英文跨文化交際

1、2022-7-51 Chapter 3 Language and Culture2022-7-52language and CulturenThe relationship between language and culture: Sapir-Whorf HypothesisnA dialectical relationship between language and culturenWords and culture; Idioms,proverbs and culture;Syntax and culture;Discourse and culture 2022-7-53nLangua

2、ge is the archives of history. _Ralph Waldo EmersonnWords are what hold society together. _Stuart ChasenThought is the blossom;language the opening bud;action the fruit behind it. _Henry Ward BeechernBy words the mind winged. _ Aristophanes 2022-7-54The relationship between language and culture: Sap

3、ir-Whorf Hypothesis Different labels: linguistic determinism, the theory of linguistic relativity, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the Whorfian hypothesis Development: Originated in early 20th centuryreach its climax in 1950s2022-7-55Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The “firm” or deterministic version of the hypo

4、thesis: language determines how people perceive the world; language is the originator of culture; perceive the world differently The “softer” version: language shapes how people think and experience their world This hypothesis in essence states that language is a guide to “social reality”.2022-7-56A

5、 dialectical relationship between language and culture(see textbook P147.)nIt is impossible to separate the use of a language from the culture in which the language is deeply embedded. nThe interwoven relationship between language and culture has a dual sense: 2022-7-57A dialectical relationship bet

6、ween language and culturen1.Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. n2.Language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture.2022-7-58A dialectical relationship between language and culturenLearning a foreign language is inseparable from learning its culture.

7、nEg.“intellectual”:There are important differences in what this word means in different cultures.nEg. “T.G.I.F. parties ” in the United States2022-7-59Language and culture Words and Culture Idioms,Proverbs and Culture Syntax and Culture Discourse and Culture2022-7-510Words and CulturenEg.1: camel (I

8、n Chinese: 雙峰駝Bactrian；單峰駝Dromedary / In Arabic: more than 400 words)nEg.2: snow (In Eskimo: more than 50 terms)nEg.3: carry (扛、挑、抬、擔(dān)、背、提、馱、挎)2022-7-511 Eg.4: The term to show position just below the highest rank(副職)Vice-chairman, vice-presidentAssociate professor, associate directorAssistant manage

9、r, assistant secretaryDeputy director, deputy chief-of-staffLieutenant governor, lieutenant generalUndersecretary (of State, U.S.)2022-7-512nE g . 5 : N a m e s f o r l e g i s l a t i v e institutions“國(guó)會(huì)國(guó)會(huì)” nParliament(United Kingdom and others) nCongress(U.S. And others)nDiet (Japan and others) 20

10、22-7-513nEg. 6: Kinterms “Uncle” (伯父，叔父，姑父，舅父，姨父)nEg. 7: “I” in Chinese language2022-7-514Culturally-loaded words Denotation: dictionary definition(字面意義) Connotation (Cultural connotation)（引申意義；涵義）: “the implication of a word, apart from its primary meaning” (Longman Modern English Dictionary)“the s

11、uggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes” (Websters New Collegiate Dictionary)2022-7-515Culturally-loaded words 中文中文“紅紅”的的引申意義引申意義象征喜慶（如披紅）象征喜慶（如披紅）象征順利、成功或受人重視歡迎（如象征順利、成功或受人重視歡迎（如紅運(yùn)、紅人、開(kāi)門(mén)紅、紅榜，走紅）紅運(yùn)、紅人、開(kāi)門(mén)紅、紅榜，走紅）象征革命（紅色政權(quán)，紅旗，紅五星）象征革命（紅色政權(quán)，紅旗，紅五星）指紅利（分紅）指

