just over one million. Out of this pool of young professionals, over 500,000 students in china and over 200,000 students in India graduate in engineering di

43、sciplines, compared to only about 70,000 students in the U.S. Also, the number of engineering graduates in the U.S. is trending download. (chinese version)4747Text Bvpara. 5para. 5Leverage Domain Expertise and Scale When spuickly and efficiently, lowcost vendors wecialized work needs to be performed

44、 qith flexible capacity and the required domain knowledge often can be founder offshore. As science and engineering enrollments drop in the U.S. but rise in India and China, companies are increasingly likely to find themselves in this kind of situation2. (chinese version)4848Text Bvpara. 6para. 6Com

45、modity Requirement Organizations facing a time-sensitive or cyclical need for contractors often turn to overseas vendors to meet critical time-to-market deadlines. If the work doesnt involve much specialized domain knowledge and involves mostly commodity work, it can easily be outsourced.(chinese ve

46、rsion)4949Text Bvpara. 7para. 7 Market Entry Point The recent rapid economic growth of China and India is a very attractive factor to U.S. and European companies who are now eager to do business in China and India. Yet they are not familiar with the business practices and rules, and the consumer beh

47、aviors and marketing channels in China and India. In addition, there remain numerous governments red tapes to learn. Hence, the U.S. and European companies often consider outsourcing opportunities as an entry point to China and India markets.(chinese version)5050Notes of Text B1. When competitors re

48、duce operational costs via off-shoring, organizations often have no choice but to follow suit.have no choice but意思是別無選擇只得when引出時間狀語從句當競爭對手通過外包而減低運營成本時，其他公司往往別無選擇地只能跟著也外包。5151Notes of Text B2. As science and engineering enrollments drop in the U.S. but rise in India and China, companies are increasin

49、gly likely to find themselves in this kind of situation.as引出狀語從句,句中,but起到并列連接作用，連接的是分句中的兩個并列謂語，即drop和rise。 在美國在科學與工程方面的大學入學人數(shù)不斷下降時,印度和中國的相應(yīng)人數(shù)卻在上升，美國企業(yè)越來越覺得外包是必要的措施。5252中文譯文第一段中文譯文第一段vText B: 為什么公司要把事務(wù)外包出去為什么公司要把事務(wù)外包出去?v答案當然是省錢。當公司把工作外包出答案當然是省錢。當公司把工作外包出去以后，除了節(jié)省基本工資外，公司也不去以后，除了節(jié)省基本工資外，公司也不需要支付雇員的醫(yī)療保險

50、和養(yǎng)老金、培訓(xùn)需要支付雇員的醫(yī)療保險和養(yǎng)老金、培訓(xùn)費和個人所得稅等。公司還可以介紹節(jié)省費和個人所得稅等。公司還可以介紹節(jié)省辦公室租金、設(shè)備、公用設(shè)施和其他費用。辦公室租金、設(shè)備、公用設(shè)施和其他費用。此外，外包還有其他吸引人的理由。此外，外包還有其他吸引人的理由。5353中文譯文第二段中文譯文第二段v節(jié)約成本節(jié)約成本v節(jié)約成本是外包的主要動力。印度信息節(jié)約成本是外包的主要動力。印度信息技術(shù)人員的工資比美國的低很多是無可爭技術(shù)人員的工資比美國的低很多是無可爭辯的事實。即使加上所有其他的成本，差辯的事實。即使加上所有其他的成本，差異還是很大的。在美國，具有數(shù)年經(jīng)驗的異還是很大的。在美國，具有數(shù)年經(jīng)驗

51、的程序員的基本年薪約為程序員的基本年薪約為6萬美元，而那些具萬美元，而那些具有類似經(jīng)驗的程序員在印度的基本工資只有類似經(jīng)驗的程序員在印度的基本工資只有約有約1.5萬美元，在中國更是低至約萬美元，在中國更是低至約1萬美元。萬美元。外包所能節(jié)約的總成本（計算了各種隱性外包所能節(jié)約的總成本（計算了各種隱性成本后的調(diào)整值）約在成本后的調(diào)整值）約在30%60%。5454中文譯文第三段中文譯文第三段v競爭壓力競爭壓力v當競爭對手通過外包而減低運營成當競爭對手通過外包而減低運營成本時，其他公司往往別無選擇地只能本時，其他公司往往別無選擇地只能跟著也外包，不這樣做便沒有了競爭跟著也外包，不這樣做便沒有了競爭能