12、紅利（分紅）現(xiàn)代京劇現(xiàn)代京劇紅燈記紅燈記2022-7-516Culturally-loaded words 英文英文“red”的的引申意義引申意義nred flags(指需要提高警惕預(yù)防出事的情指需要提高警惕預(yù)防出事的情況況)nin the red（預(yù)算或賬目中的赤字）（預(yù)算或賬目中的赤字）nred-letter daysnIt may cost over a week to go through all the red tape (拖拉費(fèi)時(shí)的繁瑣手續(xù)拖拉費(fèi)時(shí)的繁瑣手續(xù))to get the permission.2022-7-517 Culturally-loaded words詞匯關(guān)系類(lèi)型

13、 詞 義對(duì)跨文化交際的影響理解水平字面意義引伸意義重合詞匯相同相同完全理解高低平行詞匯不同相同迷惑或誤解全空缺詞匯空缺空缺不理解而詢(xún)問(wèn)半空缺詞匯相同空缺迷惑或誤解沖突詞匯相同不同/相反誤解2022-7-518Fully Equivalent words(same denotation,same connotation) head: most important eg. He is the head of our department. fox: clever and deceitful ass: stupid parrot: parrot what other people say vs. 鸚

14、鵡學(xué)舌2022-7-519Parallel Words (different denotation,same connotation)nto describe a tiring and miserable life Chinese: English: to lead a dogs lifenTo describe the strength of a tree: English: as strong as an oak Chinese: “大雪壓青松，青松挺且直；要知松高潔，待到雪化時(shí)。”n牛 vs. horse 氣壯如牛，象黃牛一樣干活 As strong as a horse, work l

15、ike a horse 2022-7-520Parallel Words (different denotation,same connotation)n東風(fēng) （改革的東風(fēng)吹遍了祖國(guó)大地。）vs. west wind (“Ode to the West Wind” O, wind, If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?)n(The West Wind acts as a force for change and forward movement in the human and natural world. Shelley sees winter

16、 not just as the last season of vegetation but as the last phase of life. Shelley observes the changing of the weather from autumn to winter and its effects on the environment. Shelley is trying to show that a mans ideas can spread and live on beyond his lifetime by having the wind carry his dead th

17、oughts which through destruction, will lead to a rebirth in the imagination, and in the natural world. )2022-7-521Parallel Words Eg. 馬致遠(yuǎn) 古道西風(fēng)瘦馬，夕陽(yáng)西下，斷腸人 在天涯 辛棄疾 東風(fēng)夜放花千樹(shù)，更吹落，星如雨 Eg. Its a warm wind, the west wind, full of birds cries. (John Masefield)2022-7-522Parallel Words 青玉案 元夕 東風(fēng)夜放花千樹(shù)， 更吹落，星如雨。

18、寶馬雕車(chē)香滿(mǎn)路。 鳳簫聲動(dòng)，玉壺光轉(zhuǎn)， 一夜魚(yú)龍舞。 蛾兒雪柳黃金縷， 笑語(yǔ)盈盈暗香去。 眾里尋他千百度， 驀然回首，那人卻在， 燈火闌珊處。2022-7-523Parallel Wordsn夏日 vs. summers day 夏日炎炎似火燒 Shall I compare you to a summers day? 我能否把你比作夏天？Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 你比夏天更溫和也更可愛(ài)。 (Shakespeare -The Tempest暴風(fēng)雨)2022-7-524Parallel Wordsn害群之馬black sheepn亞洲四小龍

19、Four Asian Tigersn（超生不報(bào)戶(hù)口的）“黑”孩子 off-the-book babies “黑”乃冊(cè)外之意。2022-7-525Completely Vacant Words (no equivalents for both denotation and connotation in another language)n仁，義，禮，智，信(儒家思想)n功夫，餃子，荔枝，冰糖葫蘆，炕，磕頭n德先生（民主），賽先生（科學(xué)），坦克，法西斯nKaraoke, T-shirtnAllusions A Pandoras box（e.g. The report would open up a

20、 Pandoras box of claims from similar cases.） Waterloo(to meet ones Waterloo) Archilles heel2022-7-526Partly Vacant Words (same denotation, but no equivalents for connotation in another language)n13:derogative in Englishn9:commendatory in Chinesen4:derogative in Chinese2022-7-527Partly Vacant Words (