52、力，并且還要承受很大的經(jīng)營利潤能力，并且還要承受很大的經(jīng)營利潤壓力。壓力。5555中文譯文第四段中文譯文第四段v工程師資源匱乏工程師資源匱乏v中國和印度每年共培養(yǎng)約中國和印度每年共培養(yǎng)約600多萬名多萬名大學生，而美國每年約有大學生，而美國每年約有100多萬名。多萬名。每年的大學生畢業(yè)生中學習工程學科每年的大學生畢業(yè)生中學習工程學科的，中國約有的，中國約有50多萬，印度則有多萬，印度則有20多多萬，而美國卻只有萬，而美國卻只有7萬名。另外，美國萬名。另外，美國的工科畢業(yè)生人數(shù)每年也在下滑。的工科畢業(yè)生人數(shù)每年也在下滑。5656中文譯文第五段中文譯文第五段v充分利用領(lǐng)域?qū)ｉL和規(guī)模充分利用領(lǐng)域?qū)ｉL

53、和規(guī)模v當具體工作需要快速和有效地完成當具體工作需要快速和有效地完成時，在海外很容易得到這種技術(shù)要求時，在海外很容易得到這種技術(shù)要求低、所需領(lǐng)域知識不多而供應(yīng)量靈活低、所需領(lǐng)域知識不多而供應(yīng)量靈活的供應(yīng)商。在美國在科學與工程方面的供應(yīng)商。在美國在科學與工程方面的大學入學人數(shù)不斷下降時，印度和的大學入學人數(shù)不斷下降時，印度和中國的相應(yīng)人數(shù)卻在上升，美國企業(yè)中國的相應(yīng)人數(shù)卻在上升，美國企業(yè)越來越覺得外包是必要的措施。越來越覺得外包是必要的措施。5757中文譯文第六段中文譯文第六段v商品需求商品需求v當企業(yè)面臨需要在關(guān)鍵的最后期限當企業(yè)面臨需要在關(guān)鍵的最后期限把其商品推向市場時，往往很需要海把其商品

54、推向市場時，往往很需要海外供應(yīng)商的支持。如果這些工作不需外供應(yīng)商的支持。如果這些工作不需要太多的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域知識而且涉及的只要太多的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域知識而且涉及的只是商品的話，那么這些工作是可以很是商品的話，那么這些工作是可以很方便地外包到海外的。方便地外包到海外的。5858中文譯文第七段中文譯文第七段v市場進入點市場進入點v近年來中國和印度快速的經(jīng)濟增長對美近年來中國和印度快速的經(jīng)濟增長對美國和歐洲企業(yè)是非常有吸引力的，他們都國和歐洲企業(yè)是非常有吸引力的，他們都很渴望到中國和印度來做生意。然而，他很渴望到中國和印度來做生意。然而，他們不熟悉中國和印度的商業(yè)慣例和規(guī)則，們不熟悉中國和印度的商業(yè)慣例和規(guī)則，

55、以及消費者的行為習慣和銷售渠道。此外，以及消費者的行為習慣和銷售渠道。此外，也有很多政府機構(gòu)的辦事程序需要了解。也有很多政府機構(gòu)的辦事程序需要了解。因此，美國和歐洲公司往往考慮把外包的因此，美國和歐洲公司往往考慮把外包的機會作為進軍中國和印度市場的切入點。機會作為進軍中國和印度市場的切入點。5959Exercisesv1. Why can companies save money by outsourcing?v2. Can you find some reasons for the outsourcing to India and China according to the passage

56、?v3. India and China have their own good points and bad points in outsourcing from Europe and U.S. Can you find some advantages and disadvantages respectively?6060The Answers to Exercisesv1. When a job is outsourced, in addition to the base salary, companies do not have to pay for employees benefit

57、such as health care and pensions, training and certain payroll taxes. The company also saves on office rent, equipment, utilities and other expense.6161The Answers to Exercisesv2. (1) The recent rapid economic growth of China and India is a very attractive factor to U.S. and European companies who a

58、re now eager to do business in China and India. (2) China and India together produce over 6 million college graduates per year. In contrast the United States produces just over one million. (3) Cost Saving, for example, The annual base salary for a programmer in U.S. with a few years experience is a

59、bout $60,000. The base salary for a similar experienced programmer in India is only about $15, 000, and that in china is only about $10, 000.6262The Answers to Exercisesv3. OPEN.6363 Practice: Role playvDirections: Read and practice the following dialogue.vManager: Because we have fix up a contract

60、with a U.S. company, we need to make some readjustments to our team. Maybe we would build a new team with higher English skills.vEngineer: And now it seems that I think we should train our engineers.vManager: Er, it is a large budget.vEngineer: No pains no gains. English skill is prerequisite for our outsourcing projects.vManag