21、same denotation, but no equivalents for connotation in another language)n松、竹、梅 vs. Pine , bamboo, plum 毛澤東卜算子詠梅 “風(fēng)雨送春歸，飛雪迎春到； 已是懸崖百丈冰，尤有花枝俏。 俏也不爭(zhēng)春，只把春來(lái)報(bào)。 待到山花爛漫時(shí)，她在叢中笑?！?022-7-528Conflicting Words (same denotation, different connotation)n貓頭鷹 (不吉祥) vs. Owl(wisdom)as wise as an owl Mother gooses fairy

22、 tale A wise owl lived in an oak. The more he saw the less he spoke. The less he spoke the more he heard. Why cant we all be like that wise ole bird?2022-7-529Conflicting Words (same denotation, different connotation)n白象（吉祥） vs. White elephant(something useless)The new office block has unfortunately

23、 become an expensive white elephant.n月光（純潔） vs. Moonlight(illusion, hypocritical)n藍(lán)天（純潔） vs. Blue sky(impractical)2022-7-530Idioms and CulturenIdioms, proverbs, maxim and sayings are an important part of a language, which mirror the culture of a society directly.nIdioms include metaphorical phrases,

24、 slang, colloquialism, and proverbs etc. (平洪，2000)2022-7-531Idioms and CulturenIdioms and geography (all at sea)nIdioms and customs (Jack of all trades)nIdioms and religion (the apple of ones eyes)nIdioms and fable & mythology (sour grapes)nIdioms and literature (one pound of flesh)nIdioms and s

25、ports (down and out)2022-7-532Idioms and CulturenFour kinds of equivalents:Similar in form and similar in meaningDifferent in form and similar in meaningSimilar in form and different in meaningDifferent in form and different in meaning2022-7-533Proverbs similar in form and similar in meaningnLook be

26、fore you leap.nHaste makes waste.nMany hands make light work.nOut of sight, out of mind.nWhere theres a will, theres a way.nStrike while the iron is hot.2022-7-534Proverbs different in form and similar in meaningnBirds of a feather flock together.nNothing ventured, nothing gained.nWhere theres smoke

27、, theres fire.nAs poor as a church mouse.nLet sleeping dogs lie.2022-7-535Proverbs different in form and different in meaningn桃李不言，下自成蹊; 沉默是金 Greasy wheel gets the oil.n滿(mǎn)招損，謙受益 vs.Where there is fear there is modesty.An excess of modesty obstructs the tongue.n出頭的掾子先爛, 槍打出頭鳥(niǎo) vs.The early bird catches

28、 the worm.2022-7-536Syntax and CulturenIn its most basic sense, language is a set of symbols and rules for combining those symbols that are used and understood by a large community of people.nIn English: The cat ate the mouse.nIn Korean: Cat mouse ate.2022-7-537Syntax and Culturen英語(yǔ)句子：主語(yǔ)-謂語(yǔ)（或主語(yǔ)-謂語(yǔ)-表

29、語(yǔ)） 漢語(yǔ)句子：主語(yǔ)-動(dòng)詞-賓語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)可以沒(méi)有）n 靜夜思 n床前明月光，疑是地上霜。n舉頭望明月，低頭思故鄉(xiāng)。2022-7-538Syntax and CulturenBefore my bednThere is bright moonlight,nSo that it seemsnlike frost o the ground,nLifting my head I watch the bright moon,nLowering my headnI dream that Im home.n(Translated by Arthur Cooper)n.對(duì)比英語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，更多審美自由度，

30、更大自由遐想空間，任憑讀者的思想縱情馳騁。2022-7-539Syntax and Culture 春曉春曉 春眠不覺(jué)曉， 處處聞啼鳥(niǎo)。 夜來(lái)風(fēng)雨聲， 花落知多少？ 漢語(yǔ)具有一定的模糊性，是誰(shuí)在明媚的春天里酣睡？“他”又在何處感受到春的來(lái)臨？2022-7-540Syntax and Culture Slumbering, I know not the spring dawn is peeping.nBut everywhere the singing birds are cheeping.nLast night I heard the rain dripping and wind weepin

31、g,nHow many petals are now on the ground sleeping? (Translated by 吳鈞陶吳鈞陶 )2022-7-541Syntax and Culturen處處都有熱心人。nYou can meet kind-hearted people everywhere. There are kind-hearted people everywhere.n這件事我現(xiàn)在腦子里一點(diǎn)印象都沒(méi)有。nI do not remember anything about it.n一桌八個(gè)人（八個(gè)人一桌）nThere are eight people sitting ar

32、ound the table. 2022-7-542Syntax and Culturen在句法中，英語(yǔ)明確區(qū)分主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，句子中必須有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。例如：下雨了。It rained. 九點(diǎn)了。Its nine oclock now.漢語(yǔ)的句子中有實(shí)際不需要主語(yǔ)，也不需要謂語(yǔ)?！吧礁呗愤h(yuǎn)”“天高云淡”都是沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)的句子。主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)可以省去，使人感覺(jué)到“天與人融為一體”。由于沒(méi)有主謂語(yǔ)這種模式，漢語(yǔ)促使中國(guó)哲學(xué)中的本體概念不夠發(fā)展。2022-7-543Syntax and Culturen漢語(yǔ)講悟性，不重理性。n西方語(yǔ)言講究精確，注重理性。 “你吃大碗，我吃小碗?！?“我忘了存飯卡?！?中國(guó)是個(gè)詩(shī)歌

33、王國(guó)，但科學(xué)，尤其是理論科學(xué)，卻少中國(guó)是個(gè)詩(shī)歌王國(guó)，但科學(xué)，尤其是理論科學(xué)，卻少有建樹(shù)。有建樹(shù)。 科學(xué)講究理性，詩(shī)人討厭理性?？茖W(xué)講究理性，詩(shī)人討厭理性。 科學(xué)離不開(kāi)思維，而思維又離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)言。科學(xué)離不開(kāi)思維，而思維又離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)言。 我們不講精確的語(yǔ)言限制了我們的科學(xué)思維。我們不講精確的語(yǔ)言限制了我們的科學(xué)思維。 2022-7-544Syntax and CulturenChinese: paratactic structure（意合）:the arranging of clauses one after another through semantic ties rather than conn

34、ective words nEnglish: hypotactic structure （形合）:the construction of sentences or clauses through linguistic forms, which may include conjunctions, adverbs, prepositional phrases2022-7-545Syntax and Culture枯藤，老樹(shù)，昏鴉，小橋，流水，人家。古道，西風(fēng)，瘦馬，夕陽(yáng)西下，斷腸人在天涯。馬致遠(yuǎn)天凈沙 秋思 2022-7-546Syntax and CultureCrows hovering ov

35、er rugged old trees wreathedwith, rotten vine - the day is about done.Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream,and on the far bank, a pretty little village.But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road,the West wind moaning, his bony horse groaning,Trudging towards the sinking sun, far

36、ther and fartheraway from home.2022-7-547The beauty of the Chinese languagenThe Chinese language is such a system that it offers the poet enormous freedom of creation. And in the same manner the readers can enjoy the pleasure of joining the poet in his imagination. 2022-7-548The beauty of the English languagenStrict logic,n tight coherence, nclarity and unity2022-7-549書(shū)給我買(mǎi)的書(shū)我姐姐給我買(mǎi)的書(shū)我過(guò)生日時(shí)我姐姐給我買(mǎi)的書(shū)那時(shí)我過(guò)生日時(shí)我姐姐給我買(mǎi)的書(shū)This isThis is the bookThis is the book